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The article explains the essence of Iran’s policy in the Caspian-Black Sea region. In the context of the geopolitical structure of this huge region, the strengths and weaknesses of Iran’s foreign policy are examined, the factors threatening its national security and adequate steps against them are characterized. Especially after the Second Karabakh War, Iran’s relations with Azerbaijan and Armenia are subject to deep analysis.
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The article provides an overview of the organization and procedure for conducting training to improve the qualifications of military personnel from NATO member countries. The emphasis of the study is placed on the possibilities of conducting
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The management of innovation activity as a factor for the development of the defense industrial base is considered. The emphasis is placed on strategic management, as a new concept for the Bulgarian business environment to increase competitiveness and create management tools to turn these strategies into current production and business plans to be implemented in practice.
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The report analyses the capabilities of specialized simulation software for developing cyber threat models, as well as cyber intelligence procedures, methods and techniques, used in NATO. Exemplary cybersecurity architecture are developed in cases of cyber intelligence and computer security incident response procedures.
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Corruption is a major factor for causing difficulties in functioning of any country, and the presence of an increased corruption risk forms a negative impact at regional and international level. Bulgaria does not make an exception in that remark, as the county also faces current challenges. This requires certain resultative actions to be applied for dealing with the increase of corruption risk and for providing adequate countermeasures against corruption practices. In response to the indications of a widespread corruption, which could be seen not only via external monitoring and analysis of processes in the Bulgarian society, but also through an internal assessment of public environment, steps towards change of the legal framework have been introduced by series of legislative initiatives and actions. These steps aim to create an adequate mechanism to counteract the corruption. The article identifies present challenges towards introducing new legal approach in counteracting the corruption. It presents the perspectives that have to be supported for achieving higher efficiency of anti-corruption measures.
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The report presents the results of the analysis of conceptual approaches and ways to achieve dominance in the Black Sea space and establish a sustainable security environment between NATO and Russia. It examines the directions underlying the development of the Western and Eastern model concepts from the years of the Cold War to Russia‘s invasion of Ukraine. An assessment of the geostrategic orientation and geopolitics of the member and partner countries of NATO in the Black Sea Basin is also presented, drawing conclusions regarding the interconnections and interdependencies between them and the peculiarities of the factors shaping the security environment in the region.
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The report focuses on the effectiveness of defence expenditures in Bulgaria. Problem areas that prevent this important indicator from being raised are noted. Attention is also paid to the public interest in the public sector, what is happening in it and more specifically the public good of defence, all of which is considered and linked to the effectiveness of defence spending.
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The presented report discusses the defence expenditures in Bulgaria and worldwide. International relations are made, both with NATO countries and with other countries, emphasizing the main trends in defence spending in different regions of the world.
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The report examines the information systems of the main structures of Bulgaria, used to obtain information and build a familiar picture of the maritime spaces. Their possibilities and features of functioning are analyzed. A vision for integrating information and increasing the capabilities of structures to ensure the maritime security of the Bulgarian state is presented.
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The report presents a brief introduction to the process of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria to the North Atlantic Treaty, as well as a retrospective of the participation of Bulgarian military contingents in missions and operations abroad before and after the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria to NATO. In the conclusion, a small part of the evidence presenting the Republic of Bulgaria as a reliable partner of NATO and the EU is indicated.
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he military activity of m odern states poses a special danger to the ecological state due to the specificity of means and methods of achieving the set goals. However, in modern conditions, not only military operations, but also everyday activities of troops have irreparable consequences for nature. The article examines the impact of modern warfare and military activities on the structure and functioning of ecosystems. The consequences of military conflicts and daily military activities on the environment were examined. It is brought to the attention that the above-mentioned activities have an overwhelming negative impact on the structure and functioning of the ecosystem. However, it is emphasized that along with the negative impact, there is also a positive impact of military activities on environmental security. Thus, military activity was favorable for the environment under certain conditions, for example, when an exclusion zone was created, which usually led to an increase in the number or restoration of the populations. Due to the limited access to research results on issues related to military activities, information related to the impact of military operations on the environment is relatively scarce and is often studied years after the cessation of military activities and without knowledge of the initial conditions. This highlights the importance of conducting additional research on the environmental impact of military activities, which will help identify opportunities to mitigate negative consequences, while informing the development of optimal rehabilitation and recovery strategies.
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The transition from a post-industrial economy to a digital economy is presented as a major trend in world economic development at the beginning of the 21st century. The relationship and conditioning of the term “digital economy” with related concepts is traced and it is emphasized that the digital economy creates new opportunities for growth and well-being, but is also associated with many challenges. The digital economy is emerging as a generalizing concept, which is reduced not only to new digital technologies, but also to significant changes in the traditional rules of doing business, in new manifestations of classical economic laws. The expansion of the digital economy thus has major strategic implications for productivity growth and global GDP.
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The Bulgarian National Volunteer Company 4093 was a military unit of the American Armed Forces, which existed in the period from 1951 to 1964. It was established by Dr. G. М. Dimitrov, who opposes the established totalitarian power in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria. Through this paper, the author reassesses some of the stereotypes imposed on the company and brings into scholarly circulation some archival documents from the collection of Dr. G. М. Dimitrov.
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The main aim of this paper is to analyze some key indicators determining the degree of tourism sustainability. It studies tourism sustainability indicators in Bulgaria compared with its neighbouring countries and uses an established methodological apparatus for studying tourism sustainability, developed by the World Economic Forum. The research places emphasis on an analysis of the balance in the triple bottom line of economic-environmental-social goals determining sustainability. The research methodology includes theoretical-methodological analysis, comparative analysis, empirical analysis, systemic approach. Based on the analysis carried out, the strengths of the offered tourist product in Bulgaria are highlighted, as well as the weaknesses regarding sustainability, which need improvement measures.
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Traditional cultural expressions represent the "living" cultural heritage of humanity, which is passed down from generation to generation. The study analyzes the scope of the concept of "traditional cultural expressions" in the context of the contemporary international framework of WIPO and UNESCO. The copyright protection of traditional cultural expressions according to the main international treaties and the Bulgarian Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Actis considered. The object of the research is traditional cultural expressions. The subject of the study is the copyright protection of traditional cultural expressions. The author's goal is to present the copyright protection of traditional cultural expressions as an opportunity for economic realization in the creative and cultural industries.
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The subject matter of this paper are patented inventions owned by world-famous personalities. The nature of inventions and ways of protecting innovative products in the music and film business as inventions are outlined. Patent protection of inventions under national patent laws is identified, as well as exceptions to protection. It analyses the role of inventions as a fundamental object of industrial property, which provides its owner with a monopoly advantage and provides him with various opportunities for realization and profit. Examples are given of inventions created by world-famous personalities such as musicians, producers, and actors.
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This study analyses the role of the Internet for performers by presenting the main economic benefits and losses. The Internet is seen as an environment where economic fulfilment can be achieved through the exercise of performers' property rights, as well as an environment where performers are likely to suffer economic loss as a result of the infringement of their rights. It analyses the exercise of performers' property rights on the Internet. Based on a survey, conclusions are drawn on their level of awareness of the management of their related rights on the Internet. Case law in the field is presented and suggestions are made for improving the shortcomings highlighted.
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The article will examine the issue of the basic obligation of the state to ensure the basic right of free movement regulated in Art. 35, paragraph 1 of the CRC in the application of Art. 162 RTL. A review of the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Bulgaria regarding the provision of the right to free movement will be carried out. In conclusion, a reasoned conclusion will be reached, does it contradict Art. 162 RTL of the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria. The question will be raised regarding the need for de lege ferenda of Art. 162 RTL in the part in which it covers the application to Bulgarian citizens with a foreign national license to drive a motor vehicle, issued by a country that is not a member of the European Union, or by another state party to the Agreement on the European Economic Area, or from the Swiss Confederation.
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The objective of this paper is to analyze the perception of university students towards fake news by assessing the relationship between the incidence of fake news shared by themselves within their social networks and the risk assumed by students when sharing news they do not fully trust. Quantitative study through the application of a survey using a Likert scale applied to 313 students from different careers of the Faculties of Administration and Pedagogy of the Universidad Veracruzana in Mexico. Processing was carried out with descriptive and inferential statistics. The results point out the correlation between the risk assumed and the cases of false news shared indicating the existence of cases in university students with little predisposition to inquire into the reliability of the information, and who in turn, risk sharing it anyway. The variables of sex, age, semester, and educational program do not influence the risk that students assume when sharing news. However, students who claim not to share news they distrust also share fake news they do believe in on their social networks.
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This paper examines the relationship between non-performing and restructured loans, inflation and income growth in Bulgaria. The linear regression analysis shows that there is significant negative impact of inflation and income growth on NPLs and restructured loans for consumer credits and significant negative impact of inflation on NPLs and restructured loans for housing credits. There is no heteroscedasticity of the errors which proves that the coefficients are precise. Results show lack of multicollinearity, normal distribution of residuals and correct linear functional form of the model. However, there is autocorrelation of residuals and weak explanatory power. For improving the explanatory power of the linear regression model, more explanatory variables should be included - bank-specific, macroeconomic and institutional determinants.
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