Vplyv samosprávnych krajov na rozvoj regiónu

Author(s): Marta Hamalová,Ivana Gecikova / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Regions in Slovakia during their more than ten years of existence present from aspect of their fundamental socio-economic characteristics the heterogeneous spatial units with significant differences in development level. To develop regions in accordance with the principles of regional policy, the regional self-government was created. So it presents the youngest form of self-government in Slovakia. Its mission is to fulfill the functions of territorial self-government above the municipal importance, which has given responsibilities, funds, property and other tools. Required by law self-governing regions are responsible for general regional development, but as it is clear from the context of the Act, which underlined the results described in this paper, in practical level their existence reduces more to the performance of the lawful powers, as an initiator of socio-economic development in the regions.

Holdings of Government Bonds by Commercial Banks during the Financial and Debt Crisis in Europe

Author(s): Vladimír Gvozdják,Božena Chovancová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The government bonds of the EU countries were considered a safe investment amongst investors and asset managers. The main motive for their holding by commercial banks was to achieve additional revenue from investing spare funds and to store liquidity in them since they can be quickly sold on the secondary market or used as a collateral in refinancing operations. In this working paper we focus on the current issues related to government bond holdings by commercial banks. With the advent of financial and debt crisis some countries failed to meet their liabilities connected with bonds towards investors. This changed the global view of sovereign bonds as the safest form of investment. Based on the analysis of data provided by the Statistical Data Warehouse of the European Central Bank we focus on the evolution of government bond holdings by commercial banks during the debt crisis in Europe in 2010 – 2014 in selected EU countries. By using the panel data regression we will try to estimate the impact of some of the significant determinants which influenced the volume of the holdings – namely credit rating of the sovereign bonds and their interest rates. This regression suggests that there is a correlation between these independent variables and the holdings by commercial banks.

Hungary’s central state administration 1990-2014

Author(s): Éva Kovács,György Hajnal / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Currently there are no published attempts at giving an overarching overview of central governmental reforms of the past quarter century of post-transition development in Hungary. The study wishes to contribute to filling this gap by offering a systematic overview of central state administration reforms in the period between 1990 and 2014. The study relies overwhelmingly on a systematic review of existing literature describing individual reform measures and shorter time periods; an additional empirical basis is a selection of key pieces of legislation and policy documents relevant to central state administration reforms.

Developments and Reforms in Public Administration in Slovak Republic (Critical assessment of selected implemented NPM tools)

Author(s): Jana Masárová,Eva Koišová,Beáta Mikušová Meričková,Mária Murray Svidroňová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Public administration in organizational terms of administrative structure can be understood as a set of public institutions. In terms of the definition of the competencies of public institutions, it can be understood as a set of processes that these public organizations carry out. If the public administration is to function effectively, then both organizational and procedural aspects of public administration must be in line. Public administration reform should mainly aim to achieve such compliance by changes in "the structure and procedural practices of public administration in order to streamline the activities of these organizations." (Pollitt - Bouckaert, 2000, p. 8). The major moments of changes in the organizational level of public administration in Slovakia are captured in the first two subsections of this chapter (1.1 Description of public administration prior transition in 1989 and 1.2 Development of Public Administration after transition).

Public administration reforms in Visegrad countries: “two steps forward – one step back” processes (?)

Author(s): Juraj Nemec,David Špaček,Vladimír Tiutiuriukov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The starting point for all the countries in 1989 was similar – the need to create the foundations for a new democratic model of public administration in all four countries. Changes in this period were intended to overcome and eliminate the shortcomings of centralized control of state administration. This period was characterized by the creation of a new set of state institutions corresponding to the requirements of liberal democratic principles. The political, legislative, and economic changes also required transformation regarding the perception of its role, activities of executive apparatus and institutions, nature and quality of public administration employees, and effectiveness of their work. During certain period after first dramatic changes realized especially in 1990-1991 in all the countries the focus was on fine-tuning new structures and mechanisms, and new major changes came only significantly later – differently for each country. In the following text we describe country by country what happened in next phases of PARs.

Výzkum demokratizace a lidských práv: metody a trendy

Author(s): Michal Mochťak,Hubert Smekal / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Výzkum demokratizace se v posledních letech dostal do stavu, kdy množství produkované literatury vytváří korpus jednoho z nejkomplexněji studovaných fenoménů sociálních věd. Tato situace logicky plyne z více než dva a půl tisíce let starého úsilí pochopit procesy, které s budováním demokracie souvisejí a v podstatě je definují [Coppedge 2012: 1]. Svébytný trend je možné sledovat i dnes, kdy do výzkumu demokracie vstupují nové, „ne--tradiční“ dimenze, které nacházejí inspiraci v různých historických etapách (např. rané období moderní Evropy), strategických přístupech (teorie her), kulturách (Asie, arabský svět), dědictvích (postkolonialismus, postkomunismus) nebo samostatných otázkách, které s demokratizací stále více souvisejí (válka a mír) [Coppedge 2012: 2; Sadiki 2009]. Toto horizontální rozšiřování, které je založeno na zahrnutí širšího okruhu témat a výzkumných problémů, je doplňováno prohlubováním vertikální dimenze, jež odkazuje na čistě metodologické debaty v rámci sociálních věd. Dochází tak k neustálému rozvoji a doplňování výzkumných nástrojů [King, Keohane, Verba 1994; Geddes 2003; George, Bennett 2005; Brady, Collier 2010].

Teorie lidských práv

Author(s): Jiří Baroš,Pavel Dufek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Lidská práva, snad ještě víc než demokracie, se v nedávné době stala skutečným lingua franca jak vnitrostátní a mezinárodní politiky, tak do značné míry i politické teorie a v jejím rámci teorie demokracie a demokratizace [Tasioulas 2012: 2]. Stále se rozrůstající shluk politických problémů, výzev a sporů je rámován jazykem lidských práv, což vede některé autory a autorky k varováním před nekontrolovanou expanzí lidskoprávního diskursu i aktivismu. V jejich důsledku má hrozit rozmělnění speciálního významu a postavení lidských práv, stejně jako pojmová neurčitost [Griffin 2008: 14 an.]. Lidská práva jsou zároveň úzce propojena s demokracií, ať už v rovině praktické (politické a soudní) nebo opět v souvislosti s její politicko-teoretickou nebo ústavně-právní reflexí. Účelem této kapitoly je jednak načrtnout základní kontury a nejdůležitější rozlišení v rámci pojmu lidských práv, a v druhém sledu vrhnout světlo na některé výzvy a problémy, kterým teorie lidských práv čelí a které mohou mít významný dopad na chápání demokratických, demokratizujících se i nedemokratických režimů.

Demokratizace a lidská práva z pohledu výzkumu mezinárodních vztahů

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil,Petr Preclík,Hubert Smekal / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Idealistická témata se v přemýšlení o mezinárodní politice objevují již po staletí, ale až několik posledních desetiletí se k aspiračním úvahám přidávají také empirické studie, snažící se popsat realitu. Se zřízením poválečné Organizace spojených národů a s přijetím Všeobecné deklarace lidských práv v roce 1948 se téma lidských práv pomalu dostávalo do zorného pole teoretiků mezinárodních vztahů. K výraznému zvýšení pozornosti pak došlo s konáním Konference o bezpečnosti a spolupráci v Evropě, která v polovině 70. let 20. století vyvrcholila přijetím závěrečného aktu Konference o bezpečnosti a spolupráci v Evropě, jenž obsahoval desatero nejdůležitějších principů pro vztahy mezi státy. Mezi nimi na sedmém místě figuroval bod „Respektování lidských práv a základních svobod včetně svobody smýšlení, svědomí, náboženství nebo přesvědčení“. Další zájem o toto téma vybudila zahraniční politika amerického prezidenta Jimmyho Cartera, jenž v letech 1977 až 1981 výrazně povýšil lidská práva v agendě své administrativy.

The local press and independence in Scotland

Author(s): Jan-Philipp Wagner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the Acts of the Union in 1707, Scotland has struggled to varying degrees for independence. Over the last few decades, the demand for Scottish independence grew stronger, which was epitomized in the Scottish National Party’s landslide victory in the 2011 elections to the Scottish Parliament. Once in power, the SNP, under the leadership of First Minister Alex Salmond, began to work on the fulfilment of its campaign pledge to smooth the way toward a public vote on Scottish independence (Mitchell, 2016). As a result, Scots were given the right to choose whether or not Scotland should be an independent country in the Scottish independence referendum on September 18, 2014.

Nekažnjavanjem ideologije nastavlja se genocidna politika

Author(s): Selman Selhanović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The causes of genocide, of course we find in nationalist ideology and heads of those which are projected hatred and conflicts which is ultimately turned into genocide as the greatest degree of social evil. Primarly in this work we emphasize intellectuals who planned in their works and encouraged direct perpetrators. Their responsibility is thus greater, because they know what they were doing. The perpetrators that is, their followers they were less aware of it. Basically, the basic intention of the ideologue was to belittle, to dehumanize and deny the identity of Bosniaks as a people, deny bosnian individuality. Greatpower ideas, they speak best of those and such intentions. This is testified to us, and for this purpose the works of many intellectual and cultural workers as well as ecclesiasstical credentials are used. Works of Petar Petrovic Njegos, Stojan Protic, Matije Beckovica, Milorada Ekmecica, Rajka Petrova Noge and others point to that. It is only necessary to analyze them and present the truth about them to the public,but also to transfer them to the education system. Such acts, for sure, will show the ways in which the agression of one people over another was mentally carried out. Many documents and experts determined that agressor s goal was: to conquer territory, reduce the birth through ethnic cleansing, and disintegrate society, which resulted in the breakup of the family and the imminent killing of the male population, the emergence of more single-parent families. The victims of this idea were Bosniaks and Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state. The intention of this work and thus the general hypothesis is to illuminate the significance of ideas and the role of an ideology that propagates fascism and the ascension of one people, the heavenly one over another. That idea was conceived in the minds of those who, unfortunately, remained outside the verdicts of the Hague Tribunal. They will be judged by humanity.

Procesul de digitalizare și crearea de „smart identity” - guvernarea de tip bottom-up din perspectiva conservării identitare a orașelor viitorului

Author(s): Oana Nadina Nedeianu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The digital transformation of the 21st century radically changes the way we live together. In addition to the obsessive attachment we have developed to devices that keep us connected every second of our lives, the challenges of this era force us to use technology to our advantage. A term we often hear is Smart City, defined by the European Community as the place where the use of digital solutions streamlines traditional services for the benefit of residents and businesses. These cities use innovation to provide the city with open and transparent governance solutions, where the community is heard, understood and plays an active role in building its own environment. If the designer of the future city will have to take into account identity and if we consider identity a process by which people self-identify with spaces, then in order to design quality spaces we will have to co-opt users as collaborators of the design process. These solutions become possible with the help of information and communication technologies (ICT), which completely change the paradigm of communication between civil society and public administration. This paper aims to capture, through case studies, how administrations and communities use these technologies for open and flexible forms of governance, to identify the challenges in this regard and how certain obstacles could be overcome.

UTICAJ PANDEMIJE VIRUSA KORONA NA FINANSIJSKU RANJIVOST LOKALNIH ZAJEDNICA U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ

Author(s): Jelena Poljašević,Miloš Jokić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The crisis caused by the corona virus caused a drop in revenues with a simultaneous increase in public expenditures in the budgets of both central and local levels of government. Research on the impact of crises on financial vulnerability, ie the resilience of local units is particularly important given that the services provided by these communities, and the creation of a local business environment, have a decisive impact on the quality of life of residents. Analyzing the financial indicators of municipalities and cities in Republika Srpska in the period before and immediately after the outbreak of the pandemic, it was noticed that neither institutional factors, which are reflected in the influence of central government on local or territorial,decisively influenced the response of local communities to the crisis. The prominent vulnerability,ie poor financial indicators, was primarily influenced by internal factors, ie inadequate and untimely planning, ignoring the new situation, and unwillingness to adapt to changes.

POLITIČKE ATRIBUCIJE I STRUKTURA NARODNE REPUBLIKE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Elvis Fejzić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

The sovereign and autonomous political position of the People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Yugoslav People’s Federation - derived from its constitutional right to self-determination, association and secession - enabled it to develop prospective political development and preserve its political status in future constitutional creations in the socialist Yugoslav state. Moreover, such political status enabled the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to seek and achieve an independent political existence - which was realized in the first half of 1992 - which subsequently received international recognition from all relevant political actors. Bosnia and Herzegovina continues to develop as a transition and post-socialist state, that is still undergoing democratic consolidation and economic transition. Although there is no consensus in Bosnia and Herzegovina on its development and political commitments in the area of foreign policy, it is evident that it should follow the already paved path of Euro-Atlantic integration, because only in this way can it ensure a pacifist perspective and secure existence for its citizens. Despite the fact that there are still disintegrating political currents, which permanently challenge and deny the historical continuity and political perspective of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it should be noted that its long existence surpasses and triumphs over the subjective narratives and expansionist arguments of its deniers.

NARODNOOSLOBODILAČKI ODBORI U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI IZMEĐU DRUGOG I TREĆEG ZASJEDANJA ZAVNOBIH-A

Author(s): Elmir Sadiković / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Formed in extremely hard war circumstances of combat against occupiers and domestic collaborationists, since their founding, national liberation committees (NOO) were basic instruments concerning organization of armed resistance and civil life in the liberated territories. In the period of 1942-1945, throughout strengthening of national liberation movement (NOP ), organization and legal codification of NLC with decisions of National Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZAVNOBiH) and Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), a compact, uniformed, functional and hierarchically organized system of people’s governance is established in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Structure of national liberation committees, from the lowest to the highest ones, was shaped as the comprehensive system of the state governance institutional organization. This was the foundation for the future state organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Various geographical, military and economic circumstances have influenced on miscellaneous development dynamics of people’s governance and national liberation committees throughout entire Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from the second until the third assembly of ZAVNOBiH. In general perspective, in this specific period with hard war circumstances, national liberation committees have improved their inner organization and successfully developed their activities in the areas of economy, education and health. During the war, national liberation committees were recognized as the governance with great support by the people and have become the basic for shaping contemporary local self-governance system in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war.

Uvodne napomene

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Projekat „Jednake šanse za sve medije“ ima za cilj da doprinese kreiranju jasnih mehanizama kontrole državnog finansiranja i dodjele pomoći medijima, u skladu sa propisima Evropske unije i najboljim međunarodnim praksama i standardima.

Javne nabavke i medijsko oglašavanje organa javne uprave

Author(s): Jovana Marović / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Sistem javnih nabavki u Crnoj Gori je uspostavljen 2001. godine, ali je u normativnom i institucionalnom smislu unaprijeđen 2006.godine kada je usvojen drugi zakonski okvir. Potpuno razdvajanje nadležnosti i pozicioniranje institucija u sistemu postignuto je važećim Zakonom o javnim nabavkama koji je usvojen 2011. godine. Zakon uvodi bitne novine koje se odnose na povećanje transparentnosti objavljivanjem svih planova, kao i poziva i ugovora na portalu javnih nabavki. Ipak, ovaj Zakon uključuje i manjkave odredbe o antikorupcijskim pravilima i sukobu interesa i ne usklađuje u potpunosti postupke s acquisjem, u prvom redu šoping metodu. Institucionalni okvir obuhvata Upravu za javne nabavke koja vrši monitoring nad primjenom Zakona, kao i upravne i stručne poslove u oblasti javnih nabavki, dok Državna komisija za kontrolu postupaka javnih nabavki odlučuje po žalbama učesnika u postupku.

Uporedna iskustva

Author(s): Tanja Maksić,Wanda Tiefenbacher / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Ekonomski odnosi medija i države u Srbiji dinamično su se razvijali od demokratskih promjena 2000. godine do danas. Medijsko tržište se u pojedinim periodima naglo razvijalo i raslo, dok posljednjih godina doživljava ozbiljnu recesiju uslijed ekonomske krize. Za sve to vrijeme, država se ustanovila kao značajan faktor medijskog tržišta. Istovremeno, mediji u posttranzicionoj Srbiji nijesu stekli mehanizme da se odupru ekonomskoj nestabilnosti.

Zaključci i preporuke

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Poglavlje 32: Finansijska kontrola

Author(s): Marko Sošić / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Svi napori učinjeni ka harmonizaciji u ovom poglavlju direktno će se održavati na živote građana i građanki Crne Gore, jer se radi o izgradnji sistema koji za cilj ima zakonito, efikasno, efektivno i ekonomično trošenje sredstava poreskih obveznika.

POLITIČKA PARTICIPACIJA ŽENA: STEPEN, OBLICI I PREPREKE

Author(s): Zlatiborka Popov-Momčinović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Politička participacija je složen fenomen o kojem postoje brojne teorijske rasprave i empirijska istraživanja i koja se kontinuirano sprovode decenijama unazad i u različitim društveno-političkim kontekstima. Jedan od najvećih politikoloških autoriteta koji se bavio demokratijom i procesima demokratizacije Semjuel Hantington naveo je da je za demokratsku konsolidaciju ključna mirna smena vlasti i redovno održavanje fer i demokratskih izbora (Hantington, 2003: 23). Da bi se ovaj formalni, proceduralni deo ispunio potrebnim sadržajem, ključan element je i politička participacija građana i građanki, kojom se legitimizira sam demokratski proces. s obzirom na to da je za funkcionisanje demokratije kao modela donošenja odluka neophodna vera u njenu poželjnost (Dal, 1997), učešće u političkim procesima je lakmus test kojim se potvrđuje da je demokratija ustanovljena, kao i eventualna responzivnost političkih elita na društvene potrebe koje se artikulišu kroz političku participaciju. Politička participacija je stoga eliksir života za samu demokratiju (Deth, 2014: 350).