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The text takes a closer look at the problem of South Ossetia’s “creeping border” and its international implications. The role of the EU is examined alongside steps that could be taken by the authorities in Georgia.
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A historical essay on Polish-Swiss contacts during World War II.
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Some recent trendy theories attempt to describe relations within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a form of colonialism, and the author rejects these allegations, depicting them as ahistorical.
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The article is devoted to the issues of competence of local self-government and its bodies during the introduction of martial law, and also to the analysis of amendments to the legislation in the field of local self-government aimed at redistribution of powers in the system of local self-government, and also to the introduction of conditions for ′′lawful interference′′ of a number of other entities in the process of exercising by local self-government bodies of their powers. The subject matter of the study is public relations related to ensuring further guarantee of local self-government activities under martial law, inviolability of its powers, and prevention of arbitrariness or usurpation of local self-government powers by public authorities. The purpose of the article is to study the functional and competence sphere of local self-government and to assess the impact on it by public authorities. The study applies systemic-structural and structural-functional, formal-legal, prognostic methods, the method of generalization, as well as the methods of analysis and synthesis. The author examines the current legislation with a view to clearly establishing the conditions for exercising the powers granted to local self-government bodies, as well as the cases, grounds and mechanism under which public authorities may take over the powers of local self-government. The author analyzes the conditions and grounds for early termination of powers of local self-government bodies and the scope of exercise of local self-government powers by military administrations. The legislation is studied to determine the moment and grounds for the transfer of self-governing powers of local self-government to state authorities. It is determined that the impact on the local self-government system by public authorities should be commensurate with the conditions in which the State is currently operating. The author concludes that under martial law, the activities of local self-government should be carried out in accordance with the rules clearly defined by law and should not go beyond the powers granted to them. In case of violation of such rules by the State, appropriate adequate measures should be taken.
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The aim of the article is to present the role of one of the elements of this framework management control „information and communication” which is the basis for participatory management in the public sector. Communication processes are an important and fundamental element of participation, and consequently, communication tools belong to participatory public management instruments. The study uses methods of analysis of acts of applicable law, standards, sources, documents, recommendations and guidelines of the Minister of Finance in the area of implementation of management control, the results of which are the outcomes of the use of methods of induction and descriptive deduction. The result is a confirmation of the usefulness and importance of „information and communication” and their flow in the management control system as an important element of social participation in public finance sector units.
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This scientific research shall explore the recent jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU on the rule of law regarding Poland, Hungary and Romania. We shall strive to identify the nexus between the ground-breaking judgments and the prospects for criminal legislation and criminal investigation by analysing the arguments of the parties and the reasoning of the courts. We believe that judgements in the cases of Poland, Hungary and Romania represent the Court of Justice’s incrementalist response to a perceived process of rule of law backsliding which was perceived as a threat to EU values at the community level and as a threat to the ability of the justice system to prevent corruption at the national level. Backsliding is believed to first emerged in Hungary before spreading to Poland, but serious cases were already existing in Romania.
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HOTĂRÂREA CURŢII DE JUSTIȚIE A UNIUNII EUROPENE (CAMERA ÎNTÂI), ÎN CAUZA C-40/21 DIN 4 MAI 2023. „TRIMITERE PRELIMINARĂ – DECIZIA 2006/928/CE – MECANISMUL DE COOPERARE ȘI DE VERIFICARE A PROGRESULUI REALIZAT DE ROMÂNIA ÎN VEDEREA ATINGERII ANUMITOR OBIECTIVE DE REFERINȚĂ SPECIFICE ÎN DOMENIUL REFORMEI SISTEMULUI JUDICIAR ȘI AL LUPTEI ÎMPOTRIVA CORUPȚIEI – CARTA DREPTURILOR FUNDAMENTALE A UNIUNII EUROPENE – ARTICOLUL 15 ALINEATUL (1) – ARTICOLUL 47 – ARTICOLUL 49 ALINEATUL (3) – FUNCȚII PUBLICE ALESE – CONFLICT DE INTERESE – REGLEMENTARE NAȚIONALĂ CARE PREVEDE INTERDICȚIA DE A OCUPA FUNCȚII PUBLICE ALESE PENTRU O DURATĂ PRESTABILITĂ – SANCȚIUNE COMPLEMENTARĂ ÎNCETĂRII MANDATULUI – PRINCIPIUL PROPORȚIONALITĂȚII”
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Patient medical records and administrative healthcare databases are possible sources of real-world evidence (RWE), i.e., evidence on the potential benefits and risks of a medical product. RWE can complement the evidence from randomized clinical trials. The wide range of information collected by the National Health Fund (NFZ) and the Ministry of Health in Poland ensures the versatility of the data that cover almost all patients treated in Poland. In addition to administrative data (without detailed information about patients and their disease), electronic medical records of some patient groups can be obtained from special programs (e.g., KOS-Zawał) or the System of Monitoring Drug Programs (SMPT). Low usage (only 37 studies) but high usability of NFZ databases as a source of RWE were identified. Joint analysis of data from administrative databases and SMPT can increase the credibility of the study, but limits the study to only patients treated within the Drug Programs.
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The Turkish tax system is thorough and contemporary in nature, and it equally protects the taxpayers’ rights and the public weal. Therefore, an efficient tax administration with determined and rational policies can ensure the fair collection and redistribution of taxes, which are significant sources of public revenue. A number of adjustments can be made to increase the efficacy of tax management, including avoiding tax amnesties, improving voluntary tax compliance, simplifying tax legislation, and updating tax administration. Consequently, it is probable that the tax administration, which has no trouble collecting taxes, will create fiscal policies to address urgent problems such as the climate crisis and environmental degradation. In fact, it is widely accepted that taxes can be a useful tool in the fight against ecological problems, and ecological tax implementations that aim to halt environmental deterioration without depriving the public revenue are commonly used in literature. However, environmental taxes implemented in developed countries seen as a source of revenue in Türkiye. In order to reduce the problems caused by the global climate crisis in Türkiye through ecological tax practices, the need for an effective tax governance system will be investigated throughout this research.
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The issue of determining payment for services provided in social welfare homes is extremely complex and sometimes problematic. This article will discuss the basic issues related to this issue. The group of persons obliged to pay a fee for a resident’s stay in a social welfare home will be analyzed, along with regulations on determining the amount of the fee and the mode of concretizing the obligation. The latest changes involving the institution of exemption from the fee will also be discussed. The purpose of the article is to present the process of determining the fee for the stay of a resident of a social welfare home, together with an indication of solutions whose application serves the interests of all parties to the proceedings.
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The aim of this article is to review the problems of strategic management in Lithuanian and Ukrainian municipalities. The article examines the that, in the authors’ opinion, do not allow municipalities to take full advantage of strategic management, and attempts to distinguish between competitive (win/lose) and balanced (win/win) strategies. The long-term strategic development plans of the five largest Lithuanian and Ukrainian city municipalities are studied, assessing the balance of indicators of their strategic provisions in relation to four different balanced scorecard perspectives. Currently, the strategic management plans drawn up in Lithuanian and Ukrainian municipalities are not characterized by a balance of indicators. Moreover, the sets of selected indicators do not reflect all aspects of the municipality’s activities and strategic plans of municipalities, at least in the case of large Lithuanian and Ukrainian cities. These indicators are also not detailed down to units at the lowest level and to individual employees, and at the same time cannot become strategic action plans or effective communication tools.
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Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles in Article 2 states that every Indonesian citizen has full rights over land, water, and airspace located in Indonesia, so only Indonesian citizens are entitled to have ownership rights over land in Indonesia. This is a principle of nationalism in agrarian law. Foreigners who are in Indonesia are only entitled to land use rights in Indonesia. This regulation sometimes poses difficulties for foreign nationals who want to invest in Indonesia, due to the requirement of land ownership in Indonesia not being fulfilled. This obstacle causes some parties to take illegal actions in land ownership in Indonesia, one of which is by making a nominee agreement. However, nominee agreements in Indonesia have not been clearly regulated in legislation. The issues raised in this research are the validity of nominee agreements according to the Civil Code and Basic Agrarian Law, as well as the role and responsibility of notaries in making nominee agreements, using the case study of the verdict of the Denpasar District Court Number 426/Pdt.G/2020/PN Dps. To answer these issues, normative juridical research method with prescriptive research method is used. The result of the analysis and research is to analyze the nominee agreement and its validity from the perspective of the Civil Code and Basic Agrarian Law. In addition, it analyzes the role and responsibility of notaries in nominee agreements with a case study in the verdict of the Denpasar District Court Number 426/Pdt.G/2020/PN Dps. The suggestion given is that notaries in making a legal product should pay attention to the applicable legal foundations in Indonesia so that the resulting deed is in accordance with the legislation in Indonesia.
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The role of the societies and their interaction with public administration is changing toward ever closer co-operation. Since 2009 scientific literature and the public administrations themselves have been increasingly exploring the changing and dynamic role of the recipient of public services, a client or a customer, as that of a partner in the provision of public services. In this article the authors propose a policy client-accordance index (PCAX) methodology to measure the relevance of a) policy planned results and policy-makers’ expectations in relation to b) clients’ intentions, and explore the co-production in the age of digitalization based on a case study. The idea of the article is to contribute to this necessity of new tools and approaches to facilitate the co-operation and co-production between policy makers and society. The main goal of the research is to analyse the applicability and challenging aspects of the feasibility of PCAX and to test the possible transfer of the developed methodology model for evaluating the relevance of any public administration policy to the intentions of the policy‘s respective target group, i.e., the client-accordance index of a given public policy. In the first and the second chapters of the article, mostly based on the findings of scientific literature analyses, the authors explore the increasing topicality and the need of changing awareness of a public a service and its provision. Further in-depth analyses are conducted on the possible methodological tool to measure the relevance between the policy makers’ decisions (expectations) and society‘s needs and intentions. In the concluding chapter of the article the authors summarize the development dynamics of societal reforms towards co-production, main implementation aspects of the concept and remarks on PCAX backed up by the findings of the approbation of PCAX elements in the actual case study.
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This article reflects on the role that Hungary has played with respect to the Ukrainian refugee crisis. It elaborates on two issues. The first is Hungary’s relatively amicable relationship with Russia and how the Hungarian political elite has approached the Ukrainian crisis in view of its domestic political goals. The second is the migration policy that Hungary adopted when faced with the arrival of irregular Middle Eastern refugees and the mitigations in this policy to respond to the Ukrainian arrivals. The paper discusses the evolution in the governance of migration in Hungary and the actors and the politics underpinning the Hungarian reception policy from the perspective of these two issues. In this context, it draws on the literature on leadership and how the latter affects political contexts and social realities, particularly with respect to migration politics.
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The Act on Family Support and Foster Care System was introduced in Poland ten years ago. Accordingly, this seems to be the right time for an assessment of the level of organisation and funding of social services in terms of supporting families with a child by Polish municipalities. This article aims to depict the development process of family assitance in Polish municipalities. Empirical research focuses on the opinions of family assistants regarding the support provided by gmina authorities and the management of organisational units of social assistance where they are employed. The results of the research showed that family assitance in the form of a supportive and educational activity, with a high organisational level and good working conditions – as outlined by the original concept – is implemented only in some areas. The care and control approach to work, together with functional assistantship based on simple activities meeting the basic needs of families, are increasingly enforced on family assistants by the management. The aspirations of assistants – who form a professional community – to apply the therapeutic dimension of assistantship are being squandered. The Polish municipalities lack sufficient funds to employ adequate numbers of family assistants.
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