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The purpose of the article is to determine to what extent and under the influence of what factors the boundaries between the workers belonging to the category of special settlers deported to the Kola Peninsula and the institutionalized government as their antagonist are subject to situational and retrospective historical dynamics. The sources used are the memories of the special settlers. The methodological basis comprises the theories of identification, social figuration, and social memory. The concept of frontier is applicable to the characteristics of the studied territory and the socio-political processes during the period of its modernization. The factors of the dynamics of the attitude to the “authorities” include their structural differentiation, identification of “power” and “superiors” by the forced laborers, distinction between functional contacts with the executive authorities at various stages of the resettlement, evaluation of the results of the activities of Soviet power in the country, and evaluation of the quality of life of the diarist at the moment, as well as ethnic and other social identifiers of the subject of discourse. The configurations of relations between the authorities and the supervised people consisted of routine interactions and various events when the life and health of the displaced persons depended on the personal choice and behavior of the authorities. The social status scale of relations is adjusted by traditional ethical views. The specifics of the power structure under the frontier conditions, the high pop lar reputation of individual local authorities’ representatives, the reduction of social distance, the adjustment of goals and values in the process of work on the development of a new territory, as well as interpersonal mutual assistance contributed to a balance of relations between the authorities and the subordinate forced workers.
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For many decades Iran was a destination of economic immigration for Afghans. There, they could earn money to provide for their families at home. Since the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, Iran also became a place of refuge for some 3 million Afghans. Their situation was changing according to the changes in the internal and international position of Iran. Sometimes the Iranian authorities were sympathetic; other times they were fiercely unsympathetic and keen to remove the Afghan "guests." So, the Afghans in Iran could not be sure how long they would be allowed to stay there, if the Iranians would be willing to support them, and if they would have work to provide for their families. This state of uncertainty of the Afghan community was worsened by an outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Both the Iranian and Afghan healthcare systems are unable to effectively deal with the problem. And the economic collapse in Iran affected primarily the foreigners there of whatever stance, in this particular case, the Afghans. The main aim of the article is to present the changing and unstable situation of Afghans in Iran in recent years. The analysis covers areas such as their legal status, education, family life, or the right to work. It also takes into account, to a limited extent, the internal situation of Iran, which undoubtedly influenced the situation of Afghan migrants. Based on the analysis of the available materials, it can be concluded that the position of the Afghans in Iran was and is strongly dependent on the situation of Iran and the good or bad will of the Iranian authorities. At the same time, due to the complicated situation in Afghanistan, Afghan migrants find themselves in a hopeless situation and are "doomed" to stay in Iran.
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The aim of the study is to analyze if the subsidiarity principle in the context of the legal solutions introduced by the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2018/957 amending Directive 96/71 concerning the posting of employees in the framework of the provision of services should be considered justified and proportionate. The arguments presented will show the opinion that the subsidiarity principle is one of the basic rules for conducting economic policy in the European Union. On this basis, it will be investigated whether policy powers should be delegated to the lowest possible level of government, close to the citizens concerned by the policy, unless there are undeniable benefits to running it at a higher level in closer policy coordination. It should be considered if the European Commission proposal pursues a purpose other than the declared one and thus, violates the principle of proportionality. It will be proved that smart and clear rules are needed that are adapted to the rapidly growing mobility of EU businesses and citizens, which will prevent the progressive loss of competitiveness of the EU market, while accelerating social convergence and preventing illegal activities affecting intra-EU migrant workers. The issues mentioned above and the conclusions may lead, according to the author, to the reflection on the importance of the fact that the division of competences between the Member States and the EU institutions is ultimately a political decision that arises in the context of a conflict of interest and indicates that economic analyses can only provide arguments for or against policy centralization. Furthermore, it should be noted that the integration is a dynamic process, and therefore, the results of the analysis regarding the justification for the application of the subsidiarity principle may lead to divergent assessments by the Member States, as the conditions of the functioning of economies are rapidly changing.
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The topic of student-athletes’ dual career has been gaining a burgeoning interest in the European athletic career research but in Bulgaria it still does not enjoy any considerable institutional and academic attention. Given the relevance of the topic, the current study aims at examining the attitudes and experiences of 58 student-athletes pursuing dual career at the University of National and World Economy. The research design encompasses seven main themes related to the student-athletes’ dual career in a university environment identified from an overview of the existing literature. These were operationalised into a special for the purpose questionnaire. The results derived could serve developing further policies and practices by the university in supporting student-athletes’ dual career.
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Education is an activity requiring lengthy efforts and perseverance, as well as skills for acquiring information and its creative usage. Long-term objectives serve as coordinating terms leading to particular goals in the everyday life and thus, behaviour could be rationalized and directed in a longer prospective towards both the past and the future. The aim of the present study is to survey the opinion and personal assessment of the long-term motivation of students from UNSS, Sofia. The results of the study were processed mathematically and statistically by: variational analysis; relative share; comparative analysis of two independent samples using Man Whitney's U-test and comparative analysis of the frequency distributions with χ² - the Pearson criterion. According to the generalized conclusions, a higher percentage of the students is directed towards long-term objectives and prospects. Women are more motivated in their long-term development than men but there are not statistically significant differences along all the questions. Students motivation is higher than the average one for the whole population. We believe, however, that the motivation changes in the course of the studies and we assume it is higher for the students who are about to graduate.
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The purpose of the current study is to explore and analyze some of the contemporary concepts in developing the volleyball training. Various approaches are presented in structuring the workout. Considerations have been given on the physical exercises and recovery. The benefits of using a certain type of training are emphasized, as well as their place and role in the training of highly qualified volleyball players throughout the year. Special attention is paid to ball control exercises as a tool of complex development of high-speed qualities and high-speed technical and tactical skills. The individual training of the volleyball player as a modern form of work, which reflects the creative demand of coaches and athletes for effective training and improvement, is also addressed. The studied and analyzed concepts in the contemporary volleyball training would be useful for volleyball professionals in the course of their professional work.
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In the present study, we evaluate the effect of applied set of exercises over the abdominal muscles of the Cheerleading team at UNWE. To confirm our theory that significant impact on the abdominal muscles' strength during cheerleading trainings will improve it, we conducted a one-year study during 2018/2019 academic year. Twenty-six female students from UNWE took part in it, divided in two separate groups. The first group consisted of thirteen female students, currently playing in the cheerleading team. The second control group was formed by thirteen former cheerleader competitors. The groups executed the exercises provided in the approved curriculum. The results of the applied set of exercises were subjected to mathematical and statistical processing, thus proving the successfulness of the experiment. Furthermore, it is necessary to continue observing new possibilities for greater intensity and efficiency in the implementation of the training program. This will lead to better sport results.
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The creation of effective program aimed at improving the structural and functional parameters of students and to the reduction of their unhealthy habits and to the information of a healthy lifestyle. The article presents part of research with the main purpose of assessing the physical fitness of students from UNWE and to determine the degree of influence of new methodology ROWFIT on 8 indicators of physical fitness variable nature of indoor rowing ergometer for two semesters. The subject are some basic indicators of physical fitness a total of 8. Five of them were registered the loading of the indoor rowing ergometer – 500m. On the shoulder girdle (lifting a barbell from a leg) and body weight. Strategic importance for achieving the goal is to increase the adaptive potential of students, which provides high efficiency of their motor activity. The results of the study show that based on interval training with high intensity (HIT) ROWFIT with a series of carefully selected exercises have led to significant positive changes in the physical fitness of the cold. The overall effectiveness of program used shows its appropriateness and adequacy for optimizing the physical condition and motility of students. ROWFIT program is accessible, easy to apply and suitable for individual and organized activities.
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Dobro wspólne, solidarność i pomocniczość są społecznymi zasadami prawa naturalnego. Dotyczą więc każdej formy życia społecznego. W ich duchu należy kształtować również życie wspólne sióstr i braci zakonnych. Ważnymi elementami dobra wspólnego są: realizacja charyzmatu zgromadzenia, odpowiednia formacja do życia zakonnego, zachowanie reguł wspólnego życia i ewangeliczny styl sprawowania władzy. Solidarność w życiu wspólnoty przejawia się we wzajemnej odpowiedzialności za siebie osób i wspólnot, pomocy słabszym i będącym w potrzebie osobom i wspólnotom, a także zaangażowanie na rzecz wspólnoty. Pomocniczość w jej aspekcie negatywnym postuluje szacunek dla autonomii i podmiotowości osób i wspólnot. Natomiast aspekt pozytywny zakłada uzupełniającą pomoc świadczoną przez przełożonych i całą rodzinę zakonną osobom i wspólnotom znajdującym się w trudnej sytuacji.
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Polacy zamieszkujący w Austrii, szczególnie zaś w Wiedniu, są wyróżniającą się społecznością polonijną. Może więc dziwić, że nie stanowią oni tematu, chętnie podejmowanego przez twórców literackich. Do znanych pisarzy, którzy piszą o nich, należy Radek Knapp (1964-). Inną postacią, która warta jest zainteresowania, jest pochodzący z Kresów Adam Zieliński (1929-2010). Karierę pisarską rozpoczynał późno – gdy przeszedł na emeryturę. W powieściach i opowiadaniach prezentuje on Wiedeń, w którym się osiedlił pod koniec lat 50., w tym zamieszkujących tam Polaków. Recenzujący jego utwory chwalą go za bycie bystrym obserwatorem, który swe przemyślenia zawarł w żywo napisanych utworach. Zieliński prezentując społeczność polską w Wiedniu, wskazuje na jej początek, tj. lata 80. XX w., i ekonomiczny charakter. W ocenie tej społeczności jest niekonsekwentny – z jednej strony ją krytykuje, wytyka liczne przywary i w konsekwencji dystansuje się wobec niej, z drugiej oczekuje, że zostanie uznany za prominentnego jej przedstawiciela.
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Growing up in a dysfunctional family in which one of the parents has been imprisoned has negative effects on a child’s development. This article presents the stories of five teenage boys, pupils of the Salesian Youth Centre, whose parents were sentenced to imprisonment. The author presents their childhood memories of when their fathers were convicted, the situations they experienced as a result and the emotions that accompanied them in these situations. On the basis of interviews with the boys, the author also indicates which of their development needs were not fully met, mentioning safety, acceptance, support and contact. Summing up, the author discusses elements of the educational system used in the Salesian Youth Centre, pointing to ways in which the educators' actions can impact and help meet the needs of children from dysfunctional families, including children of prisoners.
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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie zmian w funkcjonowaniu rodziny w związku z faktem pojawienia się w niej dziecka z niepełnosprawnością. Każde rodzicielstwo związane z chorobą dziecka łączy się z nagłą zmianą sytuacji rodzinnej, a zatem jest momentem szczególnym, który może wpływać pozytywnie na trwałość struktury rodziny, umocnić jej więzi lub też przeciwnie - stać się początkiem dezorganizacji prowadzącej nawet do rozpadu rodziny. Niepełnosprawność dziecka w rodzinie wpływa znacząco na jakość relacji pomiędzy małżonkami, stawia przed nimi szersze zadania i obowiązki oraz konieczność współdziałania i wzajemnego wsparcia. Obecność dziecka z niepełnosprawnością w rodzinie zmienia także warunki rozwoju jego zdrowego rodzeństwa.
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The main aim of this research is to analyze the role of loneliness found in previous studies as well as to examine the role of gratitude as one of the main factors contributing to subjective well-being. The sample is a convenience sample and consists of 219 respondents (78.99% women). The instruments used in this research were: the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA; di Tomasso & Spinner, 1993), the Life satisfaction scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegan, 1988) and The Gratitude Questionnaire (McCullough et al., 2002). The data were analyzed using a hierarchical linear regression where the criterion variables were components of subjective well-being, the predictor in the first step gratitude, and predictors in the second step three types of loneliness. The results of this research show that the only statistically significant predictor of positive affects is gratitude (model 1: β=.281, p<.01; model 2: β=.243. p<.01). Gratitude and loneliness explain 30.1% of the variance of positive affect. When it comes to negative affect, the first model explains 12.6% of the variance, while the second model explains 21.9% of the total variance. Only the second model is statistically significant (p<.05). The only statistically significant predictor is loneliness in the family (β=.143. p=.049). Finally, when it comes to life satisfaction, the first model explains 23.5% of the variance while the second model explains 38.6% of the total variance. When loneliness is added in the second model, an additional 15.1% of the statistically significant explained variance appears (p<.01). The best predictor in this regression analysis is social loneliness (β=-.297, p<.01). Based on these results we can conclude that both gratitude and loneliness are important variables for subjective well-being – but that some are more important for some and some for other aspects of subjective well-being.
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This paper investigates the impact of extracurricular activities (ECA) on developing employability skills of higher education graduates in Tunisia. In this regard, we use a quantitative survey that has been distributed to 451 graduates. The results of the logistic regression model show that participation in extracurricular activities (ECA) is the main determinant of soft skills development. In addition, Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrates a positive one between the acquisition of soft skills and participation in extracurricular activities. Each of the activities develops specific skills. We found that participation in social groups helps to develop more soft skills.
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The world is dealing with a health crisis unparalleled in this era that underscores a negative side ofglobalization. People have to face economic and psychological changes. The paper is intended to drawattention upon the importance of building emotional resilience to handle the actual crisis and itsdevelopment. Thus, it analyses what the emotional reactions of people are when making decisions in suchdifficult contexts as this pandemic crisis. Specifically, each of the seven steps of the decision-makingprocess are described along with the subsequent emotional reactions of the people (both as individualsand as part of an organization or team) involved in the process. The conclusion of the paper is that allreports that have been issued by governments of all countries rather urges to further decisions that shouldbe made in three areas: economic support, Covid-19 testing and the lockdown. Therefore, the decisionmaking process seems to be rather a work in progress within this pandemic context. At the emotionallevel, every step is experienced differently. There is still a common emotion that seems to appear at allstages of the process and that is anxiety. Up to some point, anxiety is functional and useful. It is humanand adaptive for a while. But beyond certain reasonable limits, however, it becomes exhausting anddevastating.
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The concept of social entrepreneurship arouses a legitimate interest in both the economic literature and inthe social sciences literature. The consideration of the concept of social entrepreneurship results in theidentification of some notions from the conceptual area confined to it, such as sustainability, socialresponsibility, mission, value and social impact. But the definition and understanding of socialentrepreneurship necessarily implies the term "social", and, once recognized as defining, this term impliesthe establishment of the role and contribution of social entrepreneurship in the society, suggesting thesolving of several issues in this segment of social practice, such as the issues associated with vulnerableand marginalized groups. Since in the last years, the volume of scientific research in the economic fieldthat addresses the topic of social entrepreneurship has increased dramatically and it is increasinglydifficult for researchers to follow the relevant literature in their field, we have used quantitativebibliometric methods that can manage data and filter important works by estimating their impact anddiscovering the underlying structure of a research field. The purpose was to obtain a representation of thestructure of the research area, by dividing the elements (authors of documents, articles, words) intodifferent groups and to revise a certain line of research by using bibliometric methods that allow aquantitative approach for description, evaluation and monitoring of published research.
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The study presents the international context of Cuban independence, discussing the motives behind and process of the North American intervention that caused the war between Spain and the USA in 1898. Although president William McKinley did not want a conflict with Spain, he had no choice because Congress and common opinion resolutely demanded the end of European dominance in the area. They referred to the Monroe-doctrine and the cruel reconcentration policy of governor general Valeriano Weyler that produced a grave humanitarian crisis in Cuba. Diplomacy between the USA and the Hispanic Monarchy suffered a breakdown that resulted in the war. The article investigates the relations of the three states and the economical motives of Spain in insisting on continued influence over the island despite the fact that Cuba did not yield any profit because of its economic relations with the USA.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, schools were confronted with a lack of specialized primary teachers, especially in urban and rural primary schools. The emergence of pedagogical schools for teachers took place as an effect of increasing the number of schools, and in the context of the lack of teachers. In this context, both the decisive political factors in Dorohoi County and those at the national level, supported the emergence of pedagogical schools for teachers. The main schools of this profile, from Dorohoi County, were The Pedagogical School for Teachers "Alexandru Vlahuță" from Șendriceni and The Pedagogical School for Teachers "Dr. Angelescu" from Dorohoi. Although they confronted many material difficulties, they played an important role in enlightening the masses through culture.
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