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Epistemologia nie-baptystyczna

Author(s): Małgorzata Kołodziej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2016

Marcel Mauss, in Seasonal Variations of the Eskimo: a Study in Social Morphology, assumes that a acknowledge of spacial context is necessary to acknowledge the culture in a whole and that should be a basis for investigating further aspects of the culture. However, he did not experience this context personally. Instead of that, Mauss focuses on few factors that – in a complex – give a general view on Eskimo living space. It is a starting point for research on another aspects of their culture (religion, legal and religious system, family life) and their seasonal variations. The aim of the article is to analyze Mauss’ methods of creating space in his works, noting that instead of experience in the field personally, he based on preceding ethnological works. Another aim is to show the methodological bases of the “looking from the distance” method practiced by Mauss.

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ECCE HOMO!

Author(s): Gheorghe Văduva / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 30/2017

L’homme, c’est un être compliqué et sophistiqué. Même si, l’homme semble simple et direct, en réalité, il concentre, en son Soi-même, l’Univers entier qui l’a généré. De cette perspective, l’homme est une sorte de monade cognitive, informationnelle et, surtout, créative. Probablement, toutes les caractéristiques de l’Univers où nous vivons se centrent, se concentrent est se cumulent dans cette être pensive, en même temps, sensible, tenace parfois dubitative, quelque foi négative et toujours, imaginative. De ça, on considère l’homme comme l’unique ressource non dégradable, la seule qui est capable de créer et modeler l’Univers de la cognition et d’amener la valeur cognitive ajouté. En le comparant avec tout ce qui existe sur la Terre et, probablement en Univers – le moins dans notre Univers cognoscible –, l’homme est un miracle démiurgique, une source de cognition, qui vient de Dieu et qui peut-être, contient, dans l’Univers de Soi, l’universalité divine. Mais, en même temps, l’homme est aussi le cumul synergique oui-non, le mot et le contre-mot, le fait, le Soi et l’Altérité, macro et micro-cognition, nano-connaissance, l’être et non-être, la permanence et le changement, l’immuabilité et l’évolution, l’harmonie et la conflictualité, la paix et la guerre. De ça, on résulte, probablement, sa vocation, sa chance et son horizon de se libère continu, en s’asservir continu, d’enchaîner l’infini, de régénérer l’interminable, L’unité monadique parfaite des paradoxes infinies ! Ecce homo !

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COGNOCOVILIZAȚIA ȘI POSIBILELE EI PROVOCĂRI

Author(s): Gheorghe Vaduva / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2016

Cogno-civilisation, ou la civilisation de la cognition, n’est pas à tout prix, un nouveau type de civilisation, ni une étape finale de la civilisation humaine sur la Terre, mais un summum civilisationnel et, en même temps, une civilisation de synthèse, ou la connaissance, sans se détacher de real, construira et reconstruira, dynamiquement et complexement, dans le cogne-espace, les systèmes de valeurs de la civilisation humaine, ces en mettant ses fondements notamment sur la connaissance. Les épistèmes passent dessus des symboles ou, en tout cas, ils ramassent, dans une nouvelle architecture, les devenirs, les valeurs du cyberspace et les nouveaux effets thésaurisés de l’expansion cognitive. A peine, maintenant, l’homme, comme identité cognitif synergique, devient vraiment la mesure de toutes les choses, en vivant dans ce qu’il le sait, pour y transformer en cognition ce qu’il ne sait pas. Dans cette nouvelle configuration de la culture, notamment de la culture cognitive, comme fondement et argument de l’essentialisation civilisationnelle, lesquelles sauront les menaces el les vulnérabilités à celles-ci ? Autrement dire, le risque dans cette époque comment serait-il ? Et pour quoi est important de savoir ça ?

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The Fallacy of Naturalism as a Response to the Relativist

Author(s): Richard Bärnthaler / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

This article is a response to Howard Sankey’s (2010) ‘Witchcraft, Relativism and the Problem of the Criterion.’ It seeks to refute two central arguments that are brought forward by Sankey. First, that the relativist is skeptic about norm-justification and second, that naturalism could serve as a response to the relativist. I will demonstrate, by the use of historical cases, that epistemic norms cannot be subjected to empirical evaluation without using the very norms that are the target of analysis. Finally, I will reject the assertion that the conclusion of my critique implies a form of equal validity.

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Knowing Subject and External Object in Language and Linguistic Analysis

Author(s): Paul Rastall / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The claim of linguistics to be a ‘science’ is connected to its ‘objectivity’. The same is true of the philosophy of language. This implies a clear distinction between the language analyst as a ‘knowing subject’ and linguistic phenomena as an ‘external object’. The picture of everyday verbal communication contains the idea of speakers as ‘knowing subjects’ of verbal signals as ‘external objects’. Also, the correspondence theory of truth for natural languages presupposes that the language analyst is a ‘knowing subject’ who can assess the truth of objectified statements in relation to the factual world. The paper questions those ideas, and suggests that the objective orientation in linguistic analysis is a convenient fiction. It is suggested that analysts and speakers are components in a complex communicational totality, and can never be external objective observers of the verbal communication process. Consequently, a coherence theory of truth is more appropriate for language analysis of all types and for our understanding of speaker behaviour.

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Note on Russell and the Materialist Principle of Logically Possible Worlds

Author(s): Jan Dejnožka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

This note would be best placed at the end of my seventh comment (my 2018, 273) on Vacek’s second doubt (Vacek 2017, 265) about my book (my 2016). But as a stand-alone note, there is no need to keep track of that. The question is how or whether new or hitherto “alien” objects can come into being in any possible world, or at least in the actual world.

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Epistemologinis žvilgsnis į korespondenciją: tyli intymių sferų istorija

Author(s): Vita Gruodytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2018

Cultural history, without which it is essentially impossible to speak about music, is composed, as we know, of a multitude of circumstances and coincidences affecting not only the musical artifacts but also the relations between those who create this history: Why did some people meet at some point? How was the link established between them? Why did this link last in some cases and why was it just punctual in other cases? What were the mutual influences?The project “The Nylon Curtain” is based on correspondence during the Cold War era, which was circulating between the Western countries and Lithuania. We allude to personal communication initiatives based on relationships, ideas, desires, and personal opportunities that helped create a “parallel history”. In the frame and context of official history, the formation of individual micro-spheres, namely the intimate world of correspondence, which would develop outside this framework, was one of a few publicly available tools to modulate the everyday environment.Thus, correspondence participated, independently of borders, in the establishment of a communication network, which functioned as an area without boundaries, and with its own specificities and problematics. This network became a “common” area, centered on cultural, professional and personal experiences.We should treat the correspondence of the Soviet period not only as a historical document but also as a reference to a certain emotional state of that period. The latter affects not only the language of the letters, but also what is read between the lines; not only what is said, but also what is implied by what is said: the silent language is the true discourse of the Soviet era. Consequently, the central element of our analysis, which allows us to make a link between the problems raised at the beginning, is emotional space: it is the key to understand that cultural acts in the Soviet era were carried out in spite of a greater or lesser presence of fear and in spite of the possibilities of the regime’s reaction.

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O nekim aspektima shvatanja intuicije, nediskurzivnog i diskurzivnog

Author(s): Aleksandar Subotić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 19/2018

in this paper we begin with the notion that there is unjustified neglect regar ding the significance of the term intuition, as well as of other concepts that are designated as irrational. This notion derives mostly from the point of sci entific empiricism, within which there is a potential for turning to scientism. Coming from the corpus of postmodern ideas, a different critique comes up, which we will not deal with here. as an example of the first point of view, we have singled out the concept of “neural naturalism,” whose contempo rary representative is Paul Thagard. in accordance with the theory of mind and brain identity, he explains “moral intuitions” as examples of emotional awareness. The notion of mathematical platonicism, in this paper, depicted by Penrose’s (Roger Penrose) ideas, is completely benevolent both to intui tion and to the experiences of an unsurpassed “sudden spontaneity”, seeing them not as initial hypothesis, but as complete scientific solutions. a review of the relationship between intuition and personal identity, as well as of the renewed significance of Peirce’s theory of abduction, is in function of further justifying the attitude of the heuristic potential of the term intuition – howe ver understood, as well as the notion of the complementarity of the non-dis cursive and discursive.

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Dvě verze pojmového relativizmu

Author(s): Tomáš Marvan / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2003

The paper distinguishes between various versions of conceptual relativism and tries to reduce their number to two final alternatives: those of weak and strong conceptual relativism. The author argues that while a weak, pluralist version of conceptual relativity might be acceptable, the stronger version, as defined in the paper, cannot be coherently formulated. The argument of the paper draws on recent criticism of conceptual relativism by Anthony Brueckner, and tries to extend it further.

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Niekoľko poznámok k vzťahu prírodných a spoločenských vied

Author(s): Ladislav Kvasz / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2003

The aim of the paper is to present a theoretical framework which would make it possible to embed the conflict between the natural and human sciences into a broader historical context. With the help of categories such as paradigmatic disciplines, mixed discipline of the paradigm, metaphorical realm of the paradigm, and elusive realm of the paradigm we describe the dynamics of changes in the classification of scientific disciplines which accompany a scientific revolution. Our approach is thus an alternative to T. S. Kuhn’s sociological theory of scientific revolutions. Instead by a social conflict between the proponents and opponents of the new paradigm we interpret the scientific revolution as a cognitive conflict between the mixed disciplines and the metaphorical realm of the old paradigm.

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Metóda vzťahu pomenovania (II)

Author(s): Rudolf Carnap / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2003

Teraz budeme hovoriť o ďalšom dôsledku obvyklého spôsobu použitia metódy vzťahu pomenovania. Podľa princípu predmetnosti (24-2) platí, ž e ak veta obsahuje meno entity, tak hovorí niečo o tejto entite.

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K Brandomovu Articulating Reasons

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2003

V Organonu F č. 4/2002 uveřejnil Tomáš Marvan recenzi nové knihy Roberta Brandoma Articulating Reasons.

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Referencia vlastných mien (III): Aplikácie historickej teórie

Author(s): Marián Zouhar / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2003

The article contains several applications of the version of the historical theory of proper names presented in the previous article (see [11]). They are designed to defend its epistemologically meager point of view (referring to things via names does not presuppose any other epistemological contact with the things). It is argued that the distinction between reference of an expression and that of a speaker which lies in the very heart of the theory enables one to handle with many well-known examples (e.g. Kripke’s “Gödel”/“Schmidt” and “Feynman”/“Gell-Mann” cases). Then bounds of referential uses of proper names are tested with respect to some other examples as well (e.g. Evans’ “Madagascar” and Yagisawa’s “Spot”/“Garf” cases). The point is that the theory is neither too narrow nor too broad: it does not exclude, on the one hand, those uses of a name that are demonstrably referrential and it does not, on the other hand, count as referring clearly non-referrential “uses” of a name.

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Metóda vzťahu pomenovania (I)

Author(s): Rudolf Carnap / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2003

Metóda vzťahu pomenovania [the method of the name-relation] je alternatívna metóda sémantickej analýzy, ktorá je obvyklejšia ako metóda extenzie a intenzie.

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Vyčerpávající aktuální entity všechny možné objekty?

Author(s): Radim Bělohrad / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2002

This essay presents a comparison of modal theories with flexible and constant domain of individuals. Whatś called the simplest quantified modal logic represents the latter type. However, it has some controversial consequences: the fact that all objects of discourse exist necessarily, and the fact that to every merely possible object there corresponds an actual one. These drawbacks are eliminated by the Kripke models, which postulate possible worlds with a flexible domain of objects. Proponents of TIL return to the theory with the constant domain and attempt to elucidate what mistakes lead Kripkeś followers to endorsement of models with the flexible domain, and explain-away the alleged problems of the constant domain. This work aims at clarifying the character of the attitude of TIL proponents and showing that the arguments for accepting the constant domain they provide are not completely satisfactory due to the role proper names play in their theory.

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Jazyk jako nástroj tvorby kombinatorické i svobodné

Author(s): Blažena Švandová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2002

Kdyuž jsem psala na jaře roku 1999 članek „Dvoji povaha jazyka " nepodařilo se mi přilehavě nazvat ty dva komplementarnI pohledy na jazyk , ktere jsem zamyšlela rozlišit.

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Problémy a zmeny empiristického kritéria významu

Author(s): Carl Gustav Hempel / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2002

Fundamentálna zásada sučasného empiricizmu znie, že skusenost' je základom každého neanalytického poznania.

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O Piagetovi, dialektike a členskom

Author(s): Ladislav Kvasz / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2001

Táto stať mala byť pôvodne reakciou na článok J. Rybára Proti dialektickému chytráctvu. Čím viac som však nad ním rozmýšľal, tým jasnejšie som si uvedomoval, že vlastne nemám na čo reagovať.

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Filozofia logického atomizmu (II)

Author(s): Bertrand Russell / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2000

Sylaby druhej prednášky som celkom nevyčerpal, a preto najprv dokončím tieto problémy. V závere druhej prednášky som hovoril o samostatnej subsistencii jednotlivin, o tom, že každá jednotlivina jestvuje nezávisle od ostatných a logická možnosť jej existencie nezávisí od ničoho iného.

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Rozvinutie poznámky, ktorá nebola celkom zbytočná

Author(s): Ladislav Kvasz / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2000

V stati Na okraj jednej zbytočnej poznámky [ 1 ] uviedol Dušan Gálik kritický rozbor dôsledkov niekoľkých mojich tvrdení zo state Prolegomena k formálnej epistemologii [3],

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