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Mivel határos a tudat?

Author(s): Deodáth Zuh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 05/2013

„Igen tisztelt Uram! Engedje meg, hogy bemutatkozzam. A Magyar Királyi Zeneakadémia taná- ra vagyok, és szabadidõmben sokat foglalkozom népzenével, mégpedig gyûjtõként.” Ezekkel a szavakkal kezdte rákoskeresztúri lakásában egy 1912. május 22-én kelt levelét Bartók Béla, a viszonylag ismeretlen tanár-zeneszerzõ. Annak címzettje más tudományterületen tevékenykedett. Erich Moritz von Hornbostelnek (1877–1935) hívták, muzikológiával és pszichológiával foglalkozott, pontosabban „összehasonlító zenetudománnyal”, amelyet manapság inkább hívhatnák, zenei néprajznak. Ebben az idõben pedig már túl van egyen és máson, de persze igazi tudományos hírnevét késõbb vívja majd ki. Nagy részben az õ nevéhez fûzõdik majd (másik részben pedig Curt Sachshoz) egy máig használatos hangszertipoló- gia, az úgynevezett Hornbostel–Sachs-felosztás, amely a hangképzés pszichológiai összetevõi alapján tesz kísérletet arra, hogy a „besorolás hírhedt feladatát elvégezze”.

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БЕЛЕЖКИ КЪМ ФИЛОСОФСКИТЕ ПРОЧИТИ НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИСТОРИЯ

Author(s): Atanas Stamatov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2015

The paper analyses a set of texts usually referred to in our post-liberation humanities as “philosophy of the Bulgarian history”. The authors, who wrote on this topic, aimed to propose not only philosophically viable but also authentically Bulgarian reading of our history. The epistemological optics used by them to achieve this aim remind of the Weber’s “ideal types” as a means for rationalizing reality. The choice of the determinant is rational in view of the aim to define the unique Bulgarian nature during the studied period and the remaining factors of the historical past are constellated functionally around it using the logical operation “limitation”. Although the studied authors (I. Gjuzelev, St. Mihailovski, P. Mutafchiev, I. Ianev, St.Popov, V. Mutafchieva, N. Genchev, etc.) used different instruments, they reached common conclusions about the historical memory and the mentality of the Bulgarians. They are permanently marked by the feeling fora deficit of historical time. The solution is sought in the strategy for catching development and the means for its direct implementation lies in copying foreign experiences. However, one can see in the mechanical borrowing one of the reasons for the fragmentation of our historical being, the lack of consistency and continuity in our cultural and historical life. With regard to the historical space, conceived as ethnic, cultural and national land, it is mostly considered through the social dynamics of the geopolitical crossroad which is coded in the binary opposition “East-West”. The chronotopic characteristics are set in the problem of the identityand the appeal for transforming the tradition into self-constructing strategy for the future. The reasons for putting forward these questions lead us both to the “history as a thought” and the “history as an action”. The first case refers to the place and role of philosophy with regard to the historical synthesis. The second one refers to the causes which are rooted into experiencing the social crises which mobilize “the will for ethos”. The events in Bulgaria after 1989 put into focus the need for a new philosophical reading of our national history. Logically, it should be based upon the Bulgarian idea, laid down by St. Popov as “self-realization of the Bulgarians fed by their realized cultural appurtenance to Europe” and should be carried out,evading the “big ideologies”, via metamorphosing of a typically Bulgarian cultural model which have been formed throughout history.

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Bibó István és a politikai filozófia

Author(s): Gábor Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2015

Bibó István has often been mentioned as the most prominent representative of Hungarian political thought in the 20th century. But how can the genre of his work be defined? Was it political philosophy? It was not, at least not in the sense of systematic analytical political philosophy. However, in a wider meaning, putting his oeuvre into the context of continental philosophy and of interwar Hungarian thought, Bibó belongs to the essayistic tradition of political thought popular in different European countries, including Great Britain, France and Germany. This genre of essay was especially popular in Hungarian culture after the First World War. It was, in a sense, a substitute for political philosophy. Writers and thinkers like Gábor Halász, László Cs. Szabó, Antal Szerb, and Németh László, whose essays deeply influenced Bibó’s intellectual socialization, cultivated it on very high level. This Hungarian essay genre provided the possibility for dealing with pressing historical, social, and political problems in a form which was accessible for the wider public within a culture in which literature had enjoyed higher prestige than philosophy. Bibó’s political essay grew out of this interwar Hungarian context. He was an outstanding political thinker, but not a professional political philosopher.

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Következetesség vagy következetlenség?

Author(s): László Perecz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2015

The essay deals with four significant personalities in the history of Hungarian philosophy in the 20th century: Imre Pauer, Ákos Pauler, Bódog Somló, Béla Tankó. Its argumentation distinguishes two types of philosophers. The “passenger” consistently perseveres in his first chosen philosophy: he is not diverted by new philosophies. The “excursionist”, on the other hand, inconsistently, leaves behind his original philosophy, and chooses himself a new one. The conclusion of the essay: Pauer and Tankó are “passengers”, Somló and Pauler are “excursionists”.

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Autonómia és világrend; bűn, sors és élettörténet

Author(s): Nóra Szegedi,Tamás Ullmann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2015

The article aims to give a picture of László Tengelyi’s early works. The first part analyses Tengelyi’s relationship to Kant and to the problem of evil in Kantian moral philosophy. The key concepts of his early works are moral autonomy, guilt, fate, history of life, and intersubjectivity. The second part presents Tengelyi’s first original work after his significant Kant-interpretations. His Guilt as Fate Event (1992) concentrates on the problem of evil, rejecting the classical conception of the metaphysical tradition based on the “privation thesis”. By showing that evil cannot be reduced to privation, nonbeing, and nullity, Tengelyi opens up another, latent tradition, that of the tragic view of culpability. The conception of guilt as an eminent event of fate is supposed to be able to substitute the privation thesis of traditional metaphysics. The elaboration of this concept is Tengelyi’s first step toward creating his own philosophy.

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A fenomenológiával való megismerkedésem

Author(s): László Tengelyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2015

In this interview, László Tengelyi answers the question of the Hungarian Phenomenological Society: “how did you arrive to the phenomenological tradition and to phenomenological thinking?” The form of the answer is an essay which was written in 2006. Tengelyi describes his first encounter with Husserl and Heidegger through Nicolai Hartmann’s aesthetics and ontology. This attraction was deepened during his 1988-89 stay in Leuven with the support of the Soros Foundation. Rudolf Bernet and other prominent phenomenologists (Klaus Held, Bernhard Waldenfels, Marc Richir) convinced him that phenomenology is one of the possible ways of original thinking. What distinguishes phenomenology from other contemporary schools of thought (structuralism, analytical philosophy, critical social philosophy) is its inner relation to the whole tradition of Western philosophy. That is why phenomenology, “with its historical saturation”, is able to maintain a kind of spiritual vigilance in the philosophical practice.

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Az ízlésítélettől a valóságélvezetig?

Author(s): Tamás Valastyán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2015

The paper compares Jean-François Lyotard’s, Odo Marquard’s and Ferenc Fehér’s conception of aesthetics from the viewpoint of the disposition of modernity/postmodernity. None of the authors considers the comparison between modernity and postmodernity mechanically. While Marquard and Fehér claim the modernity of the postmodern, Lyotard affirms the postmodernity of the modern, with a view to Nietzsche’s basic insight that reality can only be justified as an aesthetic phenomenon.

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Hauser Arnold és a manierizmus historiográfiája mint válságtan

Author(s): Deodáth Zuh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2015

In this essay, I try to sketch the outlines of two conflicting inquiries concerning the historical position of Mannerism. My basic idea is that they share a common goal of constituting a multifaceted theory of investigating art history. The first is based on the Kantian tradition of unified aesthetics (epistemological, moral and aesthetical studies are grounded in the same architecture of knowledge) and describes the works of art as they are given to our intuitions as the documents of a certain world view or Weltanschauung. The second is rather built on the idea that we have to emphasize the various ways in which the works of art were made and denies that such a world view could be reconstructed. Here I only present a historical case study of the first line of questioning, stating that the young Arnold Hauser was a fierce advocate of artistic style as the bearer of moral, ethical questions. In this way Mannerism is the document of a transitional, critical period in European art history and European culture. If this is correct, Mannerism could be interpreted as a model for investigating and comprehending contemporary instances of transition and crisis. Finally, I trace back this view (as a criseological approach to contemporary culture) to some ideas of the young Georg Lukács.

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EARLY MODERN SUBJECTS AND THE SELF-CONCEPTION OF PHILOSOPHY IN GERMANY 1556-1599

Author(s): Stefan Heßbrüggen-Walter / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The paper discusses the concept of a subject as anactor’s category in early modern philosophy and asks whethercontemporary notions of subjectivity can be meaningfully related tothis early modern understanding of the concept. When thinkingabout the early modern subject as an actor's category, we mustdistinguish three different meanings: the subject as a bearer ofproperties, as a reference point for predication, and as the foundationof a discipline. The paper defends the thesis that crucial elements ofsubjectivity in the modern sense, namely reflexivity and selfawareness,are at the same time characteristic features of a certainunderstanding of the subject of philosophy as a discipline in the earlymodern sense: namely for conceptions of philosophy as atransformation of the soul, most notably as a ‘medicine of the soul’.Such conceptions are, however, controversial: other early modernthinkers contend that such proposals do not conform to what weshould expect from a definition of philosophy and that they are opento the objection of intellectualism: we need more than knowledge tobetter our souls, because knowledge in itself is not action-guiding.The paper traces conceptions of the subject of philosophy not onlyin various Ramist tracts, but also in writings of Melanchthon’s son-inlawHeinrich Paxmann, the Helmstedt professor Duncan Liddell, andReformed thinkers like Fortunatus Crell and BartholomaeusKeckermann.

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OLIVA SABUCO AND THE MATTER OF THE MATTER

Author(s): Steven Barbone / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This exploratory study investigates the work ofOliva Sabuco de Nantes Barrera (1562–1626?). Sabuco’s major work,New Philosophy of Human Nature neither Known to nor Attained by the GreatAncient Philosophers, which Will Improve Human Life and Health (1587), inmany ways foresees the Cartesian system but avoids some of itsproblems even though or perhaps because her philosophical systemrests heavily on the foundations of hylomorphism. The mind/soul isseparate from the body, but the two function as a holistic unit. Mindand body affect and are affected by each other within or through thepia mater. This study’s aim is to summarize Sabuco’s thought and toindicate how her work may be able to address or to lend support tocontemporary philosophical concerns.

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THE RECENTIOR NOMINALIS OF LEIBNIZ’S DISPUTATIO METAPHYSICA DE PRINCIPIO INDIVIDUI: FULGENTIUS SCHAUTHEET AND HIS CONTROVERSIA AGAINST THE THOMISTIC DOCTRINE ON THE PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUATION

Author(s): Chiara CATALANO / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

In his Disputatio metaphysica de principio individui (1663),Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) supports his own account ofthe principle of individuation on the basis of the authority of manyNominalistic (the nominales) theologians and philosophers. Amongthem he quotes a recentior nominalis, Fulgentius Schautheet (1623-1708), the author of the Controversiae philosophicae inter scholasticorumprincipes D. Thomam, Ioannem Scotum et Gregorium Ariminensem nominaliumantesignanum (1660). Indeed, in the Preface of his work, Schautheetpoints out that he aims at reconstruct the Scholastic controversies byfollowing in the footsteps of Gregory of Rimini (1300-1358), which isconsidered by him the antesignanus of the nominales. Leibniz refers tothe Fifth Controversy of the second book, where Schautheetaddresses his criticism against the Thomistic account of the principleof individuation. In this article I analyze Schautheet’s Controversia inorder both to reconstruct the theory of the author and to compare itwith Leibniz’s one.

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HUME’S INDIVIDUAL: AGENT OR BILLIARD BALL?

Author(s): Hannah DAWSON / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

It is hard to make out the agent in Hume’s scienceof man. For the most part, human beings appear operated onpassively by the association and attraction of ideas, creatures ofcustom rather than creators of the future, more predictable even thanthe rising of the sun. However, by inserting Hume’s theory of theartificial virtues into his science of man, an inventive, calculatingagent strides into view. The paper does not conclude, though, thatthis anomalous figure represents a contradiction in Hume’sphilosophy, but rather that Hume’s individual is a far complexcharacter than might appear if one simply read, for example, aboutHume’s theory of induction – as one might spend a lifetime doing.Hume’s individual is not only a rich mixture of reason and sentiment,artifice and nature, action and passion, but these dichotomies, thatorganise so much of Hume’s polemic, evaporate. The result is that arich, holistic picture of agency emerges, together with a view of ‘themind’ that is not static, but rather evolves through time.

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FROM REASON OF STATE TO COORDINATION BY TRADE: HUME’S COMMERCIAL SOCIETY AS A MEANS OF ARRANGING NATIONAL AND GLOBAL POLITICAL ORDER

Author(s): Ferenc Hörcher / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This paper takes on board the relationship of political and economic ideas in Hume’s essays. It wants to show that although Hume played a major role in preparing the ground for the would-be discipline of political economy, his interest in economics is linked to politics. He wants to make sense of the challenges posed and opportunities opened up by the recent global spread of long-distance trade. The thesis of this paper is that although Hume is aware of the risks of the jealousy or collaboration of commercial societies on a worldwide scale, he does not see any other alternatives (beside warfare), and in fact he is convinced, that it has positive effects on domestic and international levels as well. The first part of the paper offers an overview of the relevant ideas of two key players in recent Hume-literature. First, it shows that István Hont in his volume Jealousy of Trade could convincingly show that some of Hume’s ideas are relevant if we want to make sense of international politics today. Then it presents two basic concepts of Andrew Sabl’s recent interpretation of Hume’s politics: coordination and convention, arguing that mechanisms of international trade can be analysed with the help of these categories. In the second half of the paper the reader will find analyses of key concepts of Hume’s historically informed introduction to commercial societies and their interplay, including prudence, balance of power, balance and jealousy of trade, and refinement.

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UTILITY AND REALITY IN HUME’S POLITICAL THOUGHT

Author(s): Yosuke Hamada / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This article aims at explaining a utilitarian and a realistic thought as the keystones of David Hume’s political theory. For this purpose, in the first section, I treat Hume’s moral theory as the basis of his political thinking. Hume thinks that every person has the natural ability to feel utility for society or humankind to be pleasant, but that this inborn ability is nevertheless limited such that we need artificial rules (virtues) for social interest. In the second section, through some concrete examples, I demonstrate that, in Hume’s political theory, such a utilitarian basis is connected solidly with realistic thought. Hume believes that political theory should take into consideration what is really possible for human nature and for the present social situation. Because of human nature, the real human world can never be perfectly moral. Thus, I argue that the central purpose in Hume’s political thought is not to build an ideal and perfect speculative theory; rather, it is to point out the concrete way to make a society or a nation more advantageous for its members in a realizable manner.

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SOCIAL RESENTMENT AND JUSTICE. CONSIDERATIONS ON HUME’S REALIST APPROACH TO PASSIONS

Author(s): Alessio VACCARI / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The aim of this paper is to show that Hume gives the passion of resentment a crucial role in explaining the origin of justice and society, and that this can be regarded as an important argument in favour of the recent attempts to include Hume in the canon of political realism.In the first part of the article, I shall mention some general realist theses that are supported by Humean philosophy. As Andrew Sabl has recently reminded us, these include the idea that the human passions and their capacity to be civilized are a central factor in explaining the transition from tribal communities to political society. Following Sabl’s general approach, I shall show that Hume thought that resentment played a fundamental role in the passions involved in this process.

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JUSTICE AS AN ARITIFICIAL VIRTUE: SELFISHNESS AND HUMAN NATURE IN THE MORAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT OF DAVID HUME

Author(s): Eva KISS-KOCZKA / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

David Hume's moral theory states that our moral decisions are based on sentiments, and that the possibility of such sentiments that can effectively motivate our decisions is based on our benevolent nature. Stating that benevolence is part of our nature, however, does not mean that we are generally selfless. I will argue that Hume not only accepts our selfishness but states that it is our strongest motivational force; and that justice conceived as an artificial virtue is in accord with the political realist canon that takes human nature to be essentially imperfect.

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Czy można pogodzić dekonstrukcję z hermeneutyką?

Author(s): Patryk Szaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2014

The article attempts to reinterpret the ties between Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction and the hermeneutic philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer. Although research has traditionally emphasized the antagonisms between these two thinkers, a comparative reading of their philosophical dialogue reveals that hermeneutics and deconstruction have a common source and aims: This is their anti-metaphysical attitude, openness to otherness, praise of democracy, and desire for social justice. From this perspective, deconstruction is seen not as an anti-hermeneutics, but as hermeneutics taken to its extremes, exploiting the emancipatory and political potential of their postulates for sympathetically listening to that which is Other, and the continuous reordering of existence.

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Ethos różnicy. Dekonstrukcja, etyczna lektura i literatura współczesna

Author(s): Michał Koza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2014

The article addresses the issue of the continued relevance of the deconstructive practice of ethical and political reading in the context of Polish contemporary literature. In view of allegations of the anachronism of Jacques Derrida’s thought, the article indicates that the work of the author of Politics of Friendship has only been partially assimilated, and proposes reading deconstruction from an ethical and political standpoint. This perspective helps to avoid the danger of eliminating ethical and (especially) political questions from postmodern literary studies or transforming them into a discourse of endless reflections on otherness that lacks agency and can easily fall victim to ideology.

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Dekonstrukcji życie po życiu

Author(s): Piotr Sadzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2014

In the text, I briefly outline the problems encountered in Poland in the work of Jacques Derrida, beginning with its not entirely accurate identification with poststructuralism, through the reduction of deconstruction – both in terms of its critical reception and in translation – to the philosopher’s earliest works. Deconstruction is not, despite appearances, merely a classic concept now relegated to the junk heap of literary theory, but remains a relevant tool that can be used in the context of contemporary socio-political issues. Outside of a few notable exceptions, the three main (fundamentally interrelated) problem areas characteristic of the late Derrida – ethics, politics, and theology – have only been dealt with to minimal degree in Poland. Therefore, out of necessity this rough sketch also serves to demonstrate the glaring deficiencies in the Polish reception of this philosopher, and the (occasional) interpretative abuses committed by its opponents.

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Ostateczna de(kon)strukcja. Nuklearna apokalipsa Derridy

Author(s): Iwona Boruszkowska,Michał Koza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2014

The essay analyses one of two articles by Jacques Derrida dealing with nuclear apocalypse: "No Apocalypse, Not Now (Full Speed Ahead, Missiles Seven, Seven missives)". From out of the catastrophic sentiments of the modern day, he built an apocalyptic discourse and a nuclear criticism. In order to describe these phenomena, he drew upon the historiosophy of Giambattista Vico, the philosophy of Gianni Vattimo, and the ideas of Susan Sontag and J. D. Caputo. At the time Derrida was working on this critical nuclear project, it certainly offered more promising prospects than it does today, when many alternative or overlapping “final” visions of the world are competing for dominance. It therefore seems that we should rather speak of an apocalyptic criticism.

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