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The study presents a brief biography of university teacher, scientist and intellectual Carl Johannes Zinner († around 1810). His activities are connected in a special way with Košice, he worked at the Royal Academy. Interest in the modern history of the United States led him to make contact with Benjamin Franklin. In consideration of this he obtained a special position in the history of Hungary and belonged to the important persons of history at the late 18th century. The study maps Zinner's life, work as well as scientific and political thoughts of Zinner to the recent or past events.
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The article is part of a series of observations related to the problem of the identity construction of the Easteauropean emigrants/immigrants “in the West” (Europe andUSA) before and after the “democratic changes”. Here, the author examines the first case (the second one is published in the second volume of the thematic issue “The Road”) which is based on materials from Estonia. The article shows the specifics of the Estonian labour mobility to Scandinavia in the context of the identification “main stays” developed by the Estonian society and related to the so-called popular religion and the neo-paganism which form a “working” national narrative.The article is based on the fieldwork of the author, published sources and Internet materials.
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The paper offers a new interpretation on Rousseau in the context of Richard Rorty’s concepts on the philosophy of language and the linguistic turn developed at the end of the 20th century. The classical interpretation of Rousseau’s ideas of freedom in view of upbringing as a rule juxtaposes nature and culture. The present paper argues that this opposition can be overcome through the application of the metaphor approach to both upbringing and the value-neutral character of language. In this sense the question to be answered is how the languages of the teacher and of the student co-exist in Rousseau’s ideas and what the mechanism is that turns these languages into means of upbringing. The research employs arguments in favour of the hypothesis that in terms of the metaphor of “upbringing” created by Rousseau in Emile or on Education, the concepts language of nature and language of society overlap.
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The article offers arguments for the compatibility of specific types of internalism and externalism in epistemology through a comparative analysis of the approaches based on their aims of investigation. Such compatibility is viewed as possible after the oppositional differences that are related to the elements of justification, are overcome. In this regard, the question about the agents of knowledge is answered, with reference to the thesis about the irreducibility of the internalist condition of reflexive access. Considerations of conceptual clarity and succession are raised with regard to the externalist condition that removes the epistemic arbitrariness in the founding of beliefs.
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This book is not a textbook on statistical methods. Its aim is to sensitize statistical users to the limitations of the methods used. Limitations resulting directly from axioms, e.g. the theory of statistical hypothesis testing, or limitations that are a consequence of imperfections in the used statistical software. The use of advanced software by people who do not know the basics of statistics will lead to often irrational decisions. In this book, I also present in a critical manner the issues of the assessment of the effect size and the observed power of statistical tests (observed power of applied tests). In the last chapter, I sketch different approaches to testing hypotheses than the Neyman-Pearson theory, Bayesian methods and maximum likelihood methods. // Książka ta nie jest typowym podręcznikiem metod statystycznych, w którym omawia się podsta-wowe albo zaawansowane metody statystyczne wykorzystywane do opraco-wywania wyników badań ilościowych w naukach społecznych, medycznych itp. Zwracam w niej uwagę przede wszystkim na problemy wynikające z niespełniania przez materiał empiryczny teoretycznych założeń leżących u podstaw używanych metod, na pewnego typu „uzależnienie” – w sensie skazania się na zaimplementowane tam testy statystyczne – od używanego oprogramowania. Obszerny rozdział poświęcam też krytycznej ocenie zagadnienia wielkości efektu i obserwowalnej mocy testu. Te dwie ostatnie kwestie są o tyle niebezpieczne, że bywają instytucjonalnie wymuszane na autorach artykułów. Publikacja ta będzie więc mniej przydatna dla studentów rozpoczynających naukę statystyki, natomiast powinna być czytana przez badaczy stosujących metody statystyczne do opracowywania wyników swoich badań. Chciałbym mieć nadzieję, że moje rozważania uświadomią im, jak łatwo można zastosować nieprawidłowe rozwiązanie, budując na nim cały gmach interpretacji merytorycznych w oczywisty sposób nieprawdziwych.
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The NOEMA Journal continues to publish, in a series, the book THE SECRET OF GENIALITY (Yerevan, Armenia, Noyan Tapan Printing House, 2002) by our colleague Robert Djidjian, not only because we all must know the philosophical research and creation (in our domain of epistemology and philosophy of science and technology) from a wider geographic area than that provided by the established fashion in virtue of both extra-scientific reasons and a yet obsolete manner to communicate and value the research; but also because the book as such is living, challenging and very instructive. The title of the book is suggestive enough to make us to focus on an old age question: the dialectic of the insight, of the discovery, its psychology moving between flashes of intuitions and cognizance stored in memory, and its logic of composition of knowledge from hypotheses to their demonstration and verification. The realm of science is most conducive to the understanding of this dialectic and the constitution of the ideas which are the proofs of what is the most certain for humans: the “world 3”, as Popper called the kingdom of human results of their intellection, and though transient and perishable in both their uniqueness and cosmic fate, the only certain proof of the reason to be of homo sapiens in the frame of multiversal existence. Therefore, creation is the secret of the human geniality, and how to create science is a main part of this secret.
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The author explains the construct of meta-collage by discussing the hybrid concept of metaphor and ways of metaphorical thinking in philosophy, science and ideology. A multi-themed description of various metaphors performing the function of mental models reveals their similarity to a sheet of glass. We look through it, discovering the world, but we do not know if it is transparent or just translucent, scratched or maybe covered with textural marks and colours superimposed on what we are trying to discern beyond it. Metaphors create cognitive categories that are a source of interpretation for incoming data. Their double role puts us against the question about the truth of cognition based on this mechanism and the scope of cognitive uncertainty where the mind can be led astray. The author gives many examples of reaching such limits of cognition and tries to explore issues related to the role of this mechanism in thinking, also of the scientific kind, as well as to its impact on cognition and its assessment. The book will not only help the reader find their way around metacollage: by dint of stimulating ratiocination, it can also contribute to improving the cognitive process and to increasing the chances for a better interpretation of the changing reality.
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The presented volume is a reissue of the collection of lecture transcripts on mathematical logic and methodology of exact sciences by Stanisław Jaśkowski (1906-1965), an outstanding Polish logician and mathematician, representative of the Lwów-Warsaw School, the creator of natural deduction systems and paraconsistent logics.The transcripts collection was published in 1947 to meet the needs of students of mathematics at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, with which Jaśkowski was professionally connected for the last twenty years of his life.The book is the author’s original, extraordinarily modern approach to the subject, significantly different from other textbooks. This was the first work in which logic was consistently presented in the form of a natural deduction system, which later became a standard in logic-related didactics. Given that Jaśkowski developed first systems of this type in the 1930s, we are dealing with an extremely important historical testimony of their first use in teaching.Thanks to the outstanding educational value of this transcript collection, it still remains a very interesting reference for specialists, while students can continue relying on it as a useful textbook on logic – all despite the passing of over seventy years since the first edition.
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The monograph contains the most important elements of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axiomatic set theory with the axiom of choice: axiomatics, definitions of basic concepts, theories of binary relations, partial ordering, equivalence, functions, ordinal numbers and cardinal numbers.It was created on the basis of lectures conducted over many years by the author for philosophy students at the University of Łódź. Therefore, it does not require a thorough mathematical background; it is enough to have some logical "skills" in theorem proving, or, indeed, a knowledge of such logical constants as Boolean functions and quantifiers. It can be used not only by mathematicians and mathematics students, but also by humanists wishing to consolidate their knowledge of sets, often used in various formalization procedures. The more so because some topics have a philosophical character, including discussions about the axiom of regularity and the concept of founding a set, equivalence relation, ordinal number or axiom of choice.
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The concept of digital culture defines a set of values, practices, and expectations regarding the format of human interaction in today’s online society. Predictions of digital culture describe the specifics of the online environment and the general context of social life. The range of interpretations of digital culture varies between two poles: from the recognition of digital technologies as a way of presenting libraries, museums, historical monuments, etc., to the concepts of digital culture as a new socio-anthropological reality, the content of which is not limited to ICT. Culture as a phenomenon means the semantic unity of human activity, the desire to format social life following ideas and values, the movement from existing to obligatory, from actual to potential, and digital culture is an adequate response to the demands and challenges. People worldwide change their placement of everyday activity, and we could admit such huge transformation in the Chinese People’s Republic exactly obvious
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The text analyzes the possibilities to think of pure language as indicated in the harmonization of modes of intention in the translation activity. This language is, in a sense, a regulative idea and it have to be liberated in translation. It is essential to distinguish between the modes of intention and intended objects, between what is named in pure language and what is „overnamed“ in human languages. One of the theses in this text – that language in its auto-relation undergoes auto-modalization – makes the connection with Kierkegaard's understanding of the impossibility of direct communication. The indication of the untranslatable is an opportunity in the language of the translator to insert as indicated the elusive in the translation and thus to introduce the use of a broken language. Awakening of the "echo of the original" means a „thinking more“ (according to Kant) through the figure.
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Modern Mimesis: Self-Reflexivity in Literature is a passionate defence of philology that traverses the distances from Ancient Hellas to present-day Japan, from Ulysses to robots. This movement follows a logic described by the author as reconceptualization, and creates conceptual nodes configured through horizontal and vertical, temporal and spatial self-reflexive reduplications. The broad arc from the libraries of Alexandria and Pergamum to the mimetic valleys of robotics thus turns out to be underpinned by the reconceptualization of the ancient dispute between ‘analogy’ and ‘anomaly’, turning any attempt at ordering into an ‘endless series of rearrangements’.
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Analytic description, according to members of the Lvov-Warsaw School (LWS) like Czeżowski, Ajdukiewicz, Ossowska, Tarski is a powerful and an indispensable tool, not only in philosophy but also in any natural science – in psychology especially. It should be equally respected together with empirical analysis and even it is recommended that it should precede any further research. Therefore, the book Analiza i konstrukcja: o metodach badania pojęć w Szkole Lwowsko-Warszawskiej [Analysis and construction: on the methods of researching concepts in the Lvov-Warsaw School] can be recommended to philosophers as well as scientists.
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The article discusses the origin and meaning of the notion and the term leonine partnership, as well as the problems associated with the distribution of profits and losses between the partners in the consensual contract for partnership in Roman law. The fragment from the Digests of Justinian where actually is the unique mention of the expression societas leonina and this form of partnership is defined by the Romal classical jurist Cassius is subjected to a legal-dogmatic and linguistic analysis. The fable of Phaedrus for the partnership between a lion, a goat, a cow and a patient sheep which is considered to be the original source, used for forming the concept of the leonine partnership in Roman legal thought is completely analysed and interpreted. The author paid special attention to the magna questio (the great discussion) among Roman jurisprudence, dating from the period of the end of the Roman Republic with some projections and in the classical period in connection with the distribution of profits and losses in the consensual contract of partnership as a result of the partnership`s activity. And on the other hand the article examines the problem about the existence of privileges or restrictions for certain partners regarding the profits and analysis of the two leading opinions on the subject through the exegesis of a fragment of the Institutions of Gaius.
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This paper offers an overview of some of the main aspects of the theoretical debate on representation. The section presented here is mainly illustrative in terms of some of the theoretical foundations on which later authors engaged specifically in discussing the phenomenon of representation in contemporary media build (a topic addressed in another text). The analysis focuses on the ways in which representation has been discussed in texts by Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault and others. The emphasis is on problematizing the possibilities of representation by means of language.
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This volume (the fourth in the series) is dedicated to two mathematicians: Wojciech Kucharz, who celebrates 70th anniversary in 2022 and Tadeusz Winiarski who celebrated the 80th anniversary in 2020. These people were closely associated with our conferences Analytic and Algebraic Geometry. The first one is an active participant of the conferences since 2009 and the second one is a leading figure of the conferences almost from the beginning (1983). Thanks to their mathematical vigor and stimulation the conferences become more interesting and fruitful.
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In response to the COVID-19 outbreak in the beginning of 2020, Chinese local governments created a software extension on existing mobile applications to monitor citizens’ movement and collect their health data. Very quickly China’s health code became a key resource for the country’s governments to track and contain COVID-19 cases using time, location, and personal interactions. China’s health code system represents an unprecedented form of “biological” governance, which demonstrates and supports the transformation empowered by digital technologies, enhancing the access to healthcare and fusing together mass surveillance and fundamental public service provision. Digital contact tracing has attracted enormous interest among academics and legislators since the outbreak of COVID-19, which resulted in several policy papers and research works, discussing issues, such as the effectiveness and accuracy of virus detection, as well concerns in regard to discrimination and data privacy. However, most of the articles refers to technologies and its implications in the West, and less to the peculiarities and problems related to the use of Chinese health code. Present research analysis the issues related to difficulties to achieve a balance between China’s “zero-COVID policy” and freedom of movement, as well those regarding multiple health code’s proliferation, health code abuses and misuses by officials who do not want to miss any cases for fear of outbreak or being fired. Since China’s health code system is still far from being centralized and uniform across the country, the mutual recognition system has resulted in considerable problems for those who find themselves in high-risk areas.
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This article tested a widespread belief that by working in groups distance education students achieve cognitive goals of learning, and develop their social competencies and skills. The subject of the study was the achievements of 655 bachelor and master degree students enrolled in 22 on-campus and blended learning units offered within 2 university courses, full-time and part-time, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e. in the academic years 2020/2021 and 2021/2022. An instrumental case study was carried out: the grades students obtained for individual work were compared with grades obtained for work done in pairs and groups of threes within the same courses. It was found that a statistically significant difference did not exist. But the highest grades (on average 83.81) were obtained by students who had worked individually, and the lowest (81.64%) by those who had worked in groups of three. The highest grades were obtained by the final-year students. They showed an understanding of the assessment criteria and the ability to follow such. Also, they wanted to pass on the first attempt in order to have time to prepare for the final examination. International students were reluctant to work in groups. They focused on achieving good grades and preparing for the thesis due to the time limits of student visas and the unrest caused by the war in Ukraine. First-year students who had no experience in adhering to the assessment criteria and problems with communicating due to isolation caused by the pandemic obtained the lowest grades.
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The paper examines the folklore understanding of weather conditions, archaic conceptualization of cataclysms and contemporary newspaper/internet articles on similar topics in a comparative context. It turns out that modern civilization inherits part of the rhetorical repository and imaginary of traditional cultures when it comes to meteorological phenomena, employing them in a new context in the already recognized global “discourse of fear/intimidation” (F. Furedi, D. Altheide, P. Cap). At the same time, this rhetorical identification is seductive insofar as all its parameters (the planet has warmed since pre-industrial times, glaciers are melting, sea levels have risen, a large percentage of forests emitting oxygen have been cut down, the ozone layer and ecosystem-regulating animal species vanish, humanity has increased enormously) speak that on a global level something dramatic is happening and that we are not just witnessing another of the great resurrections of history and its (mis)use.
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