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Biografia artysty zaklęta w opowieści. O miejscu i roli bajki w „Próchnie” Wacława Berenta

Author(s): Ewa Chojnacka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The article focuses on the place and role of fairy tale in literary work, based upon the "Real story of Princess Bratumiła, Niezamyśl the brave knight", and "Saint Yatslav" comprised in Wacław Berent’s novel Próchno [‘Rotten Wood’, 1903]. The analysis extends to genological questions considering the said story on the borderline of genres – legend, fairy tale and, particularly, fable, along with afterthought on the ways of functioning of such a story in the context of ‘aesthetic’ or ‘formalistic’ novel. The fable of a princess and a knight (described using the obsolete Polish word 'witeź') is, following the consideration applied, a prefiguration of the vicissitudes of the character who evokes it. The story appears to be a key to his biography as a decadent artist, and thereby unwittingly becomes part of a diagnosis of the art of the period, which emerges in the light of the entire novel. The emphasis put in the novel on the aspect of concurrence of the Christian tradition and a decadent worldview reflects the process of desacralisation of art, its transfer from the space of the sacred toward the profane, and its being marked by a decadent aestheticism. Within this sphere of problems, the relations of art–sacredness and art–femininity are comprised. A linkage between the message borne by the fairy tale and in the whole novel leads to proving a superiority of the art whose provenance is Divine, against a life-inspired art.

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Sonet siostrzany. „Kinga i Johelet” Kazimiery Zawistowskiej a „Błogosławiona Salomea” Stanisława Wyspiańskiego

Author(s): Rozalia Wojkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

Kazimiera Zawistowska’s lirycal poem "Kinga i Johelet" contributes to a current described as ‘Young Poland’s Middle Ages’ [średniowiecze młodopolskie]. As its interpretation evolves, it becomes apparent that apart from describing the lives of the blessed Franciscan nuns, the poem forms a symbolic commentary to the iconographical programme of the Franciscan Church in Krakow – the stained glass windows designed by Stanisław Wyspiański. The sonnet on the saint Clarisse nuns is a sort of compensation for the rejection of a part of the artist’s design, complementing, with use of poetic means, the window effigy of the blessed Salomea. Moreover, creating a ‘portrait’ inspired by the stained glass pane, Zawistowska follows the same road as e.g. Gustave Flaubert ("The Legend of Saint Julian the Hospitaller") or Walter Pater ("Denys L’Auxerrois"): constructing their stories, they ‘animated’ the stories from the Gothic windows.

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Małe miasteczko, tajemniczy dom, wielkie wynalazki i idee XIX wieku. „Człowiek bez jutra” Jana Zachariasiewicza

Author(s): Izabela Poniatowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The article is an analysis of the novel "A Man Without Tomorrow" by Jan Zachariasiewicz and focuses primarily on the affinities of the text with popular literature and realistic poetics. The novel is a peculiar “treatise” on the condition of 19th century man, living in the rapidly developing world ruled by money. In the analysis of the text, the issue of narrative space, which is primarily urban, is also an important matter. Zacharasiewicz, arguing against the positivist optimism, shows in "A Man Without Tomorrow" different facets of the crisis affecting the second half of the 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe, such as political chaos and disturbance of the existing social order, and in relation to the traditional division of roles in the family and the feeling of loss in the money-based civilization.

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Spotkanie z Obcym. Zmyślenie ograniczone w powieści „W nieznane światy” Władysława Umińskiego

Author(s): Damian Włodzimierz Makuch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

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„Kiedyś całą tę powieść Ci opowiem”. Listy Zygmunta Krasińskiego w perspektywie narratologicznej

Author(s): Magdalena Krawczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The article proposes to look at the correspondence of Zygmunt Krasiński from the perspective of narratology. The starting point for the discussion is Paul Ricoeur’s thesis, according to which the transfer of his own existence can be overcome only by developing the appropriate framework for the story. The poet, therefore, is presented here as homo narrator, who, with the help of cultural codes derived from literature, consciously builds his portraits in his letters. The examination material is excerpts from Krasiński’s correspondence with Delfina Potocka, Henry Reeve, and Adam Soltan – on this basis, the subsequent roles adopted by the narrator are presented. The figure of an old man, bodily ruins, and Werther and Hamlet’s costumes are only exemplary forms of the narrative, created by the poet, talking about himself to correspondents. In the light of the article, the poet appears as 'homo legens', endowed with immense erudition, reaching for specific schemes in order to rationalize his own experience. The conclusions drawn from the text also allow one to distance oneself from the opinions found in literature concerning the correspondence of the poet – treating autocreation already there as a manifestation of romantic dandyism and buffoonery.

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Sądy Zygmunta Krasińskiego o Michale Czajkowskim (Sadyku-Paszy)

Author(s): Dorota Kulczycka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The article relates to the period of the ideological and armed (participation in the Crimean War) struggle for the independence of Poland before the January Uprising. The author reflects on the problem of Krasiński’s evolving attitude towards the activist Czajkowski. This attitude had been evolving for over a dozen years. The evolution of attitudes was moving from admiration, through compassion, followed by disappointment and then contempt and gestures of condemnation. The causes of such diametrically changing opinions about the Cossack poet and leader might be found – according to the author of the article – in the ideological divergence and different world-views of Krasiński and Czajkowski. The author situates Krasiński’s position against the background of the Romantic era and compares his views with those of other contemporary researchers and biographers.

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Lilie w twórczości mistycznej Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Bożena Adamkowicz-Iglińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The paper demonstrates the importance of lilies in Słowacki’s works. The analysis focuses primarily on his mystical texts. Lilies are, for the poet, a symbol of purity, innocence, and virtue. It may be noted that these flowers are sometimes presented next to narcissi and lily of the valley. The colour of the lilies is also significant. They are usually white in Słowacki’s poems and dramas, and occasionally gold and silver. The poet names them “angelical” flowers and “angelic rye.” The article shows the importance of lilies particularly in the construction of Słowacki’s female characters. The poet makes these flowers their floristic attributes. This problem is illustrated using the example of, inter alia, the figure of Dobrawna in "The Spirit King", Salomea in "The Silver Dream of Salomea", and Laura in "Zawisza Czarny". Słowacki links lilies with the figure of the Virgin Mary. For the poet, flowers usually symbolize the sacred and the angelic, but also appear in the context of the image of sin and the serpent. The final part of the essay concerns lilies growing from a tomb. The paper presents the genesis of this painting with reference to the painting by Raphael. It also explores the presence of this theme in the works of Słowacki.

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Rok 1888 – w ćwierćwiecze powstania, w wigilię nowego?

Author(s): Tadeusz Budrewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The article is an analysis of Adam Asnyka’s poem about the 25th anniversary of the 1863 uprising, as well as a specific attempt to place it in the context of current political events concurrent with the anniversary – the turbulent political mood of the late 1880s (tensions between Russia and Germany with the probable threat of the escalation of the conflict and the attitudes (reactions) of Poles accompanying them, which have been widely recorded and commented on in newspapers all over Europe. The author, referring to the abundant newspaper material (eg. “Gazeta Polska,” “Kurier Poznański,” “Nowa Reforma,” “Czas”), on the one hand, traces and reconstructs mechanisms of generating and reproducing so-called “insurgent rumors” in magazines and inciting the insurgency zeal, while on the other hand, he advocates the strategies of joint development of a single, unified, beyond-partitional political advocacy characterized by an attitude of legality and neutrality.

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„Jeżeli ja nie opowiem, nikt nigdy wiedzieć nie będzie…”. Rok 1863 w zapisach Elizy Orzeszkowej

Author(s): Ireneusz Sikora / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Thanks to the archival research of Edmund Jankowski and the scholarly biography of the writer, we know that Orzeszkowa was directly involved in preparations to the January Uprising. Following the outburst of the Uprising, she was helping insurgents; she was brave enough to hide, inter alia, Romuald Traugutt. Orzeszkowa saved his life by transporting him in her own carriage to the border of the Kingdom of Poland. The future writer witnessed the terrible supression of Lithuania by the Russians in years 1863–1864. This most tragic experience of her generation had an enormous impact on her. When Orzeszkowa became a writer, she gradually started recalling these events in her writing in order to pay tribute to the heroes of the January Uprising and to commemorate the truth about their sacrifice and heroism. For this purpose, Orzeszkowa used the literary code of the “Aesopian speech.” The extensive correspondence of Orzeszkowa documents her participation in the January Uprising, testifies to her participation in the Uprising, as well as to the presence of insurrectionary topics in her literary works other than "On the Banks of the Niemen" and the collection of short stories entitled "Gloria Victis". Paying homage to the people of 1863, Orzeszkowa confessed in one of her letters – “If not for «he hammer and the chisel» of the Uprising, I would never become a writer.”

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Z historii kart najpiękniejszych. Heroizm i tragizm w „Kryjakach” Marii Jehanne Wielopolskiej

Author(s): Ewa Chojnacka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The paper focuses on the techniques of creating the image of the January Uprising, as presented in Maria Jehanne Wielopolska’s "Kryjaki". The analysis begins with the issue of syncretism of literary genres, narration topics and stylistics, defined in the context of the writing strategies of the author of Fauness – especially narcissism and dandyism regarded as an attempt to cross aesthetic borders. In the light of the phenomenon of transformations of aesthetic qualities, it seems crucial to reflect on the vision of the past through the prism of heroism, which reveals also some traits of tragedy. Hence, the analysis includes the examination of the settings and attitudes of the characters, leading to the definition of history as predetermination. Another issue is the concept of a tragic hero, exemplified by Stanislaw Brzóska, or the process of revealing the truth about the rebellion of 1863, as consistent with the destined fate. The study focuses also on the issue of the presence of the sacred and the problems of suffering and death. It is important to draw attention to the method of creating the images of characters’ micronarratives. These observations lead to the redefinition of the vision of the Uprising through the act of narrating a story, as a response to the crisis of representation.

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Archeologia dziewiętnastowiecznej pamięci w insurekcyjnym tryptyku Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza („Noc czerwcowa”, „Zarudzie”, „Heydenreich”)

Author(s): Aneta Mazur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Three short “insurrection” stories written by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz in the years 1963–1974 have inspired various interpretations; it seems, however, that there are still many undeciphered codes, references, and allusions. The author’s metatextual comments as well as the implicit poetics of the stories make it possible to consider them as a dialogue with the historical, cultural and aesthetic heritage of the 19th century: as a form of its literary archeology. The article deals with many literary and aesthetic conventions employed in the stories, with the emphasis on the concept of 'sérénité' and on various associations with 19th-century art. Notably, the scope of analysis includes such motifs as, for example, Shakespearian stylization and the Dionissian topos in "June Night", the influence of plastic and musical arts in "Zarudzie" (here the central theme of Mahler’s song), the references to German Romantic lyrics, and Russian realistic prose in "Heydenreich". Besides irony, it is the aesthetization of Iwaszkiewicz’s prose that helps to make familiar the painful yet fascinating history of 19th century Poland.

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Das Rusalka-Motiv bei Puškin, Ševčenko und Mickiewicz – ein komparatistischer Versuch

Author(s): Alois Woldan / Language(s): Polish,German Issue: 1/2013

This article examines the topos of Rusalka, the Slavic mermaid, in the works of leading Slavic Romantic poets, A.S. Pushkin, T.H. Shevchenko and A. Mickiewicz. Their interest in this topic was motivated first of all by the interest in Slavic folklore. This article gives an overview of all the different Rusalka-texts written by these authors, confronting them with folklore sources, and fixes on their translations into opera-librettos. Besides, the author is interested in common features of the literary treatment of this figure by the named poets, mainly, what concerns the social context of this figure, usually, a poor, beautiful girl from the lower class who, betrayed by a person from the higher class, commits suicide and becomes a Rusalka. She has got a child from her unfaithful lover and tries to take revenge. This model can be found in Pushkin’s drama-excerpt "Rusalka" (1829), in Shevchenko’s ballad "Rusalka" (1846) and in Mickiewicz’s ballad "Rybka" (1820). Irrespective of small differences in the stories and their settings, the common plot has raised the question of the interdependence of these three works on the one hand, and their treatment as typological analogies on the other.

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Rereading Fyodor Dostoevsky’s „Crime and Punishment” in Animated Cartoons

Author(s): Oleksandr Pronkiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

The paper studies interpretation of philosophical views and poetics of Fyodor Dostoyesky’s novel "Crime and Punishment" in animated cartoons. The Polish director Piotr Dumała creates an enigmatic story full of tragic emotions and looks upon Dostoyesvky as an essentially visual writer. Another film "Dostoevsky Project" (directors Alexander Bakanov and Nariman Skakov) combines computer animation with episodes of acting on the stage. It is a postmodernist interpretation of the novel reflecting shocking and provocative side of Dostoyesky’s writings. The last film studied in the paper is "Raskolninkov: Alternative History" (director Pavel Muntian) is a commercial advertisement of the Kaspersky Antivirus program. This witty parody of the clichés, which are rooted in the Russian culture, presents Dostoevsky as one of the predecessors of contemporary kitsch.

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[„Dziwacy”]. Fragment nieukończonej powieści Elizy Orzeszkowej

Author(s): Magdalena Kreft,Eliza Orzeszkowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The analysis focuses on a manuscript of an unfinished and untitled novel by Eliza Orzeszkowa. The manuscript is stored in the Warsaw Archives of Eliza Orzeszkowa. The author of the paper conducts a literary and editorial investigation, makes use of the biographical context and her in-depth knowledge of all the works by Orzeszkowa, her narrative techniques, the methods of creating the settings in a novel, the individual style and the ideological issues, as well as certain factual details. to answer many questions that the unfinished novel raises, such as those concerning its literary genre, the date of its creation, its hypothetical title, the presumed development of the plot, and the fate of the characters and their attitudes, finally answering the question of why the writing process had been unexpectedly interrupted. The detailed analysis and interpretation of the preserved scenes lead to the conclusion that the excerpt could have become a part of an interesting, witty social novel of manners. The author of the paper reveals the intention, concealed in the working title of the novel: [Freaks]. The paper has been supplemented with an edited excerpt from the novel.

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Wokół poezji Charles’a Baudelaire’a i Leconte’a de Lisle w tłumaczeniu „łajdackiej trójki” – Antoniego Langego, Zofii Trzeszczkowskiej i Zenona Przesmyckiego

Author(s): Aleksandra Kasica / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The article includes an edition of ten selected fragments of unpublished letters from the early 1890s by Zofia Trzeszczkowska (1847–1911, poet and translator hiding under the pseudonym of Adam M-ski) and Antoni Lange (1861–1929, poet, novelist, philosopher and translator) concerning the background of the Polish translation of celebrated French poetry by Baudelaire oraz Leconte de Lisle. The original letters are stored in the National Library of Poland. The edition is preceded by a short introduction.

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Wyobraźnia w okowach. Henryka Sienkiewicza potyczki z cenzurą. Rekonesans

Author(s): Katarzyna Kościewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The article discusses how the texts by and about Henryk Sienkiewicz were censored in the 19th and 20th centuries. The analysis of source material revealed significant similarities between the systems of censorship in the 19th-century Kingdom of Poland and the 20th-century communist People’s Republic of Poland. The aim of this article is to show the mechanisms used to interfere with Henryk Sienkiewicz’s literary activity and to influence literary criticism of his work (bans on publishing, censors’ interference, manipulating imprint and distribution, preventing the publication of reviews and citations in newspapers, magazines, school textbooks and scholarly analyses). Another objective of the article is to discuss what themes were considered unprintable in the socio-political realities of the 19th and 20th century (e.g. Polish-Russian and Polish Ukrainian relations, social problems, socialism, colonialism).

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O obrzędowym charakterze cyklu „Dziadów” Adama Mickiewicza raz jeszcze. Rec.: Grażyna Charytoniuk-Michiej, „Obrzęd dziadów w dokumentach i cyklu Mickiewicza”, Warszawa 2011

Author(s): Małgorzata Burzka-Janik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The publication presented in the review is an interesting and much-needed research proposal, which combines the discourse of a philologist, an ethnographer, and a cultural anthropologist. This approach is innovative in the literary studies research on this Polish master dramatist; it constitutes a valuable source not only for literary commentators of Mickiewicz’s series but also for Belorussian folklore scholars, or for those investigating the merging of Polish and Belorussian culture. It makes us realize that, among others, by means of his drama, the poet introduced the Belorussian rite of dziady – a pagan festival in honour of ancestral spirits – into Polish culture. The rite is, for the Belorussians, not only a literary picture but still a cultivated, common, and obvious phenomenon. Similarly, the book unravels a fragment of a common cultural sphere; the renewed and repeated dziady rite helps to explain the poet’s masterpiece, though it unravels only one piece of it and fails to place it in wider historical, or, even more importantly, biographical contexts.

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„Pan Tadeusz” i polska tradycja edytorska. Rec.: Teresa Winek, „«Pan Tadeusz» Adama Mickiewicza. Autografy i edycje”, Toruń–Warszawa 2011, Lublin 2010

Author(s): Łukasz Cybulski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

This paper presents a review of Teresa Winek’s "Adam Mickiewicz’s “Pan Tadeusz.” Autographs and editions". The main focus is on the origins of the modern Polish school of scholarly editing, as it was formed by editors and posthumous editions of Pan Tadeusz in the 19th century. The author remarks also on how that tradition affects our thinking on editorial goals today, as well as on links between the research methods used in Teresa Winek’s work and those characteristic to new philology.

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Studium współmyślenia. Rec.: Eliza Kącka, „Stanisław Brzozowski wobec Cypriana Norwida”, Warszawa 2012

Author(s): Mateusz Antoniuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The review discusses Eliza Kącka’s monograph titled "Stanisław Brzozowski vs. Cyprian Norwid" (Warszawa 2012). The composition of the narration and the main values of the study were recapitulated. The review indicates the three most valuable aspects of Eliza Kącka’s book: the complex view on the relationship between Brzozowski and Norwid (focusing not only on evident connections but also on profounder, hidden convergences); the interesting juxtapositions between quotations, texts and motifs; and finally, the placing of it in a well-researched and competently presented historical context. In conclusion, a question arises concerning possible continuations of Eliza Kącka’s research project.

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Aleksander Świętochowski – wokół monografii pisarza. Rec.: Dawid Maria Osiński, „Aleksander Świętochowski w poszukiwaniu formy. Biografia myśli”, Warszawa 2011

Author(s): Anna Janicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The author presents a review of Dawid Maria Osiński’s "Aleksander Świętochowski’s Search for Form. A Biography of Thought" (Warszawa 2011). The book is a highly praised monograph of the oeuvre of one of the most important representatives of late nineteenth century Polish literature, the chief editor of “Weekly Review” (“Przegląd Tygodniowy”). Osiński has analyzed literary works and theoretical studies of Świętochowski, a notable figure of Warsaw ‘Positivism’, through the metaphor of “biography of thought”.

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