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Rok 1894. Właściwy początek Młodej Polski

Author(s): Radosław Okulicz-Kozaryn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

Among the literary and artistic occurrences of the year 1894, two most notorious ones stand out: the exhibition of Władysław Podkowiński’s painting "Szał" [‘Frenzy’], regarded as a manifesto of the new trends in art and implying a series of repercussions; and, the publication by Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer of Series 2 of his "Poezje" [‘Poesies’] followed by the volume’s extensive heated reception. Jacek Malczewski with his famous "Melancholia" [‘Melancholy’], of the same year, set the seal on a turn in his painting activity. Along with other important works, a selection of plays [Wybór pism dramatycznych] by Maeterlinck, translated and with a programme introduction by ‘Miriam’ (Zenon Przesmycki) was issued at the time, as was Baudelaire’s "Les fleurs du mal", translated (as "Kwiaty grzechu") by Zofia Trzeszczkowska (‘Adam M-ski’) and Antoni Lange. All these breakthrough facts were reflected in Adam Asnyk’s poem "Szkic do współczesnego obrazu" [‘A sketch for a contemporary painting’] as well as in Ludwik Szczepański’s poem "Szkic do obrazu współczesnego" [do.], both published in the following year. The article traces their mutual interdependencies, reminding the statement, apparently unjustifiably abandoned, whereby the Young Poland movement was commenced in 1894.

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Nowy polski tekst o Szwajcarii z perspektywy kobiet. Między romantyzmem a modernizmem

Author(s): German Ritz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

Polish literature created in the Romantic period the first text which has to date had an impact on the tradition of shaping the Polish image of Switzerland. In the late 19th century, a new text about Switzerland was written. This feminine text resulted from the convergence of Romanticism and Modernism, and was written by Eliza Orzeszkowa and Maria Konopnicka. Swiss lyrical poems of S. Duchińska, a somewhat older authoress, built up a link between the first and the second text about Switzerland. The study describes the history of a Polish literary encounter in the second half of 19th century. It delivers a new interpretation of M. Konopnicka’s "Miłosierdzie gminy" and E. Orzeszkowa’s "Ad Astra" in the context of Polish, as well as international, nineteenth-century texts about Switzerland.

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W modnym kostiumie Fauna. Postacie „fauniczne” w literaturze i sztuce przełomu XIX i XX wieku oraz ich wpływ na kulturę współczesną

Author(s): Grzegorz Igliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The book is a review of the achievements of Polish and West-European artists from the late 19th and early 20th century – men-of-letters, musicians and visual artists – taking up ‘Faunic’ motifs (i.e. related to the figures of Faun, Pan, Satyr, and Silenus). The examples include: Arnold Böcklin, Franz von Stuck, Stéphane Mallarmé, Claude Debussy, Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle, José-Maria de Hérédia, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Henri de Régnier, Angiolo Orvieto, Aleister Crowley, Georg Trakl, Anatole France. The evaluation of popularity of the said motifs leads to understanding of the transformations of the antique myths that take place in our contemporary culture. Since ‘faunicity’ has penetrated into the mass imagination within a rather short time, resulting from its popularisation in literature and arts, becoming fashionable in the popular culture, the subject of the present considerations includes a tension between the ‘high’ and ‘low’ culture.

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Formy zachowań romantycznych w kręgu londyńskich „Wiadomości” (wybrane zagadnienia z lat 40. i 50. XX wieku)

Author(s): Marcin Lutomierski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

This article attempts at depicting the most important forms of romanticist conduct of the so-called Second Emigration, as pictured, echoed, or indicated in or through the utterances published in the London weekly "Wiadomości" in the 1940s and 1950s. The subject of consideration have been selected manifestations of vitality of romanticism in the social-cultural sphere of activities of the periodical’s authors and readers. It is argued that "Wiadomości" was very clearly oriented toward the past, provoking deliberations on it in reminiscence texts and celebrations of national anniversaries. Beside this, the weekly was a forum on which protests were formulated against the post-Yalta countenance of Europe, the communist government in Poland and its allies condemned.

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Między dwiema otchłaniami. Joris-Karl Huysmans „w drodze” od naturalizmu do naturalizmu mistycznego

Author(s): Joanna Mrowcewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

Best known for his ground-breaking, decadent novel "À Rebours (Eng. "Against Nature or Against the Grain"), Joris-Karl Huysmans is widely regarded as one of the most influential writers of the European Modernism. His works evolved through contrasting themes, ranging from Zola’s naturalism ("Marthe, histoire d’une fille"; "Les Soeurs Vatard"), to Schopenhauer’s philosophy ("En rade"). He wrote a novel on the thenfashionable trend of Satanism ("Là-bas"), later to express his deep spirituality in the “Catholic” trilogy ("En route", "La Cathédrale", "L’Oblat"). The former, with its vivid description of a black Mass and Satanist rituals, caused a great scandal when first published in 1891. While writing, Huysmans worked with experts on Satanist cult and officially confessed to being fascinated with blasphemy and spiritism. This nonetheless did not prevent him from seeing "Là-bas" as an important step towards embracing God and religion. Just like the book’s protagonist Durtal, Huysmans claimed to have been “split between two vast abysses – one filled with darkness and the other with light.” And, that he just had to “descend before climbing again” – a reference to a dramatic change of themes in his literary output: “Thanks to a vision of the supernatural evil, I experienced a vision of the supernatural good. One resulted from the other. With his clawed paw, Devil led me to God.”

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„Zjadła dziewica szlachcica, i trzeba się z tym zgodzić”. Genderowe konteksty „Aszantki” Włodzimierza Perzyńskiego

Author(s): Szymon Kostek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The article is an attempt to analyse and interpret Włodzimierz Perzyński’s comedy play "Aszantka" in the gender studies context/perspective. Perzyński (1877–1930) was a Polish novelist, comedy writer, columnist and poet. The patterns and consequences of gender socialisation, sexual discrimination of women in the society and erotic love are the article’s main objects (problems) of analysis. Erotic love is obviously understood as an experience involving individuals of both sexes, which is generally arisen by desire. In "Aszantka", the dramatist raises the questions of love which is presented as a disintegrating phenomenon, so here it is not the richest pleasure of human life. The article tries to show that the works of Perzyński, who lived and wrote in the ‘Young Poland’ period and the interwar years, visualise specific human behaviours and provide a valuable source of knowledge about varied experiences of love or love relationships.

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Romantyczne dziedzictwo Zygmunta Szczęsnego Felińskiego

Author(s): Marcin Cybulski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The author has set as a goal for himself to try and answer the question whether (and, possibly, to what extent) the literary output of Zygmunt-Szczęsny Feliński may be considered by philologists in terms of Romantic(ist) literature. For one thing, the Archbishop grew up in an environment that placed a strong emphasis on the aspects of national liberation and religion. He was friends with, or a close acquaintance of, the key figures of Polish Romanticism, and himself was heavily affected by the most illustrious Polish penmen of the former half of 19th century. On the other hand, however, the deep worldview shock Feliński experienced resulting from the revolutionary events made him reject the Romanticist ethos of combat for freedom, and implied his mental affiliation with the Positivist circles – and, as a result, joining the clergy. Two pieces by the Warsaw Archbishop are the article’s focus: epic poem Prakseda and drama "Oskar i Wanda". Romanticist motifs and ideas reappearing in Z.S. Feliński’s works are emphasised, including: the cult of national heroes; the Polish Mother ["Matka-Polka"] ideal; zealous religiousness; reference by genre to the output of Juliusz Słowacki and Adam Mickiewicz. However, the answer to the question whether Feliński was the last (or, perhaps, a belated) Romantic, must be negative, at the end of the day – resultant from the research conducted. All the same, the Romanticist literature has marked a rather clear stamp on the literary output of Archbishop Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński.

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Cyprian Kamil Norwid i Gérard de Nerval wobec średniowiecznej recepcji postaci Orfeusza

Author(s): Magdalena Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The article discusses the reception of the figure of Orpheus in the mediaeval courtly culture, taking the ballad "King Orfeo" and the story "Sir Orfeo" as examples. The main character, a potentate and lord of his castle, having raped his beloved one, leaves his aristocratic milieu and turns into an eremite living in a primeval forest. For this reason, even though he would be lucky enough to find his Eurydice, he remains unworthy of her, given the hierarchy of the mediaeval society, and may lose her again due to the conventionalities. Set against this background is a comparative analysis of Gérard de Nerval’s "El Desdichado" (1853) and Cyprian Kamil Norwid’s "Beatrix" (1860). The characters, lonely and inconsolable, naming themselves Orpheus, in an associative course of idyllic reminiscences and reproaches made to their beloved ones, discover their own poetic ‘I’ and form their own value and greatness through a truly infernal effort. Nerval’s character would remain torn and uncertain throughout, shaping his artistic universe in line with this fluid pattern; Norwid’s Orpheus will, in turn, get enraptured by the Divine perspective he was offered thanks to having cognised the secret of suffering.

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W poszukiwaniu formy i treści. „Sielanka. Obrazek leśny” Henryka Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Agnieszka Kuniczuk-Trzcinowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

An attempt at an analysis of "Sielanka. Obrazek leśny" – a less-known work by Henryk Sienkiewicz, distinct the novelist’s mainstream output. Taking a glance at this short story, or novella, the author endeavoured to show the origins of the artistic route of the Nobel-Prize winner as well as the way he perceived the reality at the time his way of literary depiction of realities was not as yet crystallised. Associations with folk culture and the influence of classicism on the prosaist’s early works.

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Między epicką a dramatyczną wizją kultury „Górski wieniec” Petara II Petrovicia Njegoša w kontekście wykładów paryskich Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Damian Kubik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The article attempts to outline the issue of "Slavonic epic" and "Slavonic drama", as raised by Adam Mickiewicz in his Parisian lectures. The conclusions stemming from analysis of individual fragments of the relevant lecture, referred to two visions of culture: epic and dramatic, have been confronted with the poetic work "Gorski Vijenac" [‘The Mountain Wreath’, 1847] by Petar II Petrović Njegoš.

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Ciemne świecidła nadziei – starość Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego (na przykładzie „Nocy bezsennych”)

Author(s): Marek Szladowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

I deal in this article with the old-age years of Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. The issue is analysed in the context of sleeplessness and its consequences. The first section discusses the specific ‘sleepy’ language used by Kraszewski – and is an attempt to reconstruct it. In effect, the following symbolic ideas get investigated: elderly man is compared to a stone, to a ruined house and to a symbolic tree – the sign of nature and rebirth ('arbor vitae'). In the second part, focuses on a prayer: It describes the importance of prayer in the building of a senile subjectivity. The third part of the work consists of an analysis of the form of record that Kraszewski’s style as changing as time goes on. A fragmentary nature, non-ordinality and randomness, simultaneously to reflecting the writer’s mode of thinking, become the determinants of the author’s subjective status. The old-age style is a certain code that makes the occurring ‘disintegration of (the) form’ understandable. States of elderly melancholy, despair, sadness, and sometimes stupefaction are elements that form the mental landscape of this experience. From the perspective of diaries, correspondence and also notes, there emerges a peculiar portrait of human suffering, solitude and the old age; the struggle for the sustenance of human subjectivity.

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Ironia romantyczna we wczesnej twórczości Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego

Author(s): Wojciech Hamerski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The essay attempts to apply the category of romantic irony in the reading of early works of Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, with his novel "Pan Walery" in the first place. Although the novelist’s theoretical awareness was rather low, romantic irony had a considerable, and underestimated part to play in his texts: it was namely used as a convenient means of manifesting the awareness of a disparity occurring between romantic entanglements and realistic aspirations, as manifest in many novels of the former half of 19th century.

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Postacie poezji. Nad mottami „Poety i świata” Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego

Author(s): Marcin Jauksz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The article’s purpose is to interpret the three meta-texts which open the most prominent of young Józef Ignacy Kraszewski’s works – taken from "Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage" by George Byron, "Les Comediens" by Casimir Delavigne and "Vorschule der Aesthetik" by Jean Paul. The sequence of epigraphs helps define the novel’s subject-matter, additionally promising some unprecedented resolutions Kraszewski made while writing his novel on a poet. Due to the epigraphs, the discussed problem of a rapture between ideal and reality becomes much more profound as they open toward a distinct intertextual interpretation and help specify the literary programme of young Kraszewski.

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„Nieszczęśliwe niewolnice”. „Dziennik Serafiny” Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego jako opowieść o „handlu kobietami”

Author(s): Mateusz Skucha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

This article interprets Józef Ignacy Kraszewski’s novel "Dziennik Serafiny" using the dominant category of ‘trafficking in women’, elaborated by Claude Levi-Strauss and Luce Irigaray. As it turns out, although he did not apply the category as such, the novelist masterly sensed that it did exist, and described it. A young woman, a nubile, becomes a subject of a matrimonial transaction entered into by the parents (especially, the male ones). The role of boarding school ['pensja'] and gossip has been described, among other factors, in the reinforcement of the rules of trading/trafficking – and thereby, in the normativisation of the female lives. The (notion of) ‘patriarchal mother’ has an important function too. Kraszewski excellently characterises the ‘female lot’ which, essentially, becomes a history of her ‘debasements.’

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Zmory „teraźniejszego wieku” na seansie spirytystycznym Wokół „Trapezologionu” Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego

Author(s): Marcin Lul / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The first part of this essay reconstructs the history of the birth and the initial development phase of modern spiritism (in the United States, Europe), its relation to akin ideas and notions remaining in a popular literary-scientific circulation of the romantic thought (spiritism vs. spiritualism; reincarnation; metempsychosis; mediumism; magnetism; wonder). The second, core part is based upon Józef Ignacy Kraszewski’s ‘anecdote’ titled Trapezologion, written in 1855 and composed as a record of a spiritist seance at a provincial Polish manor, and forming a sort of transcripts of the confession of seven quasi-spirits doing penance for their sins and declaiming from various parts of the table. Already at the beginning of his story, as well as in a critical essay "Spirytyzm"[‘Spiritism’], published a few years later, Kraszewski remarks his distance toward the ‘tablemania’ disseminated in America and Europe at the time. The ‘anecdote’ ends with unmasking it as an act of quackery of a certain Nieklaszewicz, ventriloquist, one of those attending the seance, who made use of the opportunity to unveil the dark aspects of the nobility’s and magnates’ life. As depicted by Kraszewski, spiritism was a punishment imposed on the age of incredulity and materialism, a caricature of super-mundane longings of the people trammelled with the bondage of reason and exaggerated rationality.

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Człowiek według Smilesa. Kraszewski pozytywistów (Struve, Chmielowski, Orzeszkowa)

Author(s): Eliza Kącka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

This article focuses on three Positivistic attempts at writing about Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. As interpreted by the essay’s author, these attempts tell us a lot about the importance Kraszewski enjoyed within the horizon of Positivist readings, whilst testifying to a need for such a model of man-of-letters, social worker, and thinker. Common to the utterances of Piotr Chmielowski, Eliza Orzeszkowa and Henryk Struve is an effort made to describe Kraszewski’s literary and social sensitivity. This effort subsequently leads to a reconstruction of the novelist’s life philosophy. The question about Kraszewski’s way of life and way of thinking – posed straight away there, implicitly elsewhere – refers the commentator to the life and (the) literature, pointing out to their interpenetration. The author regards the motif of coexistence of life and literature as characteristic not only to a narration on Kraszewski but to the quests made by the Main School generation overall. The assumption is, thus, that the way a story of Kraszewski is told reflects the literary-philosophical preferences of the Positivists.

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Szpital psychiatryczny jako przestrzeń zbrodni (Stanisław Lem – John Katzenbach – Karin Fossum)

Author(s): Katarzyna Rytlewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

An analysis is offered of three models of the asylum space: modernistic, with its pronouncedly outlined hierarchy (Stanisław Lem); a transitory model, whose borders are fluid (John Katzenbach); and, postmodernistic – the most unrestrained and liberal model (Karin Fossum). The selected works, juxtaposed, make evident a certain dependence related to the space of a mental hospital as an enclave of criminality. The tighter the patient closure and isolation, the greater the criminality among the doctors and other staff, who feel omnipotent and exempt from punishment. The thing is, the more open an asylum is, the more menacing its patients become.

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Listy Jana Kasprowicza do Kazimierza Twardowskiego

Author(s): Roman Loth / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The present edition encompasses twenty-six letters of Jan Kasprowicz, one of the most outstanding Polish poets in late 19th/early 20th century, to professor Kazimierz Twardowski, philosopher, Rector of the University of Lvov. Written between 1903–1916, many of them document Kasprowicz’s life and creative activity in the period of his stay in Poronin, i.e. in the years 1906–1909. They testify to a friendship between the two correspondents, and their families. The letters cover a range of the poet’s personal affairs, including his striving for a professorship with the Lvov University. Considerable information is provided on Kasprowicz’s ongoing creative work, especially his translation efforts on Aeschylus, Euripides, Robert Browning, and Henrik Ibsen.

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Nieznane listy Władysława Bełzy do Juliana Ochorowicza (1882–1898). (Ze zbiorów Igora Strojeckiego)

Author(s): Joanna Lekan-Mrzewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The proposed editorial material complements the hitherto-unknown letters of Władysław Bełza to Julian Ochorowicz from the years 1883–1897, edited by Stanisław Fita. Not only does this correspondence enrich the Lvov social worker’s biography by the inclusion of certain new facts, but also discovers the so-far-little-known chapters from the history of Macierz Polska – one of the most renowned educational-and-publishing institutions functioning in Lvov in the late 19th/early 20th century. Moreover, these recently-discovered letters moreover shed a new light on the social opus of J. Ochorowicz, in the Lvov period of his life.

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Katalogi księgarskie i wydawnicze drugiej połowy XIX wieku jako źródło informacji o książce

Author(s): Alicja Boruc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The aim of this article is to show the role played by the publisher’s catalogues in the book-promotion process in the second half of the nineteenth century. The analysis of these source materials allows us to determine the book production of publishing houses as well as the book-stock in bookstores. The publishers’ lists inform us about the reading interests of the literary public (the most popular authors and books). They provide information about: the main publishing centres both in Poland and abroad, book prices, binding, the number of pages and the contents of the publication. They also fulfilled an advertising role encouraging the public to buy books.

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