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the Roman pattern
In a period when the European integration process seems to be threaten by external factors, my thoughts go back in the Ancient age when the integrity of the Roman Empire seemed to be dissolve also by external forces. Then there were two main enemies: Barbarians invasion and attacks of others actors. Institutional and social establishments were threatened along with commercial networks.
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In the introductory part, the following world-known authors are mentioned as examples of diary keeping: Anna Frank, André Gide and Thomas Mann. The diaries by Croatian authors Dragojla Jarnević, a member of the Croatian Revival Movement, and Josip Pavičić from Bjelovar, are further mentioned. For the purposes of this study, an insight is offered into the diaries kept during World War One by Iso Kršnjavi, Ivo Vojnović and Miroslav Krleža, as well as the Imperial and Royal Varaždin Infantry Regiment no. 16, which was seated in Bjelovar. As testimonies from World War Two, diaries by Josip Horvat, Miroslav Krleža and Vladimir Dedijer, from all of which brief quotes are given, are of major importance. The Homeland War is the topic of the diaries kept by two Croatian writers – Antun Šimunić and Stjepan Tomaš from Osijek, while Martin Barić brings the writings kept by those who had been performing continuous attacks on Karlovac during a period of four years. For the Bjelovar–Bilogora County and its margin areas, wartime testimonies of significance may – partly in the diary form – be found in the books by Nikola Ivkanac and Stjepan Ivanić. A further particularly important diary is the one that was written by medical doctor Marica Topić Sinjaković. In this paper, the author brings the testimonies of the events in Bjelovar during the Homeland War, starting with the beginning of the attack on Bjelovar on Sunday, 29 September 1991, and the events that had followed during the following days. The testimonies rely on the book by Zoran Filipović – Dnevnik smrti 1991. (The Diary of Death 1991) and the author’s own book entitled Bjelovarski ratni tjedan – dnevnički zapisi 1991. (The Bjelovar War Week – The Diary of 1991). The author refers to three additional events not registered in his book. Finally, an excerpt from the diary kept by Anica Marić, a displaced person from Vukovar, in which she describes the stopping of the bus convoy from Vukovar in Bjelovar, as well as her experience that day in Bjelovar, is given.
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The review of: Kregar Tone: Med Tatrami in Triglavom: primerjave narodnega razvoja Slovencev in Slovakov in njihovi kulturno-politični stiki 1848-1938. Zgodovinsko društvo Celje, Celje 2007, 352 strani, ilustrirano.
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According to a Cathar legend retold in 1960 in the tale The Santa Estela del Centenari (The Holy Estella of the Centennial, written by Occitan and French author Joan Bodon or Jean Boudou, Satanael or Satan, the evil demiurge, had created the world. This account of the origins is also the story of the Bogomils in Bulgaria. The belief originated in Armenia, on the border between the Persian Sasanian Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire, between the 5th and the 7th centuries A.D. Since the end of the 19th century, however, these conceptions have resurfaced again in modern literature, theatre, novels, and poetry, both in Bulgaria and in France. What can a comparativist literary approach based on the scarce Cathar, Bogomil, and Paulician texts we have at our disposal reveal about this lost account of the origins of the world, and about the questions posed by Paulicians, Bogomils and Cathars on the existence of God, evil, and man?
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This essay presents a chronological and typological overview of the Slavic national and state anthems through the lens of Pierre Nora’s notion of “realms of memory”. A special focus is placed on the common practice of appropriating foreign and older national anthems and transforming them into new hymns. The Slavic state anthems are classified into three groups: anthems that have gradually become lasting realms of national memory, anthems that have the potential to become national realms of memory, and anthems that have failed to achieve a status of a realm of memory. Among the latter are the state anthems, created specifically for the needs of some of the totalitarian regimes in the Soviet block that are viewed today as ‘blemishes’ on the face of national history.
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Various mythological stories relate the case about Mopsos, the Seer. He took part in the expedition of the Argonauts, often mentioned together with Orpheus. He also participated in the Trojan War. On his way back from Troy he challenged the famous prophet Calchas and won the competition with him. It took place at Klaros, at Apollo’s sanctuary. Mopsos’ journeys, as told by the ancient authors, locate him along the western/southwestern and southern coast of Anatolia. He became founder of cities in Lycia, Pamphylia and Cilicia, the most famous of which was Mopsou(h)estia. Recently graffiti carved on one of the logs from the construction of the tomb in Tumulus MM at Gordion were found. These are four names, one of which is Muksos. It is a variant of the name Mopsos. In its eastern variant, Muksus, the name is known from second millennium BC Hittite texts. It is also attested in Linear B documents, thus it is difficult to define its origin. In the first millennium BC, the name appears as Muksas in the Karatepe bilingual Luwian-Phoenician inscription. There the kingdom of Que (future Cilicia) is mentioned as “the house of Muksas”, while the king claims that he is “of the line (dynasty) of Muksas.” The present paper further discusses recent developments in the studies of Luwian inscriptions and new attestations of the name Hiyawa (considered as a variant of Ahhiyawa), applied to Que. Southeastern Anatolia might have been the zone where Luwians, Greeks and Phoenicians met. It could have also been the place where Greeks and Phrygians adopted the alphabet. Thus, Mopsos the Seer, might have been a literary metaphor and a remote echo of the contacts between Luwians, Greeks, Phrygians, Thracians and Semites in two different periods: at the end of the second millennium BC and around the 9th–8th centuries BC.
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The sacred discourses (hieroi logoi) are a group of ancient texts that existed in some philosophical and religious movements such as Pythagoreanism, Orphism, the cult of Dionysus and the goddess Isis. Due to their secret content, much of these discourses is now lost or known only partially, by accounts of various Greek authors such as Herodotus, Pausanias and Plutarch. Excerpts of these works can therefore be regarded as testimonia to various details on the content, authorship and transmission of these discourses. According to some of these testimonia, Orpheus and Thrace were involved in the composing and transmission of some of the most ancient hieroi logoi. The paper intends to explore aspects of the image of Thrace and its role in religious communication based on these testimonia. After a brief introduction, it will focus on the narratives related to the region. According to a tradition related by Iamblichus and Proclus, Orpheus was the author of a sacred discourse that was thereafter transmitted to the Greeks. Both the creation and the transmission took place in specific locations in Thrace. The analysis of that tradition, along with the locations and the techniques of transmission it refers to, suggest that these locations were associated with a special kind of religious knowledge, hence their mention played a significant role in the narrative and in conveying its message.
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While using the objects from archaeological context to reconstruct past civilizations, it is impossible not to explore the daily economic activities of past civilizations. With the Neolithic, the economy rose with the management of limited materials and resources, becoming a major part of life. The abovementioned economy is a type of system that is sustainable. It also has equivalent production and consumption units. However, this started to slowly change towards the end of the Neolithic. When comparing cultures from the regions of Syria and Mesopotamia, one can see there are similarities in material culture, which are reflecting the production mode.
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This text seeks to present the way in which Bulgarian caricaturists depicted the aftermath of World War I in their work. The attention is focused primarily on the image of the neighbouring Other. Does war matter and, more precisely, what is the relationship between war (and post-war time) and the attitude to the neighbouring nations of Bulgaria, and how this relationship influences the dynamics of the caricature images in the Bulgarian humoristic press? These are the questions to which the author offers an answer. As a basis of discussion a corpus of about 80 caricatures published in the newspaper Българан (Bălgaran) is used.
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The article examines those pages of the masterpiece and huge historical work of Giovanni Tarcagnota from Gaeta (1508–1566), which are devoted to Bulgaria from its establishment to the Ottoman conquest. The author, who is of Greek origin, succeeds in extracting the most representative moments from Greek and Latin sources, as well as to present them to the Italian reader in a fascinating manner. Several sources are cited (Flavio Biondo, Platina), which not only Tarcagnota uses, but he has also translated them from Latin to Italian for the Venetian publisher Michele Tramezino.
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The article examines a number of evidence pointing to the close contacts between the ancient Chechen and the proto-Bulgarian tribes, their interpenetration, and mutual participation in the ethnogenesis and formation of modern Chechens and Bulgariansduring the early Middle Ages. It also studies their participation in migration processes on the territory of the Eurasian steppes and mountains of the so-called Turan. An interdisciplinary analysis is carried out using historical, ethnographic, genetic, archeological, linguistic, and fieldwork data. The article also traces out the movement of the proto-Chechen and proto-Bulgarian communities from the Caucasus to Central Asia, as well as their reverse flow to the North Caucasus and further to the Black Sea region.
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The main goal of the international educational exchange program or Fulbright Program, is to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic and peaceful relations, between the United States and other countries of the world. The program was named in honor of Senator J. William Fulbright (1905–1995) who believed, that educational exchange can turn nations into people, contributing to the humanizing of international relations.The Fulbright Commission in Hungary was established in January 1992, after a binational agreement was signed between the governments of Hungary and the United States. Each year 30–35 Hungarians and the same number of American applicants can receive a Fulbright grant.
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The author writes a monograph (Palóc Land) about a strange people, the Palóc, living in the northern part of Hungary and in southern Slovakia. Material poverty and spiritual riches are the main characteristics of the Palóc. They speak a special and interesting dialect. This study is a part of the mentioned monograph. In this study the author presents the meaning of the Palóc and he presents the regions where they live. And he presents also different opinions of these questions.
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Kokugaku of the Edo period can be seen as a key factor in defining cultural (and national) identity based on Japanese cultural heritage in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Kokugaku focused on Japanese classics, on exploring, studying and reviving (or even inventing) ancient Japanese language, literature, myths, history and also political ideology. ‘Japanese culture’ as such was distinguished from Chinese (and all other) cultures, and thus ‘Japanese identity’ was defined. Meiji scholars used kokugaku conceptions of Japan to construct a modern nationalism that was not simply derived from Western models and was not purely instrumental, but made good use of pre-modern and culturalist conceptions of community. The role of pre-modern cultural identity in the formation of modern Japanese (national) identity – following mainly Miroslav Hroch’s comparative and interdisciplinary theory of national development – can be examined in comparison with the ‘national awakening’ movements of the peoples of EastCentral Europe. Before modernity, in the shadow of a cultural and/or political ‘monolith’ (China for Japan, and Germany for Central Europe), ethnic groups or communities started to evolve their own identities with cultural movements focusing on their own language and culture, thus creating a new type of community, the nation. A comparative examination of texts (discourses) illustrates that similar modes of argumentation (narratives) can be identified in these movements: ‘language’ as the primary bearer of collective identity, the role of language in culture and ‘culture’ as the main common attribute of the community; as well as similar aspirations to explore, search and develop the native language, ‘genuine’ culture, and ‘original’ traditions. This comparative research offering ‘development patterns’ for interpretation can help us understand how ‘cultural identity’ played an important role in the formation of national identity, with its effect (‘cultural nationalism’) present even today in Japan and in Central Europe, too.
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The study summarises the author’s long years of research in the sphere of Thracian linguistics. The Thracian linguistic material is presented briefly – glosses and onomastics, the stages in research for more than one hundred years are outlined, the current stage of research and the issues raised in the sphere of the methodology of analysis, phonology, morphology, lexical material and historical phonetics. The issues of linguistic homogeneity and the fate of the Thracian language until the end of Antiquity are addressed. The views of different scholars are presented and the author’s positions on debatable issues are argumented.
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The Gradishor-Mramor site is located 1.5 km to the south-east of the village Miletkovo placed on a large plateau that covers an area of about 2,5–3 hectares, directly on the right bank of the river Vardar, a location that is so similar to the site Vardarski Rid (ancient Gordynia) and other archaeological sites along the Vardar River. However, this site has spurred our interest in research because it is im¬mediately opposite the famous site Isar-Marvinci, through the river Vardar. In the special records of the immovable cultural heritage in the field of archeology in the Republic of North Macedonia, the site is registered as a settlement and a necropolis from the Hellenic-Roman period. In the literature, this location is potentially taken into account when locating the ancient city of Idomene, one of the cities that Thucydides lists along the valley of the Vardar River in the famous campaign of the Thracian military leader Sitalces in Macedonia in 429 BC and the attacks on several cities in Povardarie or ancient Amphaxitis (Idomenаe, Gordynia, Europos and Atalanta). In this text for the first time will be presented so far discovered material immovable and movable findings of this site, as material contributions for confirmation or not, on written historical sources, i.e. the settlement on the site of Gradishor-Mramor is an integral part of The city of Isar (a suburban villa or a villa rustica) or at the exact location of the ancient cities of Dober and Idomenae.
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