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TICHÝ A ČÁSTI INDIVIDUÍ

Author(s): Karel Šebela / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2008

Rád bych ještě jednou reagoval na kritiku své knihy Šebela (2006), s níž vystoupil Pavel Cmorej. Ve své poslední replice, Cmorej (2008), se pozastavuje nad tím, že své tvrzení, že Tichý odmítá rozlišovat mezi částí individua a vlastností být částí individua, jsem dostatečně neobhájil. Ve své obhajobě jsem mj. mluvil o tom, že pojem části individua u Tichého nelze najít, což podle Cmoreje není pravda. Dokládá to citáty z Tichého, v nichž se o částech individuí píše a dále upozorňuje, že individua (neboť i části individuí jsou individua) a vlastnosti individuí jsou v Tichého logice objekty různých typů, navíc se liší i tím, že individua jsou konkrétní, kdežto vlastnosti individuí abstraktní objekty. Proto lze i u Tichého o rozlišování částí individua a vlastností individua mluvit. Tolik ve zkratce Cmorej.

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Swimming Upstream – Problems for Smith’s Account of the Nature of Reasons

Author(s): Jeppe Berggreen Høj / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2008

In an account of what we might call fundamental practical normativity, it is helpful, I think, to distinguish between the normativity of reasons and that of rationality. But when we do so the question of the relation between these two realms arises: are these two independent kinds of normativity? Can we account for the normativity of rationality in terms of the normativity of reasons? Or is it the other way around; is rationality explanatorily prior to reasons? This paper discusses a positive answer to the last of these questions. In a number of articles, as well as in his first book, Michael Smith has argued that the nature of reasons can be accounted for in terms of ideal rationality. The image of a fully rational version of an agent, A, can help us understand what the claim that A has a reason to Φ amounts to. In fact, Smith suggests, claiming that A has reason to Φ amounts saying no more or no less than that A’s ideally rational self would want A (as he is now) to Φ. In what follows, I argue that Smith is unsuccessful in his analysis of normative reasons in terms of full rationality, and that the failure of his analysis leaves his closely related argument for normative judgement internalism unconvincing.

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VOKALISMUS – RANÁ PODOBA NOMINALISMU

Author(s): Marek Otisk / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2008

This paper deals with one of the earliest form of answering the famous dispute about the nature of universals – usually called vocalism or early nominalism. This text wants to present the beginnings of the theory of vocalism, mainly with respect to delimitation of the logic as a science and with describing of the nature of the subject of the logic, especially in the context of reading works of peripatetic logical tradition (in the first place Introduction written by Porphyry and Boethius’s commentaries). Further this paper wants to indicate the oldest representatives of vocalism (second half and the end of the 11th century) and subsequently shows the consequences following the standpoint of vocalism in the application to the semantics.

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Reformulating Tichý’s Conception of Bare Individuals

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2008

A bare individual was conceived by Tichý as an individual such as if the property the individual instantiates is non-trivial (contingent), it is possible for the individual to lack it (and still be the same individual); and for any trivial property (i.e. property with constant extension) that it cannot lack this kind of property. The exact readings of Tichý’s original formulations of bare individuals are subjected to a detailed analysis to reveal that any of them is refutable by means of Cmorejian objection that there exist contingent properties which are partly essential (i.e. there exists an individual which cannot lack such property). To avoid such (valid) objection, the present paper attempts to rebuild Tichý’s definitions into viable ones.

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Not Much Has Changed. A Rejoinder to Raclavský

Author(s): David Miller / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2008

It is disappointing that Raclavský’s forthright paper (2007) does not (to my mind, at least) advance significantly the discussion of the problem of verisimilitude. What it does is erroneously to identify as erroneous a number of assertions made, or imagined to have been made, in my various critical excursions (from 1974 to 2006) against the various definitions of verisimilitude proposed by the late Pavel Tichý. Although many of Raclavský’s mistakes have been exposed and put right by Taliga (2008), to whom I am greatly indebted, I should like to add something here about three points of disagreement. Sections 2 and 3 deal with what seem to me to be misunderstandings on Raclavský’s part. Section 4 reaches the centre of the dispute between Tichý and myself. In section 5 it will be explained why the positions that Raclavský and I occupy in matters of semantics are closer together than he supposes, so that the bulk of his censure is de trop. Unattributed page references are references to Raclavský (2007).

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INTERPRETACE, ROZUMĚNÍ, GRAMATIKA: ODPOVĚĎ DEZIDERU KAMHALOVI

Author(s): Petr Koťátko / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2008

Pokud jsem něco nepřehlédl, inteligentní kritika je to jediné zadostiučinění, ve které může doufat autor filosofické knihy. V posledním čísle Organonu mi tuto satisfakci poskytl Dezider Kamhal:1 po Mariánu Zouharovi a Petru Stojanovi mi tak nabídl další příležitost k přehodnocení, nebo alespoň k důkladnějšímu zdůvodnění a pečlivější formulaci mých stanovisek. Jak je zřejmé z Kamhalových publikací a jak potvrzuje i jeho recenze mé knihy, naše filosofické zájmy se v některých podstatných ohledech překrývají, a nejen to: v rámci tohoto průniku sledujeme (do jisté míry) stejné priority a snažíme se vystříhat stejných chyb. To je nejlepší východisko ke kritické konfrontaci.

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K Cmorejově kritice

Author(s): Karel Šebela / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2008

Ve 3. čísle Organonu F (2007) vyšla v rubrice Diskusie kritická stať P. Cmoreje K Šebelovej kritike jednej kritiky antiesencialismu, v níž si její autor bere na paškál moji nedávno vyšlou knihu Filozofie logiky Pavla Tichého. Cmorej se zaměřuje především na kapitolu s názvem Kritika antiesencialismu, jelikož v ní podrobněji rozebírám jeho článek Empirické esenciálne vlastnosti (dále budu používat zkratku ESV), vyšlý v Organonu F v roce 1996. V úvodu a hlavně závěru statě však kriticky hodnotí knihu celou.

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On the Definitions of Basic Kinds of Properties

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

In the recent Festschrift dedicated to Pavel Cmorej, a rigorous classification concerning various kinds of properties modeled within the intensional framework was published (see DBKP1). However, one subtle error, not found before the publication, infiltrated into several passages of DBKP. Now the author suggests a way to rectify the definitions affected by it. The error is rather ‘technical’ and philosophically quite uninteresting – it ‘only’ turns few intuitively correct and philosophically welcomed definitions of kinds of properties into incorrect ones. Of course, there is a condition under which the straightforward simple classification of properties is valid (see below). In this rectification, I do not expose the apparatus, shortcut conventions, or preliminary definitions; for this purpose please see DBKP. Properties (and other attributes) were modeled as intensions, i.e. functions from possible worlds to classes of (n-tuples of) individuals. Within this functional framework, ‘classical’ classes are construed as total characteristic functions. But in DBKP, also partial characteristic functions, partial classes serving as extensions of properties, were allowed. This leads to inaccuracies in DBKP. Generally, the partiality always causes troubles.

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Vojtěch Kolman (ed.): From Truth to Proof

Author(s): Kamila Pacovská / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2008

Review of: Vojtěch Kolman (ed.): From Truth to Proof Miscellanea logica VI, UK FF, Praha 2006, 124 s.

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František Mihina, Tatiana Sedová, Marián Zouhar (eds.): Logický pozitivizmus

Author(s): Michal Polák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2008

Review of: František Mihina, Tatiana Sedová, Marián Zouhar (eds.): Logický pozitivizmus IRIS, Bratislava 2006, 540 s.

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A Note on Tichý’s Paper ‘On Describing’

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2007

P. Tichý finished, and probably also began to write, this paper in 1973. At that time, he was affiliated at the University of Otago, New Zealand, for already three years. From there he sent the paper to Pavel Materna and me. The paper ‘On Describing’ is connected to, in its content, Tichý’s paper ‘An Approach to Intensional Analysis’ which appeared in Noûs 5, 1971, 273 – 297. The former paper was intended by Tichý to make the public familiar with some ideas published in the technically more demanding Noûs paper. In so doing, he pays particular attention to prospects his conceptual apparatus has for solutions of certain philosophical problems. In the second half of the paper, he utilizes a slightly modified language of Chuch’s theory of types (enriched with possible world variables) that Tichý had introduced already in the paper ‘An Approach to Intensional Analysis’. The study ‘On Describing’ is an excellent introduction into Tichý’s work, in particular his semantics. Fundamental intuitive ideas involved in the paper go throughout, in modified forms, all his work.

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Carnap a jazyk: Z Viedne do Santa Fé

Author(s): Igor Hanzel / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2007

The paper reconstructs three main stages in the development of Carnap’s approach to language in the years 1931 – 1947. It starts with Carnap’s approach to metalogic in his Viennese Zirkelprotokolle (1931) and his Logische Syntax der Sprache (1934) from the point of view of one-level approach to the relation between metalanguage and its object-language. It then analyzes Tarski’s turn to semantics in his paper presented at the Paris conference in September 1935, as well as the implications of his view for Carnap’s approach to semantics from 1935 until 1943. Finally, it analyzes Church’s rediscovery of Frege and its impact on Carnap’s shift to the extension/intension distinction in his semantics in the years 1943 – 1947.

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Petr Dvořák: Jan Caramuel z Lobkovic. Vybrané aspekty formální a aplikované logiky

Author(s): Prokop Sousedík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2007

Review of: Petr Dvořák: Jan Caramuel z Lobkovic. Vybrané aspekty formální a aplikované logiky Oikoymenh. Praha 2006, 291 s.

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Co má existenční kvantifikátor společného s existencí?

Author(s): Marta Vlasáková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2007

Recent extensional logic considers a formula containing existential quantifier as an adequate way of rewriting a statement about the existence of something. Quine even claims that “to be is to be the value of a variable”. That means that if we consider a theory to be true, we have to treat all members of an appropriate universe as existing. This article intends to point out a difficulty in this conception: The primary task of an existential quantifier is only to claim that something can be found in a universe, whatever the universe is.

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Poznámky k interakcii troch svetov v teórii K. R. Poppera

Author(s): Michal Šedík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2007

V tomto texte by som rád kriticky reagoval na text Jiřího Raclavského O vlivu světa 3 na svět 2 na příkladu hudby a vědecké teorie (Raclavský 2004). K reakcii ma primäli na jednej strane nepresnosti pri interpretácii Popperovej teórie troch svetov (TTS) a na strane druhej argumentácia založená na príklade z oblasti umenia. V prvej časti stručne zhrniem spôsob argumentácie J. Raclavského a následne poukážem na nepresnosti pri interpretácii a aplikácii Popperovej TTS. V druhej časti sa sústredím na dôsledky, ktoré z toho plynú pre ontológiu umeleckých diel a vedeckých teórií.

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Kvantifikácia v prirodzenom jazyku (VI)

Author(s): Marián Zouhar / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2007

Sémantická teória určitého člena a deskripcií z predchádzajúcej časti má významnú históriu. V tomto pokračovaní si priblížime pôvodnú teóriu – ide o teóriu deskripcií Bertranda Russella – a porovnáme ju s najvýznamnejšími druhmi konkurenčných prístupov – Fregeho referenčným chápaním deskripcií a Tichého teóriou. Takisto ukážeme, v akých aspektoch sa zhoduje s koncepciou z predchádzajúcej časti.

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K Šebelovej kritike jednej kritiky antiesencializmu

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2007

Na Palackého univerzite v Olomouci vyšla minulého roku útla, 104 stránková knižka Filozofie logiky Pavla Tichého, v ktorej sa jej autor Karel Šebela zaoberá filozofickými problémami transparentnej intenzionálnej logiky (TIL-ky). Treba oceniť a pri hodnotení jeho práce vziať do úvahy okolnosť, že Šebela napísal prvú väčšiu štúdiu zameranú na filozofické otázky Tichého logiky. Hlavnou ambíciou Šebelovej publikácie, ktorá vznikla, ako píše v úvode, „na základě [jeho] stejnojmenné dizertační práce“, je rekonštrukcia Tichého názorov na tieto problémy a „pokus o obhajobu filozofie logiky TILu“.

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Marta Vlasáková: Bernard Bolzano. Cesta k logické sémantice.

Author(s): David Filip / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2007

Review of: Marta Vlasáková: Bernard Bolzano. Cesta k logické sémantice. Filosofia. Praha 2005, 108 s.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein: O istote

Author(s): Ladislav Koreň / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2007

Review of: Ludwig Wittgenstein: O istote, Kalligram. Bratislava 2006, 160 s.

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Willard V. O. Quine: Z logického hľadiska

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2007

Review of: Willard V. O. Quine: Z logického hľadiska, Přeložil Richard Cedzo. Kalligram, Bratislava 2006, 256 s.

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