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Cultural history of the city of Shtip and its surroundings, thanks to the geomorphology of the terrain, suitable climatic and geographical condi¬tions, road traffic arteries which passed and pass through Shtip in Prehis¬tory, Antiquity and the Middle Ages, contributed to its development start from deepest prehistory or the late Paleolithic and continuously through the ages to last until today.The paper will present the cultural history of Shtip from Antiquity until the arrival of the Ottomans, through archaeological artifacts, marble sculpture and fortification of medieval fortress Isar Stip.
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The article discusses the image of the German and Austro-Hungarian intervention in Ukraine in 1918 in Ukrainian memoirs. While these works generally describe the policies of the Central Powers toward Ukraine as imperialist and dictated by the military and economic interests of the two states, only the most radical leftist writers fail to appreciate the role German and Austrian troops played in the removal of Bolshevik forces from Ukraine. Common and individual portraits of the military and political apparatus of the intervention forces differ depending on the political position of the writer. Those who viewed the repressive policies toward rural Ukraine from the perspective of the elites of Kiev discuss them only in abstract terms. In general, Austro-Hungary’s part in the intervention is described in less favourable terms than that of Germany.
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The article examines the genesis of the aristocratic establishment of archaeological data, written testimonies and the powers of the ruler’s institution in the Thracian kingdoms. The conclusions reached are that the figure of the ruler in Thracian society embodies a centralized socio-political device in which the king carries the judicial, military and religious power. At the same time, the monarchical organization of the Thracian kingdoms can be defined as “soft”, as it does not overcome the system of local rulers. The “soft monarchical organization” is supported by the markedly aristocratic way of life that has impressed the Greek settlers who founded colonies along the Thracian coasts, especially those who came into contact with the Thracians along the North Aegean coast.Monarchy as an aristocratic form of government is the prerogative of those important because of their bloodline or riches, conforming to traditional norms of life. This also applies to the Odrysian kingdom, despite the evidence of the para-dynastic status reported by Thucydides (Thuc., 2.97.2–3). The Thracian aristocratic establishment does not rule based on ethnic consciousness. Self-determination is based on common traditions, rituals and beliefs, and on belonging to a territory governed by a dynastic clan. The article also looks at the Thracian kingdoms as economic regions, not just as state formations formed solely by the force of coercion, which gives a clearer picture of the need for the military aristocracy to protect them. Key words: Thrace, royal power, powers of the ruler’s institution, Thracian aristocracy, soft monarchical organization.
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The paper justifies the use of the term Palaeobalkan-westanatolian community. The community is defined as over-lingual and culturally identifiable, but it demonstrates similarities in the political systems too.The community becomes identifiable from the second half of the 2nd millennium BC., slightly blurred in Hellenistic and Roman period, but its strong fundamentals hold until the end of antiquity. The announcement of Constantinople as an imperial capital plays a big role for that. It, in turn, is conditioned by the existence of this core that ensures the centuries long existence of Byzantium. Late manifestations of Palaeobalkan-westanatolian community are well documented and easily noticeable. A more significant question is since when we may identify this community and what might cause its formation. It`s appearance is related with the presence of similar natural conditions and the common to a great extent religion, as well as with the eased communication around the three seas - the Aegean, Sea of Marmora and Black sea.The community includes different languages, not all of which are ethnically close. Within the community appear some of the earliest protopoleis and cities in Europe. The Greek polis was born here too. Polis suggests a different type of culture and polity in comparison to the monarchy, but both are formed gradually and would have hardly strengthen without interaction with the other political formations in Palaeobalkan-westanatolian community. They do not simply accept greek apoikies, they need a symbiotic relationship with them. The easy migration of local population in the colonies shows that the way of life in them is known and acceptable for non-greeks. All that will emerge as a symbiosis between polis and monarchy in the era of Hellenism and in the Roman Empire, has already been tested within the Palaeobalkan-westanatolian community and has proven its viability.The term summarizes many previous observations made by many scientists. The term “Mycenaean Thrace” shows diachronic proximity between societies in Mycenaean Greece and Thrace from the early Iron Age. I can add also the parallels between Thrace and Phrygia synthesized in the term “Thracian-Phrygian contact zone” and “Thracian-Trojan ethnocultural community.” Subsequently the term “Palaeo-Balkan community” is introduced.Observations on ancient authors show awareness of the existence of such a community. It is expressed most often through mythological genealogy of eponyms of different ethnic groups that show the connections between them. This tradition began by Herodotus and increased during the Hellenistic era. Finally I offer examples which suggest the existence of a Palaeobalkan-westanatolian community in the understanding of kingship and cults.
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The study presents a summary review of the different and contradictory hypothesis about the ethnic origin, identification, chronology, political history and territories of the Northern-thracian ruler Oroles (Just. Еp. 32.3.16).
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In this article I would like to reexamine the information in Herodotus for deportation of Paeonians in Achaemenid Empire. This procedure I will put the evidences in context of mass deportations of people, and all families like workers – kurtaš from different origin in Persian Empire. They are war captives and worked in Royal estates, and also in economic structures of Persian noblemen like satraps. Paeonians are settled in Anatolia in one ‘kome kai hora’ as workers in Persian estates (royal or satrapal) and worked in agriculture. The etiological myth for hard-working paeonian women clearly state that Paeonian workers are settled in Persian provinces ‘tayaiy drayahya’ (Hellespontine Phrygia) and ‘sparda’ (Sardis, Lydia). Some of Paeonian workers probably was settled in Persida and Elam and named Iškudra/ Skudra in Persepolis Fortification Tablets and Old Persian Inscriptions. with ethnonym Skudrians (in Old Persian language) was described Thracians and probably Phrygians.
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The study follows the reforms’ development in the Ottoman Empire during its three main periods – the Tanzimat bureaucratic reformation, the European reform programs during the Hamidian autocracy and the Young Turks constitutional-parliamentary regime. Emphasizing the leading and unchanging motivation of the efforts to modernize the Ottoman administrative and political system by copying European models to save the Empire, the research highlights the specifics of this process through its various stages. The different manifestations of European influence in the imperial center and the Balkan periphery, the Islamic tradition as a sustainable context of the Ottoman reform, the deepening fragmentation of society and the increasing dependence on the Great powers resulting from the application of the “European recipes” are among the main features of the process. One of the accents in the study is the transformation of Ottomanism as an essential element reflecting the internal contradiction, eclecticism, inadequacy of the reform ideology, policy and practice and ultimately the historical vindication of the idea of the Ottoman Revival.
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Modern mountaineering (mountain tourism) is an urban socio-cultural phenomenon that originated in Western Europe in the middle of the 19th century. The South Slavic mountaineers followed the basic European model, while enriching it with their national peculiarities. The contacts between Slovenian, Croatian, Bulgarian and Serbian mountaineers became particularly intense in the first decade of the twentieth century in the context of the Neo-Slav movement (Neo-Slavism). Through this movement, the topic of mountaineering with its actual or alleged Slavic peculiarities and dimensions was included in the agenda of the First Slavic Congress in Prague in 1908 and the Second Slavic Congress in Sofia in 1910. Steps have been undertaken to establish a Union of the Slavic Tourist Organizations that was to promote their mutual knowledge and cooperation. The Balkan and the First World War put an end to the projects of all-Slavic unity. Despite the strained political relations between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia in the interwar period, the connections between the South Slavic mountaineers were not interrupted. They developed mainly within the Association of Slavic Mountaineering Societies, a collective member of the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme. Two of the congresses of this organization were held in Sofia (1929 and 1936) and that enabled the Slovenian and the Croatian mountaineers to get to know Bulgarian mountains and establish organizational and personal ties with their Bulgarian counterparts. The Bulgarian mountaineers also visited Ljubljana and Zagreb. Despite the attempts at ideologization and politicization, on the eve and during the Second World War the links between South Slavic Bulgarian mountaineers remained a beautiful page in the relations between the two nations that enriched their cultural cooperation and deserves to be studied and popularized.
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Professor Francesco Guida’s lecture, delivered in connection with his election as Doctor Honoris Causa of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, is a synthesis of the historical relations of Italy with the peoples and states in the Balkan Peninsula at the time of the struggles for national unification, for liberation and for political emancipation in the 19th and 20th century. The author examines successively Italy’s relations with Greece, with Serbia, with Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro and Romania. The stages of Italian-Balkan relations are outlined: from the interaction in the struggle for national liberation to the political and diplomatic relations after the formation of national states and their inclusion in military and political blocs on the eve of World War I, shedding light on the Italian economic interest in the region as well.Guida also discusses the ideas of Garibaldi and Mazzini, which had a wide impact in the Balkans, too, at the time of national-liberation movements. In conclusion, he points out that the national revival movement of Italy (Risorgimento) and the national revival movements of the Balkan peoples had close and important ties. However, these ties should not be overestimated, because the ideas and the political figures of Italy did not exercise a greater influence on the political fate of the Balkan peoples than the Russian Pan-Slavism or than the political and diplomatic initiative of Austria-Hungary.
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The paper examines perceptions and self-perceptions of national identities in 19th century Balkans using the history of the merchant family of Rombi or Робев as a case study. According to Greek and Bulgarian historians the family appeared to be of Greek-Wlach or Bulgarian origin. Preliminary research, mainly based on the family archive preserved in the National Library in Sofia, shows changing attitudes in terms of ethnic identity. Despite their Greek education certain members of the family identified themselves as Bulgarians and support the Bulgarian independent movement against the Greeks.
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Jeder Historiker oder Archäologe, der sich mit der Geschichte und den materiellen Hinterlassenschaftender römischen Provinzen und des an sie angrenzenden „Barbaricums” beschäftigt, berührt mit seinenForschungen bewusst oder unbewusst das Thema „Romanisierung”. Der zunehmend umstrittene Begriff, demimmer wieder mangelnde Neutralität und imperialistische Konnotationen vorgeworfen wurden, bezeichnet alskleinster gemeinsamer Nenner die komplexen und regional sehr differenzierten Integrationsprozesse imrömischen Reich, angefangen von der römischen Landnahme in Italien, bis zu den hintersten Winkeln desImperiums und seiner angrenzenden Gebiete, die in einem graduell sehr unterschiedlichen Kulturaustauschzum Zentrum standen. Dabei steht vor allem aus archäologischer Sicht immer wieder die Frage im Vordergrund, in welchem Verhältnis die materielle Kultur in den Provinzen und ihren angrenzenden Gebietenzu dem steht, was wir mit dem Schlagwort „römische Identität” bezeichnen.
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Le problème de la genèse et l’évolution de l’Évêché des Coumans a fréquemment retenu l’attention des spécialistes, faisant l’objet, le long des années, autant des études spéciales, que de chapitres ou paragraphes dans certains amples volumes de synthèse. Sur ce diocèse catholique il y a des références dans les sources narratives et dans les actes de chancellerie de provenance diverse, sans cependant que leur nombre soit trop grand. Quoique durant les dernières décennies on n’ait plus fait ressortir de nouveaux textes médiévaux relatifs à cet évêché, les médiévistes ont continué constamment à s’occuper de son histoire, qu’ils ont essayé à expliquer par l’évocation des phénomènes de nature ecclésiastique ou politique déroulés dans les régions avoisinantes. En ce qui nous concerne, nous avons eu, de même, en vue les connexions avec l’espace environnant, faisant pourtant appel non seulement aux sources écrites, mais aussi à celles archéologiques.
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Dank der Zusammenarbeit mehrerer „Heinen-Schüler“ und durch die Unterstützung des angesehenen Franz Steiner Verlags aus Stuttgart entstand der vorliegende Band als kleines Dankeschön zum 65. Geburtstag von Heinz Heinen. Der Autor bietet eine breite Diskussion zu dieser jüngst erschienenen repräsentativen Auswahl der kleinen Schriften des renommierten Historikers und Epigraphikers aus Trier. Die 29 wertvollen Beiträge dieses Sammelbandes, die alle kurz rezensiert wurden, geben einen umfassenden Überblick über die Spannbreite der Forschungsgebiete (Griechischrömisches Ägypten, Bosporanisches Reich und Schwarzmeerraum, Christentum und Spätantike, Sklaverei) sowie auchüber die komplexe Arbeitsmethode und besondere Kompetenz des deutschen Gelehrten. Diese ausführliche Rezensionhat zum Ziel, die rumänischen Leser an einer sehr nützlichen Zusammenstellung wichtiger Forschungsbeiträge zu denPhänomenen der Akkulturation und zu sozialhistorischen Fragestellungen aufmerksam zu machen, die für zahlreiche Forscher „vom hellenistischen Osten zum römischen Westen“ willkommen ist.
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The article analyses the consequences of the fact – unappreciated in the literature on the subject – of large time intervals between the originals of chronicles and their copies known to us and a similar time distance between the beginnings of the statehood and Christianisation of Bohemia, Poland, and Rus’, and the first local written chronicles.
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The study is on the phiale with the medallion from Tomb No. 2 in the Mogilanska Mogila tumulus, placed in the context of the three cups bearing inscriptions from the same find. In the museum in the town of Vratsa there is an instrument shaped like a truncated cone, on the basis of which a female profile to the right is depicted in low relief. It can be noted that the image on the seal is highly similar to that on the medallion of the silver phiale. A very close parallel is found in the images on coins of one of the most important ancient cities in Asia Minor – Cyzicus, as well as on coins from Lampsacus. The questions are focused on the possibility the image on the gilded silver plaque to be directly related to the bronze instrument and on the ways in which it could have been found on the territory of Northwestern Thrace. Some of the options considered are the seal to have been in the possession of one of the so-called “itinerant” toreuts, who worked on that territory, or of a local crafts-man learning his trade on the territory of the Propontis, possibly also in Cyzicus, where he acquired skills to make such objects.
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