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The Polish Generation X characters came to existence in the period after 1989, when new media started to play a significant role in social reality and were also one of the most important indicators of Polish political and economic transformation. In the author's opinion, new media, such as video capture camera, exerted the most significant influence on the changing perception of reality among the young generation. In accordance with Marshall McLuhan’s popular statement: “the medium is the message”, we could say that video capture camera was not only a new medium but also a new way of reality perception. The consequence was a specific identity created by film characters. The main purpose of the article is to show the phenomenon of video capture camera in films of young Polish directors, such as Łukasz Barczyk, Mariusz Front, Iwona Siekierzyńska and Piotr Szczepański. The author reflects upon the way in which the characters – representatives of Polish generation X – use this medium and how it influences their identity.
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In her article Dagmara Rode describes feminist (new) media in Poland. She analyses several examples (such as websites, forums, newsletters, fan pages, blogs, virtual museums and on-line library projects) of different activities of both non-governmental organisations and informal groups in order to show how Polish feminist activists use (new) media to provide alternative sources of information, create and disseminate knowledge, offer space for debate and exchange of ideas, to mobilise people through media and write history of the Polish women's movement.
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Despite its relatively short history, crowdfunding has established itself as an alternative way of financing production of music, movies and computer games. The paper shows how crowdfunding can be analysed from the perspective of media studies. It is argued that crowdfunding can lead to building new types of relationships between creators and audiences. The paper suggests that concepts such as produsage, participatory culture and free labour may be particularly useful in the analyses of crowdfunding.
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Strategy called ‘crowdsourcing’ is based on the assumption, that people, who are usually reduced to passive recipients of culture, are able and willing to offer much more than that. The name literally means ‘receiving sources from the crowd’ and exists in many forms the most popular of which is crowdfunding: public request to a group of anonymous internauts for financial support for a given project. Nevertheless, the subject relates to many more aspects of creative work in such fields as film, music, commercials, photography or brand development. It takes the form of cloud labour, open innovation, distributed knowledge or crowd creativity in a wide sense, and rewards self-reliance, creativity and passion. Authors of such projects see sufficient effects of their work or receive financial support in faster and quicker way, and without needless bureaucracy or expenses, while ‘the crowd’ receives one more opportunity to express itself through a more or less charitable activity, sharing its passion or admiration for an artist via mass media channel. In the article the author reflects upon different forms in which crowdsourcing presents itself in various fields of audio-visual culture: music videos, documentaries or fictional films. He also studies its relations to concepts of collective intelligence, knowledge community or sharing culture.
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This chapter scrutinizes the historical forms of managing migration and diversity in Turkey, as well as the development of the Europeanization process of Turkey’s migration policy. We argue that managing diversity in Turkey can be historicized in three epochs: Ottoman multiculturalism, Turkish republicanism, and the contemporary model of Europeanization. Turkey has so far witnessed both multiculturalist and republican forms of integration being implemented respectively by the Ottoman state and the modern Turkish state.
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Megalithic monuments in the world are created in the period V-I mill. BC (in Bulgaria II-I mill. BC). Their original names as well as their functions are unknown today, but the modern times folklore gives them various names trying to explain in a naive manner the fact of their building as well as their purpose. Names of megalithic sites from Bulgaria and other regions in the world are collected and commented here.
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The "Kalinitsa" festival is an example of the revival of a local tradition, which acquires new life by interpreting it as part of the cultural heritage of Assenovgrad. The "little Jerusalem" is the popular nickname of the town, reflecting a shared idea of centuries-old Orthodox culture, many churches, monasteries and chapels in the town and its surroundings. The project “Assenovgrad – the sacred gate of the Rhodopes” and the routes of pilgrimage tourism in “The Rhodope Holy Mountain” highlight these characteristics of the region. Integrated in the cultural calendar of the town, "Kalinitsa" is now a representative festival, utilized to become one of the tourist attractions. Except in print media, this event is promoted through the Facebook profile of the Tourist Information Centre at the Municipality. In the context of these policies of constructing cultural heritage and turning it into an attractive tourist product, the author presents a cultural practice and a revived tradition, surpassing the original legend. The aim of the study is to determine how "Kalinitsa" is reconstructed nowadays, what are the main functions and the importance that the local community attributes to it. The analysis identifies the main discourses associated with this holiday, paying attention to the role of collective and individual memory in shaping modern practices and models of celebration in the community. In the disclosure of all aspects of this tradition the author leans upon personal observations, stories of participants and earlier ethnographic studies.
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The text is an attempt to present a typology of the migrant community institutions in regard to: 1) their institutional categorization, i.e., if they are official or informal; 2) their purposefulness, i.e., regarding their regulation goals. The research is related to the project 'Cultural heritage in migration. Models of consolidation and institutionalization of the Bulgarian communities abroad', financed by the Scientific Research Fund.
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The trends of healthy nutrition spreading worldwide can be observed by the example of the extending consumer niche, oriented to the demand for bread, made by hand and baked in small bakeries. The entrepreneurs, owners of such bakeries I investigated in 2015, claim that in the process of their professional work and by its results they have been endeavoring to fit in that niche oriented to healthy and nature-conforming nutrition. Apart from laying emphasis on the use of maximum high quality products in bread-making, they also apply cultural approaches in order to construct the image of bread as a cultural value, inherited from the past, and to conceptualize the ways and technologies of its production as social actions marking “a return to traditions”. The entrepreneurs display the production and marketing of a product of a very high symbolic value, exceeding and even incomparable with its market value. In this way small bread-makers practically become part in the generation of cultural heritage. The article presents some cultural approaches of small bread-makers in Bulgaria, whereby bread-making has been constructed as cultural heritage. I identified these approaches in the self-presentation of the members of the branch organization “Bulgarian Guild of Bakers” (constituted in 2014) during their participation in the Crafts Fair in Plovdiv in April 2015. For the theoretical framework of my research I rely on the concepts of cultural heritage and its construction and instrumentalization, developed by Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, David Lowenthal, Herman Bausinger, Ingo Schneider and Robert Pekham.
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The text comments on the Christian temples and the preserved church art in the North-West end of Bulgaria, in particular, the Upper Section of Ogosta River, which belong to the less studied parts of the Bulgarian cultural-historical heritage. Votive and tomb monuments, especially votive crosses in Mitrovtsi and its surroundings, are presented and discussed in details.
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Turkey is a special country. Sandwiched between Europe and Asia,Turkey is a secular Muslim country that has undergone many transitions,including from a major source of international migrants to a major destination for them. About five percent of the 80 million people born in Turkey are living outside the country, including over half in Germany. Meanwhile, up to five percent of people in Turkey were born elsewhere, including over half born in Syria.
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The concept of citizenship, which is a multi-layered construct by itself,consists of diverse structures when it comes to the citizenship of immigrant women. This research investigates whether, how and to what extent social and cultural changes experienced by the Bulgarian Turkish immigrant women,along with changes in their educational lives and labor force participation made an impact on the practice of their citizenship rights. The migration process itself is gendered not simply due to the fact that men and women are differently affected; it is also likely to affect how gender identity interacts with the new identity bestowed upon the migrant women. Transnational migration generates new social inequalities and social exclusion. The tragedy of ethnic oppression and ethnic assimilation and, in extreme cases, the danger of ethnic cleansing are made unbearable through the assaults on women and children. Hence, the victimization of ethnic minorities is almost always feminized.
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Since Turkey became a candidate country in December 1999, the EU has been typically exerting influence on Turkish domestic policy change through accession conditionality. Since the mid-2000s, the main shortcoming of this reform framework has been its direct interconnection to the country’s accession process, while the country’s prospects for membership were losing their credibility. This loss of credibility in the country’s accession prospects has led to a halt in the EU induced policy change in various policy areas,especially in the ones where the related chapters of the accession negotiation framework were frozen by the EU, or by the individual member states.Despite being one of those policy areas, migration policy presents a deviation from this trend as commitment to the EU induced reform agenda continues despite the frozen status of the Chapter 24, Justice Freedom and Security.
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In its fifth year, the civil war in Syria has opened Pandora’s Box. In addition to various negative things such as ISIL and its terrorist attacks indifferent parts of the world, the war has triggered a global refugee crisis.Before the war, the population of Syria was 22 million. As the war continues with no end in sight, millions of Syrians have scattered throughout the region.According to the UNHCR (2015a), almost 5 million Syrians are now registered in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. Among these countries, Turkey is reported to host the largest number of Syrian asylum seekers.
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Fargues rightly said "Migration has become global but there is no global regime to govern the international movement of persons". It is essential to point out the importance of the cooperation with neighboring countries. Solely the protection of European Union's (hereinafter EU) borders cannot be successful unless neighboring countries cooperate in the fields of irregular migration and the fight against cross-border criminality and terrorism. Even if this political approach driven by European security interests moves the EU from its bilateral and multilateral regional cooperation schemes to becoming "Fortress Europe" , the EU still bases its relations with the Mediterranean, especially owing to the migration crisis on a defensive approach. In order to do this, the EU should offer a certain level of compensatory measures that incentivize such cooperation, such as economic privileges or visa facilitation.
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In recent years, Turkish politicians have increasingly intervened into political and social matters that concern Turks in Germany. The former Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Germany several times and held speeches in which he condemned assimilation as a “crime against humanity”, calling on Turks not only to maintain their relationship with Turkey and Turkish culture but also to work in the interests of Turkey. Erdoğan’s speeches and other high-ranking Turkish politicians’ similar comments have caused friction in German-Turkish relations.
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