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Między teorią a praktyką — Podejście fronetyczne we współczesnej politologii

Author(s): Zbigniew Kantyka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2017

The disconnect between scientific knowledge and real‑life issues, especially in social sciences, encourages one to reflect on the question of purposefulness of research and scientific investigation. Both “pure” academicism and abstract thinking, as well as narrow pragmatism oriented towards technical ways of gaining and exercising power, adversely affect the endeavour to unveil the truth. In both of the aforesaid scenarios the major ramification is detachment from real social issues, being uninterested in actual workings of democracy and basic ideals associated with it, such as: freedom, equality, and justice. The dominance of theory‑driven or method‑driven research over problem‑ driven research causes that scientific social research is too detached from the real world.

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Narodziny demokracji w Grecji klasycznej w czasach reform Klejstenesa i Peryklesa

Author(s): Tomasz Słupik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2017

Author of this article concentrates on fundamental problem, the historians havebeen trying to cope with for many years. That means: what caused that democracy had been born in Greece, specifically in Athens. Of course the author has no ambitions to answer exhaustively all these questions. This is only introduction to discussion. The humble attempt to face the problem, the philosophy has been facing for over 2500 years.

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„Człowiek” w postnowożytnym świecie. Koncepcja humanizmu w myśli Tomasza Manna

Author(s): Agnieszka Turoń-Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2017

European culture and civilisation are currently an ongoing continuation of Enlightenment tradition which left the rules derived from the Socratic‑ Christian order behind, often negating them. They put its foundation often in abandoning the absolute, transcendent values, principles of good and evil that determined a human being indisputably. Humanism placed a human being in the centre of interest — all concepts that attributed inherent „disablement” to him were rejected. Though, autonomy of a human being and relativismof values caused self‑negation of the Enlightenment legacy. The world faced the totalitarian European civilisation of 20th century. Thomas Mann — a German intellectual — carried out an analysis of the concept of humanism. On the one hand he indicated the weakness of the idea because humanism enabled monstrous ideologies to emerge, the realisation of which takes the form of extermination in the death camps. On the other hand, however, he underlined the significance of those ideas, pointing out that they cannot be absolutely abandoned so that the idea of humanity wouldn’t be destroyed completely. In his concept hetries to build a “bridge” between the old and the need for the return to the new humanism. Despite a century that separates us from the tragedy that took place in the humanistic Europe, current condition of culture and nationalist feeling reappearing on the European political scene may raise anxiety. It’s worth taking up the reflection on the problems and the history of the idea of humanism.

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Niemiecki ruch identytarystów — próba klasyfikacji ideologicznej

Author(s): Agata Kałabunowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2017

The article aims at presenting the ideological profile of the identitarian movement in Germany. It starts with a general overview of the issues with the classification of theidentity movements in the classical political spectrum of left and right and then presents the origins of the identitarian ideology in the New Right. Finally, authoress describes in details the origins, tactics and ideological core of the German section of the movement, trying to explain its popularity in this country.

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Spanish government as lawmaker

Author(s): Jan Iwanek / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2017

The article presents constitutional law analysis of the Spanish government’s rolein the lawmaking process. The government’s capacities in the following scopes are described: the initiation of legislative procedure, participation in the approval procedure (monarchical sanction), and the right to enact statutory legislative acts and regulatory (executive) acts. The role of the Council of State was depicted as an advisory body to the government in the lawmaking process, and the legal possibilities to initiate preventive and subsequent reviewby the Constitutional Tribunal.

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Wolność religii a wymóg obywatelstwa polskiego członków wyznaniowej gminy żydowskiej

Author(s): Adrianna Siostrzonek-Sergiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2017

The following paper presents the issue of compliance with the Constitution of theRepublic of Poland, the Act of 20 February 1997. Relation of the State to the Jewish communities in the Polish Republic, which introduces a requirement to have Polish citizenship for members of the Jewish community. According to the author, who refers inthis regard to the position of the Constitutional Tribunal, the provisions of the law in question violate primarily the principle of freedom of conscience and religion, discriminating against the Jewish faith community. Critique were also records of another acts, which introduce the condition of Polish citizenship for people who want to hold some positions of the clergy,as well as the use of active and passive voting rights in some of the religious association.

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Bahrain as the area of Saudi‑Iranian rivalry in the second decade of the 21st century

Author(s): Katarzyna Czornik / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2017

Despite Bahrain’s small size, the country’s inner political and religious configuration of powers as well as its geopolitical layout make it an area of special interest. At the same time, the existence of the above circumstances contributes to the perceptionof Bahrain as a field of rivalry, or even a proxy war, as was the case during the Arab Spring of 2011, between two key actors in the Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran. One of the factors which influence the importance of Bahrain’s position in the region is the fact that for decades the country has been ruled by a more influential Sunni minority,whereas Shia Bahrainis, who constitute majority of the population, are permanently discriminated by the government in Manama. Other factors are Bahrain’s territorial closeness to Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province, a strategic region rich in oil deposits, inhabited by Shiites, and its territorial closeness to Shia Iran, which supports Bahraini Shiites, who are thereby considered a threat to the integrity of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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Rywalizacja o fotel prezydencki: obraz głównych kandydatów w kampanii wyborczej 2015 roku w „Wiadomościach” TVP1

Author(s): Rafał Klepka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2017

In contemporary democratic state there is expected the mass media to serve severalroles: informing voters about the candidates and their ideas, interpreting actions of candidates and their opponents, controlling those in power and mobilizing voters politically. The television is still very important source of political information. 81% of respondents indicated that TV news programs are the main source of political news. The article presents the results of media content analysis of „Wiadomości” TVP1 before presidential election in 2015 in Poland. The purpose of the research was to evaluate if the campaign coverage was balanced or biased. Visibility and media’s favorability of two main candidates were examined in the analysis of the most watched TV news program.

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Obrazy wojny w powieści graficznej

Author(s): Matylda Sęk-Iwanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2017

This article is devoted to discussing the meaning and function of the depiction ofwar in graphic novels and its place in the creation of collective memory and historical truth. This proposed perspective is complementary to the study of armed conflict as conducted by political, security and legal sciences. The paper’s main theme is the history of the siege of Sarajevo and the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as portrayed in Joe Kubert’s graphic novel Fax from Sarajevo. The study has been conducted in light of the war image theory, proposed by Susan Sontag in Regarding the Pain of Others. In some instances an additional graphic novel was invoked — Joe Sacco’s Safe Area Goražde: The War in Eastern Bosnia 1992—1995 — to indicate significant correlations in narrative structure. Lastly, the article underlinesthe place and role of the reporter in visual discourse related to armed conflict.

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Czy współczesne partie potrzebują jeszcze członków? Wnioski z badań empirycznych w polskich partiach politycznych

Author(s): Anna Pacześniak,Maria Wincławska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

Research on political party members started on a grand scale at the beginning of the 1990s and it has gone in three main directions: (1) members and activists as a resource for the parties; (2) members as constituting “the party on the ground”; and (3) political participation of the members (van Haute, Paulis & Sierens 2017). In this article we are drawing from all three traditions of the research. The paper is based on empirical investigation from the project “Political Parties and their Social Environment. An Analysis of the Organization and Communication Activities of Polish Political Parties”, in which in-depth interviews with the parties’ leaders and parliamentarians were conducted and questionnaires were collected from the grassroots members and activists. To structure our research we put forward the following theses: (1) The parties’ elites declaratively appreciate the role of rank-and-file members in the organizations, but in practice rarely undertake activities to encourage people to join the parties or to engage the members they already have in party work. (2) The grassroots members would like to have more influence on party decisions. (3) The factor that is more important in differentiating the parties on their roles and expectations towards the organizations is the party age rather than its parliamentary or extra-parliamentary status.

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Obywatel a partie polityczne – wstęp do analizy na przykładzie Platformy Obywatelskiej RP i Prawa i Sprawiedliwości

Author(s): Danuta Plecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

The problem of both political and sociological backgrounds is often the quality and level of political civic competence. They point out their importance for the development and consolidation of democracy as well as the quality of public life. Research on this topic is accompanied by a lack of interest in politics, knowledge of its basic mechanisms, limited social trust, and marginal participation, which may be the turnout in individual elections. At the same time, there is a lack of reflection on the sources of such behaviors, assuming (usually a priori) that they are in the historical experience, mentality, tradition or political culture prevailing in a given society. However, the observation of public life makes it possible to argue that the quality and level of political civic competences largely depend on the practice of political parties with regard to citizens in terms of both conventional and unconventional participation. Of course, it is difficult not to notice the interplay of political parties and citizens, one can even risk the notion that the "quality of citizenship" depends on the rulers, and these reflect the "quality of citizenship."

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Wpływ większościowego systemu wyborczego na postawy wyborcze Polaków. Casus elektoratu Pawła Kukiza w wyborach prezydenckich 2015

Author(s): Kamil Pluta,Bartosz Wujec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

This article refers to the social and political consequences of the absolute majority system in the presidential election, referring directly to the study of the electorate of Paweł Kukiz from the presidential election of 2015. The first part defines the majority system and points out the difference between the relative and absolute majority system, as well as the described role of the presidential election in 2015. Afterward, based on the author's research on Paweł Kukiz's electorate, authors going to defined the social and political consequences of the majority system in the presidential election. Particular analysis has subject to the electoral motives influencing political behavior during the second round of elections.

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Nowe partie polityczne w Polsce, Czechach i na Słowacji z perspektywy geografii wyborczej

Author(s): Maciej Marmola / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

The aim of presented article is to examine regularities in the geographical distribution of support for the new political parties in Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia. At the beginning of the study, nationwide results of analyzed parties were compared with results achieved in territorial units. On this basis, the author created an indicator showing the average profit (or loss) of a new grouping in relation to the share of votes at the national level. Subsequently, the author calculated the Pearson's correlation coefficients to evaluate the relationship between results of new political parties in the first elections they gained parliamentary seats. The results of the analysis show that only in case of Czech Republic, it is possible to distinct the territorial units where citizens are more likely to vote for new parties. Nevertheless, most of differences in the geographical distribution of support for new parties in analyzed countries arise from three interrelated factors: the specificity of the territorial unit, ideological autoidentification of population inhabiting a particular territorial unit and popularity of party leaders.

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Ocena konsolidacji demokracji w Republice Czeskiej jako efektu ciągłości procesu demokratyzacji

Author(s): Sebastian Kubas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

The process of democratization leads to implementation of democratic values among society and institutional pattern in political system. It is a complicated and multi-staged road. Each stage and dimension has its own qualities. The article presents both theoretical conception of the process of democratization and empirical example of the Republic of Czech. There are some general and specific Czech qualities of all stages of the process of democratization: erosion of undemocratic regime, transition and democratic consolidation. The last one is evaluated in the article in the lime of quantitative and qualitative analysis.

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Reforma węgierskiego systemu wyborczego a umocnienie pozycji Fidesz

Author(s): Adam Starzyk,Natalia Tomaszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

This article is about most important changes in Hungarian electoral system, which were made by reform came into force on 1 January 2012. The main reasons for these changes were willingness to: adapt the electoral rules into modern times, simplify the system and give members of the minorities some electoral facilitations. On the other hand the reform was used in political way by ruling coalition Fidesz-KDNP to strengthen itself. The charges of alleged gerrymandering negatively affect on perception of Hungarian democracy by international organizations.

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Przeciwdziałanie korupcji – ujęcie wielopłaszczyznowe

Author(s): Agnieszka Turska-Kawa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

The article presents the analysis of different factors which are or may be the source of corrupt behaviors among the citizens. The analysis refers to the field of formal actions taken by the services whose goal is to protect broadly understood security of the residents. Psychological sources are then presented, emphasizing the corruption-generating role of the low level of trust and individual competition orientation. The social factors are first of all the mechanism of social comparisons, which can activate the consent to corruption or justify the person's unethical behaviors. Educational factors are also discussed, with consideration of the fact that school is the institution which should properly shape young people's attitudes, making them sensitive to unethical behaviors and providing them with competencies and knowledge connected with the ability to behave in difficult situations. These areas, though apparently distinct, are integral parts of the system and they mutually stimulate or inhibit each other.

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Społeczne postrzeganie korupcji politycznej w perspektywie oceny uczciwości władz politycznych

Author(s): Waldemar Wojtasik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

Political corruption is a multidimensional phenomenon, concerning political authorities at all possible levels. It is defined as the abuse of power by political entities in order to obtain personal benefits in the form of greater power or wealth. It shows that the subject of political corruption is not only material benefits but also the mechanisms of increasing the influence or special treatment. The character of political corruption results in the public interest in it, enhanced by the public character of the individuals it refers to. It is also influenced by the processual character of the phenomenon itself, but first of all by the specific attractive nature of corruption in social awareness. The article presents the findings of research concerning opinions on political corruption. Its goal is to study the relationships between the respondents' opinions on political authorities' honesty and the determinants of corrupt phenomena. The main research question is: Is there any relationship between the person's opinion on political authorities' honesty and the person's perception of political corruption? The hypothesis related to the question assumes there is a connection between the perception of political authorities' honesty and the evaluation of components of political corruption. The research is part of a research project carried out by the IPSO ORDO Academic Foundation on the perception of the corruption phenomenon in the public domain.

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Media na usługach demokracji

Author(s): Marek Łuczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

Contemporary media plays an increasingly important role in society. Indubitable this process is driven by globalization, but also the democratization of public life. The media are the fruit of democracy, but also its guarantor. This situation, on the one hand, should be treated as a chance, but on the other hand we can also talk about threats. The author of this article raises questions about the models postulated in the interest of the subject and pathology.

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Jakość życia jako kategoria socjologiczna – od teorii do badań społecznych. Przypadek Rybnika

Author(s): Agata Zygmunt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

The aim of the article is to present the quality of life as a category which is used on the basis of social sciences, especially sociology, in the theoretical and empiricalaspect. It describes problems connected with quality of life defining. Complicated genesis, as well as interest in the issue of quality of life of representatives of various disciplines makes it difficult to understand it in an unequivocal way. On the basis of sociology, it has an intersubjective dimension, because the subject of the quality of life in sociological research is the community that is considered in a specific socio-cultural context. Its members express opinions about particular spheres of their own lives, assessing the level of their well-being. An example of sociological research on the quality of life are research carried out in Rybnik. While designing this research, the quality of life was operationalized by selecting indicators that were used in survey questions. The article presents selected results of research on the quality of life of Rybnik, and also draws attention to methodological problems encountered by sociologists investigating this issue.

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Między gościnnością a misoksenią – reperkusje kryzysu migracyjnego w Polsce

Author(s): Rafał Cekiera / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2017

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