Донорството на органи – помощ или търговия?

Author(s): Christo Petkov Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2017

A great deal of the problems of bioethics originate from developments in biomedicine. Both medicine and society as a whole face nowadays unprecedented moral problems arising because of the progress in reproductive, transplantation, palliative etc. medicine. The paper discusses a particular problem emerging from the practice of organ donation. The question is whether could be justified moral obligation to donate organs for transplantation between siblings. The clarification of the problem is based on a story from the Bulgarian TV series “Stolen Life” (2016-2017). The story is about kidney donation between sisters. The main conclusion of the analysis is that the moral value of the kidney donation in general and between siblings in particular depends on the way we describe this action. Under the description as “help” the donation has almost always positive moral value, whereas under the description as “trade” its moral value is undefined. In both cases, however, it seems impossible to find convincing justification of moral obligation to donate organs between siblings.

Наставления за децата ми Теня, Кънча и Вълча. Начало премудрост страх господен.

Author(s): Mincho Kantchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2017

Живот за нравствен идеал

Author(s): Krastyo Kotev, d-r Krastev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2017

Морално обучение

Author(s): Christo Negentzov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2017

Въпросът за свободната воля от етическо гледище

Author(s): Mihail Geraskov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2017

Дали възраждането на науките и изкуствата е допринесло за пречистване на нравите

Author(s): Georgi Danailov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2017

(Ne)odgovornost novinara u izveštavanju o osetljivim društvenim grupama u štampanim medijima

Author(s): Kristina Malešević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 42/2018

When it comes to the responsibility of journalists, the violation of professional standards is the most frequent violation of the journalists Code of Ethics in Serbia, which is confirmed by the appeal procedures before the Press Council. Ethical standards for the press reporting in Serbia are most questionable when it comes to vulnerabile social groups, which include, according to the Strategy for Prevention and Protection against Discrimination of the Government of the Republic of Serbia, women, children, LGBT persons, persons with disabilities, elderly people, national minorities, refugees and members of religious communities. Despite the constant improvement of the Codex of Ethics, research dealing with the press compliance to the ethical and professional values of reporting is still scarce and mostly concerned with the protection of privacy. The basic idea of this paper is to conduct an analysis of content with emphasis on journalists responsibility in the authorial texts in five daily newspapers in Serbia (Politika, Večernje novosti, Blic, Informer and Kurir) in the five-day period in June 2017. The analysis of the violation of this provision of the Code of Ethics deals with specifically defined segments: discrimination, hate speech and incitement to violence, violation of the presumption of innocence, use of inappropriate and disturbing content, protection of the rights and dignity of vulnerable social groups. The daily Politika has justified its status of a quality political press in which journalists report most responsibly, especially about children and women victims of crime, as the most vulnerable social groups. The analysis showed that the difference between the semi-tabloid and the tabloid press is reflected in the use of disturbing content, while the violation of the privacy is the characteristics of both semi-tabloid and tabloid press.

Dwa porządki normatywne. Komentarz do dyskusji o intencjonalności działania

Author(s): Andrzej Waleszczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

The characteristic asymmetry of attributes of intentionality which is known as the sideeffect effect and Butler’s problem has been explained by the impact of moral considerations on judgments of intentional action. The commentary on this discussion draws attention to an alternative solution. It uses the concept of moral agency and the possibility of the existence of two types of normative orders: moral and non-moral. They are characterized by different conditions of applying the concept of intentional action. In situations where there are negative effects, there is a “normative tension” between these types of normativity. Therefore, normative competences that would be responsible for separating normative orders may play an important role in the judgments of intentional action.

Thinkering through Experiments: Nurturing Transdisciplinary Approaches to the Design of Testing Tools

Author(s): Kathryn B. Francis,Agi Haines,Raluca A. Briazu / Language(s): English Issue: S/2017

In order to assess and understand human behavior, traditional approaches to experimental design incorporate testing tools that are often artificial and devoid of corporeal features. Whilst these offer experimental control in situations in which, methodologically, real behaviors cannot be examined, there is increasing evidence that responses given in these contextually deprived experiments fail to trigger genuine responses. This may result from a lack of consideration regarding the material makeup and associations connected with the fabric of experimental tools. In a two-year collaboration, we began to experiment with the physicality of testing tools using the domain of moral psychology as a case study. This collaboration involved thinkering and prototyping methods that included direct contact and consideration of the materials involved in experimentation. Having explored the embodied nature of morality, we combined approaches from experimental psychology, moral philosophy, design thinking, and computer science to create a new testing tool for simulated moral behavior. Although the testing tool itself generated fruitful results, this paper considers the collaborative methodology through which it was produced as a route to highlight material questions within psychological research.

Філософськоетичні аспекти інтуїтивного розуміння істини у творчості Е.Гуссерля

Author(s): Andriy Yuryevich Morozov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 29/2012

The problem of intuitive comprehension of the truth via special method of essential contemplation is observed. The notion of moral absolute truth is offered.

Konštruktivistické chápanie histórie a jej etická dimenzia

Author(s): Juraj Šuch / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2016

The author of the article introduces Hayden White’s, Frank Ankersmit’s, and Jouni-Matti Kuukkanen’s constructivist understanding of history. He contrasts their understandings of history with the traditional understanding, which sup-poses direct correspondence of historical work to the past. In his presentations of constructivist thought, he points out their emphasis on legitimate possibilities of different methods of construction and ways of presentations, which result in different historical representations of historical events. Differences among historical representations of the past can also be related to the historian’s choice of different constructive methods and also the involvement of his/her preferred moral and political values. These constructivist understandings of history, with the deeper analysis of process writing, incite the historian to deeper ethical self awareness of his/her work.

HABERCİLİĞİN ETİK KODLARI BAĞLAMINDA GAZETECİLERİN POLİS ADLİYE HABERLERİNE VEHABER ÖZNELERİNE BAKIŞIYLA İLGİLİ BİR DERİNLEMESİNE MÜLAKAT ÇALIŞMASI

Author(s): Tuğba Akdal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 18/2017

Ethical codes of practice news and Messenger How has fulfilled the debate has been going on for many years. Journalistic ethical principles to secure various laws and practices and attempts to retrieve the relative change of the concepts contained in the content, they are in reality creates the question, how much is applicable. For example; a case of reality is the reality of what who does what? Or where the boundaries of public benefit and where ends? These problems have not yet won a clear solution, academic and professional community in recent years, one of the issues discussed in the journalists ' codes of ethics is for conflicts and contradictions between alive. in the process of implementing the code of ethics of journalism, trying to bring journalists, on the other hand, they find themselves exposed to how to deal with the contradiction between this code? The study carried out on the basis of this question, in particular the police court news and subjects of this news focused. Because the most common of the contradiction between the code of ethics of journalism is experiencing the type, and this is in the news as the subject of ordinary individuals heard their grievances are concerned. For example; instead of attempting to create a public benefit, it adds, is a bad event that happened with the society's exhibition news is protected how much of private life the subject of question comes up. These and similar questions and assess the problems and reach a solution on behalf of the studies so far are mostly realised around certain organizations and individuals. But you know the real center of ethical issues journalists news and Messenger How to evaluate?

Taking Responsibility and the Manipulation Problem

Author(s): Roberto Parra Dorantes / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The main objective of this paper is to raise an objection against the analysis of the notion of ‘taking responsibility’ offered by John Martin Fischer and Mark Ravizza while developing their complex and attractive theory of moral responsibility. In this theory, there are two main requirements an agent must meet in order to be morally responsible for an action performed by her: first, the action must issue from a moderately reasons-responsive mechanism; second, the mechanism that leads to the action must be the agent’s own. This second requirement is explicitly intended to address some problems for the attribution of responsibility that arise in the context of certain cases of manipulation—what I will refer to as ‘the manipulation problem’. Fischer and Ravizza argue that this requirement(mechanism ownership) is satisfied when the agent has undergone the process of taking responsibility for that mechanism, and they spell out three conditions which, according to them, are jointly sufficient for taking responsibility. I will ultimately argue that this set of conditions fails to adequately address the manipulation problem because it either rules out certain cases of manipulation by mere stipulation or fiat (on one of two possible interpretations of these conditions), or is simply too weak to effectively rule out those same cases (on the alternative interpretation).

КОДЕКС „ДРУГE CTPAHE” И ПРОБЛЕМ НEМОРAЛНОГ ЈУНАКА У BAJKAMA

Author(s): Nemanja Radulović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-3/2005

The attempts to comprehend the ethic code of fairy tales are mostly oriented towards the code of human beings. Yet, the creatures ”from the other side” (demonic creatures, witches) have their own code, different from the human one by emphasizing cannibalism, cruelty and physical strength, which shows that it is more archaic. Making a distinction between human and non-human code we can explain the so-called ”immoral” behaviour of the hero, because he behaves so towards his adversaries from the ”other side”, to whom usual code cannot be applied.

􀀧-TIL and Problems of Deontic Logic

Author(s): Vladimír Svoboda / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

In two articles which recently appeared in Organon F, Daniela Glavaničová outlined 􀀧-TIL—a theory aiming at extending the apparatus of Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) so that it addresses (and ideally solves) problems that arise within deontic logic. The ambition of the first paper (published in Slovak) is to present a suitable logical analysis of deontic modalities in terms of TIL. Its main contribution, according to Glavaničová, consists in “offering a semantically based distinction between implicit and explicit deontic modalities” (Glavaničová 2015, 211). The goal of the second article is “to amend the former analysis of deontic modalities in terms of TIL to incorporate both the standard (relativistic) view and the minimal semantics of TIL” (Glavaničová 2016, 204).

K analýze deontických modalít v Transparentnej intenzionálnej logike

Author(s): Daniela Glavaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The aim of this paper is to outline a suitable analysis of certain deontic modalities. To avoid confusion as much as possible, I specify the subject-matter of my analysis explicitly. Subsequently, the paper argues that Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) is an appropriate framework for developing deontic logic. The main contribution of the paper consists in a proposal concerning the analysis of deontic modalities in TIL as well as in offering a semantically based distinction between implicit and explicit deontic modalities. Finally, I introduce some definitions along with some inferential rules and show (using Ross’ paradox) how it is possible to deal with the paradoxes of deontic logic in terms of my analysis.

The Ethical Dimension of Practical Wisdom

Author(s): Karolina Rozmarynowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The paper is a reflection on the role of practical wisdom in ethics. By explaining and trying to understand the essence of practical wisdom, the author has endeavoured to determine whether it can be treated as a central ethical category, and if so, then why. In these analyses, author has referred to the concept of Aristotle, universally acknowledged as the classical one. Characterizing and describing that concept, she tries to answer three questions: 1) What is practical wisdom? 2) What function does it perform in ethics? 3) What is the relationship between practical wisdom and other ethical categories? The article is divided into four parts. Each of them concerns different aspects of the analysis of practical wisdom. As a result, the author has come to several important conclusions: Practical wisdom 1) enables appropriate action, i.e. success in action; 2) refers not only to the means-to-ends relationship, but refers to the end itself; 3) is imperative, because it tells what to do; 4) referring to the unusual situation, it allows to understand that every general principle is limited; 5) it is the intellectual ability to recognize how to achieve happiness.

Příklady a pravidla při osvojování dovednosti

Author(s): Ondřej Beran / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

Wittgenstein describes the process of mastering a rule (adopting a skill) as implanting mechanically a number of specific examples (steps) after which one “knows how to go on”. Such a two-step concept of learning (e.g. in Cavell) can be understood as the sequence of i) propedeutics limited in time and ii) the subsequent skill to extrapolate the rule in unlimited number of cases (Chomsky’s account of rule). The relationship between the “propedeutics of examples” and the mastered skill is, however, more complex. I will refer here to the Wittgensteinian ethics (e.g., Winch) emphasizing the individual’s repeated work (reflection) on specific examples which never ends. I will also point to the empirical evidence (Ingold, in particular) that in the processes of learning an essential role is played by memorizing and copying of given (specific) models, where attention and observation is necessary. Competence is then a physical implantation and individual mastering of such a limited technique, rather than an ability to extrapolate and innovate foremost.

The Exploding ‘Ought’

Author(s): David Botting / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

In this paper I wish to discuss so-called principles of inheritance and the familiar claim that it leads to deontic paradoxes. By combining two such paradoxes it will be shown that inheritance amounts to a principle of explosion: supposing that in the actual world there is at least one thing that one ought to do, almost anything is something one ought to do. I will then attempt to qualify the principle of inheritance so as to avoid this and other paradoxical results.

The Bootstrapping Objection

Author(s): Christian Piller / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

If our mental attitudes were reasons, we could bootstrap anything into rationality simply by acquiring these mental attitudes. This, it has been argued, shows that mental attitudes cannot be reasons. In this paper, I focus on John Broome’s development of the bootstrapping objection. I distinguish various versions of this objection and I argue that the bootstrapping objection to mind-based accounts of reasons fails in all its versions.