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In the COVID-19 pandemic, social researcher faced unprecedented constraints as most of their data collectiontechniques base on direct human interaction. As a result, many researchers involved in ageingresearch are now faced with ethical and methodological challenges. The aim of this article is to providea subjective reflection on the ethical and methodological aspects of conducting social research on oldage and ageing during the COVID-19 pandemic. I identify the factors influencing social research duringthe COVID-19 pandemic and then present ethical and methodological questions that may have arisenat each stage of the research process. There are no universal strategies nor solutions for of conductingsocial research on old age and ageing during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The concepts of resilience and entrepreneurship in emergency management can contribute to increasing the ability to cope with threats. However, research and analysis in this area are limited. Research on resilience and entrepreneurship in emergency management has largely focused on the impact of these concepts on emergency management, with limited attempts to find out how they interact together. For this reason, the aim of this article is to systematize the knowledge of the role of resilience and entrepreneurship in emergency management and to establish mutual relations between these concepts. The aim of this article was achieved based on a systematic literature review using the PRISMA Group methodology. As a result, the characteristics and impact of both resilience and entrepreneurship on emergency management were presented, the importance of these concepts in social terms was shown, and the mutual interactions between them were identified. The obtained results indicate that emergencies constitute change accelerators that create opportunities for social and public entrepreneurship development. Resilience and entrepreneurship interact; together they create better abilities to deal with threats.
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The main goal behind this article is to develop tools for entrepreneurship analysis and typology. The individual types of entrepreneurship will serve as viable models of economic initiative in the era of SARSCoV-2 pandemic. Therefore, our ambition is to present ideal-type models for ex ante and ex post evaluation of pandemic events. The article is theoretical in nature, and relies on a discussion of specific views, terms and concepts. Through our analysis, we identified four primary models of entrepreneurship with their associated opportunities and risks brought to light by the epidemic developments.Our conceptual evaluation of ideal types of entrepreneurship ultimately leads to the development of a future model. This model is „relational entrepreneurship” which marries social and individual aspirations. In addition, it reconciles two basic forms of utility, economic and moral.
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The development of the epidemic in Poland motivates organisations to offer their customers products and services remotely – it is therefore an opportunity to develop innovation, which combines corporate social responsibility with new areas of value for customers. The aim of this article is to present how selected entities modified their offer to the customer during the COVID-19 era and to consider how these changes can be used in the future. The empirical part of the study is based on the multiple case study method. The analysis of the development of the customer offer allows us to conclude that it is possible to effectively combine modern technologies and communication tools with providing new value to the customer and teaching them market autonomy. Therefore, there is a simultaneous consumer education and the pursuit of a competitive advantage by enriching value for the customer. It is worthwhile to take advantage of the ideas created as a result of the disease crisis to develop the offer of value for the customer also after its completion, but taking into account the different needs and attitudes of customers.
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The COVID-19 pandemic is a global threat to the survival of the human species, which can be described as a violation of the relative balance in the functioning of the societies and economies of all countries of the world. Its negative effects will be felt for many years and may lead to permanent changes in the functioning of economy and society. The aim of this chapter is to discuss social capital in the context of its role and importance in overcoming crisis situations. Moreover, the discussion focuses on the importance of non-governmental organizations in building this capital. An important thread is also the identification of activities of non-governmental organizations that could help in fighting the threats in the first months of the pandemic. The analysis of these activities leads to the conclusion that in Poland insufficient cooperation between public authorities and NGOs does not contribute to the growth of social capital. Therefore, there is a need to determine its level and assess the quality of its functioning.
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The development of social entrepreneurship is associated with many barriers of various nature. One of the most serious is the lack of financial resources, which becomes particularly acute and troublesome in times of economic crisis. Considering the above circumstances, the main goal of the considerations and research conducted in this article is to identify the directions of development of social economy entities in Poland and to analyze the sources of financing their activities from a historical and forecasting perspective (in the context of the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic). In order to achieve this goal, the article uses a statistical analysis of data on the sources of financing of social economy entities in Poland. The conducted analyzes show that, historically, social entrepreneurship in Poland was systematically, but slowly, developing. This is evidenced by the growing number of entities operating in the field of the social economy, including primarily associations and foundations. However, this development is currently threatened due to the reduction of revenues in the public sphere, which are the main source of income for the surveyed organizations. In the near future the problem may also be obtaining membership fees which are a supplementary source of financing for social entrepreneurship.
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The paper provides an analysis on fundraising competitive forces of small art and culture organizations in order to identify optimal features of fundraising strategy development during and after crisis time when absence of donors becomes a pressing issue. The analysis is fulfilled based on Michael Porter five forces model structure. Fundraising strategies should focus on intensive development of advanced communication with donors through modern technology application and reflect an integral vision of social needs which is the key success factor of fundraising strategy implementation in independent autonomous organizations.Financial resources in nonprofit sector seriously affect the stability of programs implementation. The lack of stability undermines organization efficiency what is evident to donors. This requires formulation of strategy for professional and repetitive fundraising.
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The considerations contained in this article were created during the period of increased legislative activity of both governments of individual countries and international organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the article is to describe and attempt to analyze selected legal instruments in the time of economic crisis and to justify the adopted thesis about the need for measures aimed at economic stimulation. The methods used in the article are a combination of basic research methods in accordance with the principle of methodological pluralism, formal and dogmatic methods have been used, by which the author understands a systemic, linguistic and functional interpretation, as well as a legal-comparative method. The formal-dogmatic method is dominant in the discussion of the resulting regulations, and the legal-comparative method allows to notice the differences between the adopted solutions. The results of the analysis, economic data and conclusions drawn from the considerations allow to confirm the thesis about the need and effectiveness of top-down legal instruments implemented in most sectors of the economy.
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The objective of this paper is to look at the tax, customs and fiscal inspection through the prism of solutions associated with counteracting, preventing and combating COVID-19, other infectious diseases and the subsequent crisis situations. It is important to determine whether it is acceptable to conduct tax, customs and fiscal inspections based on the COVID-19 related legal regulations, and to issue decisions terminating inspections within the meaning of the tax law or, on the contrary, the tax authorities should suspend inspections during the pandemic on the basis of applicable law, selected case law and the doctrine. The tax, customs and fiscal inspection carried out by the tax authorities is one of the most important tax law institutions. This is due to the fact that one of the basic tasks of the state is to make sure that taxpayers properly fulfil their tax obligations. In this way the tax administration authorities reveal and eliminate any irregularities in meeting tax obligations by taxpayers. The inspection is used by the tax authorities to check and evaluate whether taxpayers perform their duties properly, which in turn allows them to detect irregularities and prevent unfavourable phenomena.
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The concept of entrepreneurship is a multidimensional concept and can be viewed through the prism of all experiences as well as the way of enterprises functioning. To show the interpenetration of different approaches to the definition of entrepreneurship and its types, with particular emphasis on public entrepreneurship, as an area of occurrence of all types of entrepreneurship. The review article is the result of a query of the current literature in the scope of the problem undertaken, the study also uses deductive inference and the mind map technique. In the literature, many attempts have been made to narrow down this concept more and more, as indicated by types of entrepreneurship that are the research object. Based on the literature analysis, the multidimensionality of the concept of entrepreneurship was demonstrated. The concept of entrepreneurship is a multidimensional concept and can be viewed through the prism of all aspects of human life as well as the enterprises functioning. Research on entrepreneurship should refer to three dimensions, i.e. individual personal characteristics, organization and the mutual influence of an organization on a person (not only an employee) and a person on the organization.
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The search for new solutions and verify existing in connection with the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 requires the ability to reference data to those collected before the pandemic. Objectives: The aim of the article was to determine the structure of time budgets just before the pandemic in relation to a selected group of respondents (childless women continuing their education). The research was conducted in three editions (2017/2018, 2018/2019 and 2019/2020) using the auto-registration technique. The research tool was a weekly diary form.Results: The structure obtained from the study differs from the structure developed by the Central Statistical Office of 2013. Individual categories of activity groups have been extended (using social media) and others have been shortened (household and family care). In the structure of the budget time respondents were clearly reflected social changes previously indicated.
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The central problem constituting the background of this text is the state – a political, legal and social institution with traditions dating back to antiquity, which has endured in international spaces far different from that in which it was created. This article analyses the driving forces that facilitate the potential of adaptation to the reality, which is changing in the long term. Among the effects of these forces are the facts that contemporarily the state as a community defies simple generalizations, raises much controversy, appears as a declining form, and is ‘blurred’ rather than readable. The article draws on the theoretical framework of the French historian of modern times, Ferdinand. Braudel, a representative of the ‘long term’ Annales School (Fr: longue durée) that builds on the assumption of 3 phases (time intervals) in which the occurrences of fundamental importance to the development of the world and civilization took place. Civilizations, according to Braudel, are created at the intersection of time and space. This also applies to states whose emergence, duration and development are the result of the intersection of changes over time and the space they relate to. From the perspective of the concept of the ‘long term’, the state symbolizes the transformation of social structures, their development and civilizational achievements, as each change in the international space, constituting forthe state the foundation of its ‘long term’, implies material changes for the state. In the perspective of the ‘long term’, the ability of the state to ‘absorb’ the consequences of changes is often reminiscent of a ‘tarantula dance’, which is intended to heal it from the bites of the poisonous spider. The problem addressed in this article is directly related to the relationship between phenomena and occurrences which have been taking place in the real world for generations and which are material to the state and its ontological content.
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Dubai has undergone a huge political, economic and social transformation in just a few decades. It has become an ultra modern metropolis and is currently one of the cities that is most visited and recognized by tourists. This article analyses the state branding strategy as well as advertising and promotional activities undertaken by the rulers of the emirate, which have influenced perceptions of Dubai and shaped its identity, together with determining new global trends. Consistent management of the place brand and the use of innovative promotion tools as well as technological innovations have resulted in the emirate becoming one of the most popular tourist destinations and global trade centres within three decades. It is also considered one of the most developed and fastest developing cities. The Dubai brand is associated with innovation, ultramodern architecture, wealth and many world-famous events.
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After the collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR), the post-Soviet states made some integration efforts. The first of these took place between the neighbouring countries of Belarus and Russia. After 1991, there appeared concepts of establishing new integration structures, which for years were initiated and supported by the leaders of both countries. Russian-Belarusian cooperation is based on political and economic Eurasian integration. Russia and Belarus feel a civilizational and cultural proximity based on historical grounds which extends to the present day. The willingness of both nations to cooperate is fuelled by historical, socio-cultural, energy and security aspects.
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The post-communist transformation of Central Europe, in particular the Visegrad countries (Poland, Czechoslovakia – later the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and Hungary), as well as its consequences have been largely analysed through the liberal IR theory: democratization, liberalization of trade, and the accession to the EU and NATO have been considered as conforming to the interests of post-communist countries. However, some authors have proposed alternative interpretations that are rooted in the globalist theory of international relations, i.e. empire studies, dependency theory, ‘world-system’ perspectives, and post-colonialism. According to these interpretations, the transformation of the Visegrad states essentially constituted a change of the dominant power in the region: the declining Soviet Union/Russia was replaced by the Western powers – the United States and the European Union. The neoliberal economic reforms followed the principles of the “Washington consensus” and corresponded neither to economic rationality nor to the will of the people of the Visegrad countries. The enlargement of the EU forced post-communist countries to adapt their political, economic, and legal systems to the Western norms. This process brought some benefits, but was realized at the expense of democratic standards. In consequence, the Visegrad countries remain a semi-periphery of the West – convenient export markets and a source of cheap labour – which situates them far behind the highly developed Western Europe.
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The article contains reflections on the current condition of the European Union inspired by the book by Thomas Gomart “L’affolement du monde. 10 enjeux géopolitiques” (Editions Tallandier, Paris 2019). The author of the review presents the main theses and issues of Gomart’s book and undertakes polemics with the author. Based on these discussions, he develops his own observations on the internal situation and the international position of the EU in the context of the contemporary changes in the global power structure. Taking up the topics analyzed by Gomart, he reflects on both the factors determining the strength of the EU and the sources of its weaknesses. He refers to such topics as the possible reaction of the EU to the rise of China’s power, the climate crisis, the weakening position of the USA and Russia’s attempts to rebuild its status, the increase in migratory movements, the development of non-traditional threats (e.g., terrorism) and changes in the global economic power structure.
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The aim of this paper is to provide an insight into the influencing factors of international police information exchange conducted by the Single Points of Contact (SPOC) and the Police and Customs Cooperation Centre (PCCC) within the EU. The author achieves this goal by introducing the relevant scientific theories and the results of the conducted quantitative research. The research identifies the influencing environments of cross-border information exchange and through this, finds supporting and hindering factors such as organisational structure, culture, leadership, legislation, and ICT environment. Findings can help decision makers and end users to overcome everyday obstacles.
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The authors of the article have analyzed the problem of preserving human identity in the context of genomic research; reviewed the history of the development of the ideas about philosophical, psychological, and social aspects of the phenomenon; presented the conditions for the “identity crisis” formation in the information society and the idea of transhumanism on the identity transformation through biotechnology; characterized the legislative guidelines in the field of genetic engineering activities aimed at protecting constitutional human rights. In conclusion, the athors state that preserving identity as a necessary condition for the free development and formation of the individual in the situation of the biotechnical revolution actualizes the problem of protecting human dignity and their right to integrity.
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After the analysis, the authors of the study suggest their interpretation of “economic security”. They also view Latvian banks as one of the most important elements of state financial and economic security. The article focuses on the fight against money laundering. The article shows the use of Latvian normative acts on the prevention of criminal schemes for money laundering. The authors propose mechanisms for effective blocking of suspicious accounts in commercial banks in Latvia and suggest methods for their implementation in practice. As a result of these methods, criminal communities will not be able to bypass the blocking of accounts in commercial banks established by the law enforcement agencies. The arrested funds will be able to replenish the budget of the Republic of Latvia.
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