Семантични манипулации в публичния дискурс

Author(s): Martin Tabakov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 5/2017

The article discusses semantic manipulations in which manipulative suggestions are made using specially selected words. Some of these examples of manipulations have become established and are very hard to refute. The notions of “left-wing” and “right-wing” are mutually related mainly in terms of state intervention in the economy and redistribution. It is not correct to qualify populist, nationalist, xenophobic political parties – or, recently, anti-immigrant parties – as “extreme right”, when there is actually a very small “right-wing” component in them and they are primarily “left-wing”. In referring to the National Socialists as “Nazi”, the word “Socialist” is manipulatively concealed. The article also indicates the semantically incorrect use of phrases such as “Turkish slavery”, “corruption”, “king”, “Russophile”, “majority”, etc.

Нихилизмът – негативната диалектика на Фридрих Ницше

Author(s): Rosen Rachev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

Human life is an endless sequence of problem situations and ways to overcome them. Friedrich Nietzsche proclaims doubt and nihilism as forms of existence in problem situation. They are the foundation of the reassessment of all values. This reassessment is oriented to traditional, approved and wide spread principles and norms in society. The skepticism is an initial position and a transitional stage of denial. If someone denies something without thinking of it, he acts emotionally. Friedrich Nietzsche is a nihilist because his attitude is based on doubts, which are rationally motivated. In this paper the arguments are derived from his books” Human, All Too Human”, and “The Gay Science”. There are a lot of similar arguments in other Nietzsche’s books that will be discussed in next papers

Границите на Кантовия категориален синтез

Author(s): Dimitar Tsatsov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

The article offers a discussion of the (im)possibility to apply the categories of transcendental analytics to objects beyond the possible experience as things in themselves, God and freedom.

Jezik u zamkama tranzicije

Author(s): Rastko Močnik / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 0/1994

One should expect the reflection about the interplay of social and linguistic changes to touch upon quite fundamental questions. Still, if we do not want to bet blindly on the chances of the paralogic known from old pioneers- accounts and from detective stories, where false hypotheses lead to true discoveries, we should keep in mind how insidious any kind of not avowed "evidence" may be.

Апология на разума

Author(s): Dimitar Tsatsov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The article attempts to overcome the so-called "interpretations with the first derivative" in the interpretation and evaluation of Logic by Vasil Hadjistoyanov-Beron. For this purpose, we emphasize the importance of Kant's philosophy for the proper comprehension of a number of Vasil Beron’s basic views on the relation between psychology and logic, between philosophy and the natural science, and others.

MISIR’DA MANTIK ÇALIŞMALARI VE MANTIK EĞİTİMİ ÜZERİNE: TÜRKİYE İLE KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Ahmet Kayacik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Issue/2019

Egypt, which has an ancient history and culture, has been home to many civilizations and has also accommodated many scientists. With more than a thousand years of history, Azhar University has been a pioneer in the field of religious education, especially in the Islamic world for centuries. In yet another scientific and cultural center of the Islamic world it was also present territory of Turkey and earlier Ottoman and Seljuk. Both cultural environments contributed to the development of various branches of science. Egypt, which remained under Ottoman rule for a long time, was naturally influenced by the educational methods and contents of the Ottoman Empire during this period. However, by the 20th century, both countries continued to exist as a separate state and continued their path with their own internal dynamics. When we approach the subject in the context of philosophy and logic studies, it is seen that Egypt has started the studies in this field because of the changes they have experienced in history. Here influential factor, followed by the establishment of a new government in Turkey is taking time circuit consisting of the institutions. For example, although its history is based on Fatih Madrasah, Istanbul University was founded in 1933, while Ankara University was founded in 1946. However, the first modern university in Egypt, Cairo University was founded in 1908. Since academic studies are mostly related to universities, studies in various fields are shaped accordingly. In this context, the logic seems to have begun work in Egypt before Turkey. This study aims to present the subject by evaluating the qualitative and quantitative data of both countries in general terms.

Епископът и философите: Мил

Author(s): Liuben Sivilov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

In a series of six articles the reactions of philosophers to the epochal achievement of Bishop Berkeley, set out in his “An Essay Towards A New Theory of Vision“ are followed. The comments to the theory of Berkeley became the occasion for the modern reader to focus on overwhelming conclusions about the philosophical life and philosophical education in Bulgaria. The fourth article deals with John Stuart Mill.

Философски интерпретации на некласическите логики

Author(s): Martin Tabakov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

The paper examines questions that are essential to the philosophical interpretation of modern logic. The enormous number of different non-classical logics leads some philosophers to doubt the possibility of classifying them. Our objective requires a classification corresponding to the philosophical interpretation and importance of the systems rather than to their formal technical elements. This will not be a classification in the precise sense of the word, but a “typologization”, since a system may have different interpretations and the demarcation will not be strictly exclusive. I propose the following “typologization” of logics, corresponding to their philosophical evaluation (this is a “typologization”, and maybe even a classification, of the basic, most important and crucial philosophical-methodological interpretations of logical systems): “Logical systems serving as bases for a mathematical theory”; “Logical systems – attempts for the explication of logical inference”; “Logical systems expressing epistemological aspects. Logical systems related to ontological aspects”; “Logical systems as pure mathematical models without philosophical justification”; “Applied logic”; “Quasi-logical studies of language”.

Ecumenical issues in Józef Herbut’s philosophy of religion

Author(s): Kazimierz M. Wolsza / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 20/2020

The philosophy of religion constituted one of the main fields of research by Prof. Józef Herbut. He created an original version of the analytical philosophy of religion. With the use of logical means, he analysed various dimensions of religion, primarily religious language. During the last period of his work, Herbut included ecumenical issues in his philosophical research. His research on these issues consisted of two stages. During the first stage, Herbut tried to create a specific logic of ecumenism. He hypothesised that the reason for the crisis of ecumenical dialogue consists in the lack of a clearly defined goal. Using the logical set theory, Herbut constructed possible models of doctrinal unity of different denominations. These models were constructed a priori, without reference to actual dialogues. During the second stage of his project, Herbut focused on the content of Catholic and Evangelical doctrines presented in catechisms. Here, he also put forward a research hypothesis that the languages of Catholic and Evangelical theology are different because they include different philosophical assumptions. These assumptions reach back to the medieval problem of universals. The language of Catholic theology is heavily influenced by moderate realism, and the language of Evangelical theology is influenced by moderate nominalism (these are two of the four standpoints in the problem of universals). Herbut’s research project is original and innovative in terms of Polish philosophical and theological literature. However, in foreign language literature it is possible to find ones analogous to Herbut’s project (József Fuisz, Charles Morerod).

Džabirijeva hermeneutika: - Epistemološko čitanje Ibn Rušdova teksta

Author(s): Orhan Bajraktarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 22/2018

Epistemology is a theory of sciences, their methods and systematization. This is not a text about epistemology, its sources, meanings, texts and contexts, but about the scope and frontiers of this term in Jābiriʼs epistemological reading of Ibn Rushdʼs philosophy. This text also discusses its role as an essential aspect of Neo-Arabic tradition and culture in our time. In Jābiriʼs view there is a special linguistic system in Arabic-Islamic philosophy known as bayān. In the formative phase of Islam (ʽaṣr tadwīn) this linguistic system spread to all sciences and disciplines such as grammar, law, theology, language and style. In this context, Jābiri thinks that all the questions, areas, themes and subjects of Ibn Rushdʼs text may be reduced to forms and figures in the complex relationship between philosophy and religion: the purpose of the commentaries and summaries of Aristotleʼs works was to bring Aristotle and philosophy closer to the mentality and understanding of the Arabic-Muslim public opinion.

Неевклидова геометрия в „Критика на чистия разум“?

Author(s): Rosen Lyutskanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

The paper discusses a traditionally construed as problematic aspect of Kant's philosophy of mathematics: the place and importance of non-Euclidean geometry in the structure of mathematics. Kant's conception of pure intuition in mathematics is usually considered incompatible with the existence of mathematics, leaving no place for the latter. In this paper I argue that we can find a place for them, provided we know where to look. Of key importance in this respect is the concept of symbolic construction, which Kant employs in his discussion of algebra. The concept makes it possible to sidestep the limitations related to the requirement of constructibility in pure intuition. The development of Hilbert's formalism in the philosophy of mathematics can be seen as a continuation of this move that makes manifest its full potential, which was not, and even could not, be realized by Kant.

Introduction – semiotics of digital gastromania

Author(s): Kristian Bankov,Francesco Mangiapane / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Since the adoption of Web 2.0, the Internet has chosen food and nutrition as its favorite topic. The Chowhound boards, for example, have been active since ‘97, a fact which speaks volumes about how much we owe the “great conversation” of online social media for the culinary megatrend we call — according to Marrone (2014) — gastromania. Indeed, food and discussion on the Internet are intrinsically linked, a now inseparable combination.

YUAN HANEDANLIĞI’NDA BİLİM VE KÜLTÜR

Author(s): Ayşe Beyza ERCAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Various reforms were made in administrative and social areas in the Yuan Dynasty, or the Kublai Khanate, which ruled China for nearly a century. Thanks to the ethnic diversity that existed in China at the time, there was sufficient human capital to carry out scientific activities which enabled Kublai Khan to ensure the success of his reforms. Remarkable advances were thus made in the fields of education, culture, translation and science during the Kublai Khan period. Examples in this progressive period include the establishment of an observatory and two different astronomy offices run by Muslim and Chinese scientists in the capital, Khanbaliq. Kublai Khan's reforms and state-sponsored support for developments in the field of science and culture began to bear fruit in a short period of time. Therefore, this new innovative state structure of the Yuan Dynasty managed to be different from other Mongolian nations in different areas of Eurasia. From the perspective of Mongolian history, this study will throw light on the early innovations made and the scientific and cultural studies, which was done in the Yuan Dynasty during this period. In addition to this, the cultural interaction between the Iranian Mongols and the Chinese Mongols will be examined.

Спекулативната граматика

Author(s): Jan Pinborg / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

Jan Pinborg’s article Speculative Grammar traces in a historical and problematical way basic questions of the semantic doctrine of modes of signifying (the theory of speculative grammars). Speculative grammars are investigated: (1) from their appearance and historical and conceptual ground (Aristotle and his Arabic commentators, Donatus, Priscian); (2) through the development and sophistication of the system of modes of signifying (considering in the same time its ontological and logical aspects); 3) to the theoretical criticism against them and the appearance of alternative semantic conceptions (Roger Bacon, Ockham, Buridan…). The importance of the modistic doctrine for the further development of the logic and theoretical grammar is pointed out. A particular emphasis is put on the semantic character of the speculative grammars, together with its systematical account.

Метафизическото мислене като трансценденция

Author(s): Georgi Donev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

The article aims to substantiate the genesis of consciousness and self-consciousness through metaphysical thinking. Metaphysical thinking is explicated as a transcendence that a priori determines every possible object of consciousness. In this sense, metaphysical thinking determines a priori the unity of existence. Existence is explicated as a unity of the interpretive models of consciousness. Thus, metaphysical thinking is seen as a function of the transcendent unity that is the a priori truth of the consciousness’ genesis. The logical relation between metaphysical thinking and consciousness is expressed by asymmetric implication. In this way, existence in the language of consciousness is phenomenologized. Thus arises the ontological understanding of existence. In this sense, metaphysical thinking determines the transcendental form of consciousness and the ontological form of existence.

Некласическа наука. Наука и псевдонаука

Author(s): Stefan Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Identification – Categorizing Living Creatures and Human Cultural Practices

Author(s): Hanna Mamzer,Jan Marcin Węsławski / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2022

A widely publicized IPBES report from 2019 warns that close to one million species currently on Earth will soon be extinct. In addition to debates in the media and among professionals about the factual value of that number, a larger problem remains—we do not know how many species are on Earth. According to extensive studies and statistical modelling, there are at least six million species in existence that have not yet been described. The term “described species” means that the animal or plant has received a unique scientific name that confirms its identity and relation to other organisms. A question thus remains about how we value species that are not yet named, known, or discovered. The most common practice is to value only creatures that are directly related to human existence, yet there is growing concern that we should value animals for the sake of their existence, for their intrinsic value. In this respect, the anthropocentric concepts of “pest” and “invasive species” need to be re-considered.

Szczur w badaniach psychologii społecznej i w naukach kognitywnych. Bestia sacer czy istota motywowana moralnie?

Author(s): Zbigniew Słuszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2022

Rats have accompanied human habitats for millennia. This complicated coexistence has led to the development of culture-laden narratives that excluded these creatures from the sphere of human moral care. Currently, the existential standing of the genus Rattus appears paradoxical. Contemporary free-living rats are among animals that are widely despised and subject to the most intense extermination. At the same time, due to their social nature and neural structure that is homologous to a large extent to Homo sapiens, they serve as models for research into human psychological properties. Recently, the accumulation of discoveries regarding many nonhuman species’ cognitive abilities has reignited ethical debate about the welfare and even the rights of “higher” animals. However, rats remain outside its mainstream focus. Meanwhile, based on research on rodents one may arrive at the image which is contrary to common beliefs about rats. The article presents the stereotypical views of rats’ social status obtained from research on the perception of social groups in accordance with the warmth and competence dimensions of Susan Fiske’s Stereotype Content Model. Then, Mark Rowlands’ concept of a moral subject is presented. Against this backdrop, a review of the latest findings of cognitive sciences regarding the properties of the Rattus species is carried out, in order to confront those research findings with Rowlands’ concept. The article aims to underscore the contradiction between the tereotypical perception of the rat and the empirical data, to finally indicate fundamental ethical implications of such a state of affairs.

Żydowski ubój rytualny w Polsce – okrucieństwo czy humanitarne traktowanie zwierzęcia?

Author(s): Paweł T. Skoczykłoda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2022

The dispute over ritual slaughter has been going on for years, not only in Polish discourse. It is commonly indicated that this practice is unethical and inhumane. However, this dispute completely ignores the Jewish perspective on this issue. Jews believe that this is the most humane method of slaughtering animals, and has been commanded by God for their protection from suffering. They emphasize that God’s law cannot be subject to change. The aim of this article is to prove that Jewish ritual slaughter is an ethical practice and permissible under positive law in Poland. The author also points out that the discussion on the admissibility of such slaughter is mainly based on economic arguments. The text, first of all, discusses what the shechita is, and then how the rules of the Torah protect animals from suffering. It also shows the current legal status regarding ritual slaughter, Poles’ beliefs regarding this subject as well as the social teaching of the Catholic Church on religious slaughter.

We are IGP World! Czy potrzebny jest dialog między osobami uprawiającymi sporty kynologiczne, obrońcami praw zwierząt i twórcami prawa?

Author(s): Olga Chrzan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2022

In the article, the author attempts at juxtaposing a theory of animal rights defenders – primarily the political theory of animal rights put forward by the authors of Zoopolis, Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka – with the practices in the field of dog sports and the methods of working with service dogs. She analyses Donaldson and Kymicka’s particular postulates and presents ways in which both the animal rights advocates and dog sports afficionados approach the subject of new citizenship. Her conclusions seem to suggest that those two groups hold rather contradictory views on domesticated animals.