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Válečná léta Richarda Fischera

Author(s): Ivan Puš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 56/2019

The article presents the Olomouc lawyer, member of the Moravian Diet and national activist Richard Fischer and his activities during the First World War. The author of the article used mainly Fischer’s memoirs, which were published in the 1930s. They represent the central work of almost eighty publications published since 1918. They reflect Fischer’s private and above especially his public life. R. Fischer spent the first years of the war in seclusion in his native Loštice, and in the penultimate year of the war, he served in the military in Vienna. Thanks to his social status, he was able to visit Olomouc on a regular basis. At the end of 1917, Fischer finally returned to Olomouc and, as a member of the National Committee, he participated in the key events that led to the autonomy of the Czech lands and the creation of the Czechoslovak state.

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Kanada a chanacká krize

Author(s): Martin Šubrt / Language(s): Czech Issue: 56/2019

The study deals with the analysis of British-Canadian relations during the time of the Chanak crisis, which started in autumn 1922 by a treat of possible armed conflict between British units and Turkish nationalists, who sought new territorial arrangement of Turkey. British government lead by the prime minister David Lloyd George hoped that the dominions including Canada would hear out the appeal of military co-operation, which would show the Turkish nationalists the power of the British empire. Nevertheless, the then Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King did not want to succumb national interests to the British ones. While his predecessors supported the united politics in the British empire, Mackenzie King sought after more independent approach in the foreign affairs politics. His delaying tactic regarding a dispatch of a military contingent payed off since the crisis was peacefully averted. Due to following development of the British-Canadian relations, the Chanak crisis can be understood not only as a consequence of problems which emerged after the First World War in the area of the Middle East but also as an important turning point in the Canadian foreign policy and its gradual journey towards on Britain independent approach in it.

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“Like Ireland, Hungary Had Her Struggles for Freedom:” Cultural and Diplomatic Links between Interwar Ireland and Hungary

Author(s): Lili Zách / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The interwar years in Ireland were marked by the widening of international relations following the newly independent Irish Free State’s entry to the League of Nations in 1923. This paper aims to provide insights into a lesser-known part of Irish diplomatic history, focusing on how, besides Geneva, Dublin also became significant as a meeting point with Central European small states from the mid-1920s. It will trace how the foundation of the Honorary Consulate of Hungary in Dublin demonstrated Irish interest in widening economic relations and furthering cultural connections with Central Europe, even if honorary consulates traditionally fulfilled primarily symbolic purposes. Based on so far unpublished archival materials and press records, this article will assess cultural and diplomatic links cultivated under the consulate of Hubert Briscoe, highlighting the significance of independence and Catholicism as a perceived connection between Irish and Hungarian national identities. Ultimately, this article argues that Irish images of East-Central Europe may add to our current understanding of Irish nationalism in the first decades of Irish independence.

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Mise amerických katolíků českého původu do Československa v letech 1919–1922

Author(s): Marek Šmíd / Language(s): Czech Issue: 58/2020

The study deals with the National Union of Czech Catholics in the United States at the end of the First World War and in the early post-war years. It pays special attention to its activities, namely three mission trips to Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1922, which were strongly supported by both the political representatives of Czechoslovakia and the Church dignitaries of the Holy See. The delegates of American Catholics thus built close links between Catholics on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and also became a strong force in the emerging diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Czechoslovakia in the years preceding the establishment of official relations. The trips brought valuable information for both the American and Czech/Czechoslovak sides, although it was the Holy See who capitalized on it the most. The missions also strengthened the sense of belonging of Czech Catholics on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and highlighted the fact that they were part of the same worldwide Church. The Missions of Czech-born American Catholics to Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1922. The first step to Czechoslovak-Vatican diplomatic negotiations.

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Understanding the effects of the resolutions of the 1884–85 Berlin Conference to Africa’s Development and Euro-Africa relations

Author(s): Ndubuisi Idejiora-Kalu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The incursion into Africa by Europe in the 19th Century was formally ratified by the 1884–85 Berlin Conference. The reason for Europe to decide in venturing into the South was basically centered on the need for natural resources and to be later realized deep yearnings for trade and cooperation with Africa. But the reverse was the case with the supposedly cooperation with Africa initiative in a conference that was strangely not to have Africa diplomatically represented and with resolutions which instead of enabling this proper partnership with Africa became a master — slave empire-type of relations. This master-slave relation is also seen in many aspects even in trade and is known also to have changed the economic behavior of African countries. An unequal relationship between the north and its colonies is revealed.

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A komáromi tárgyalások és az első bécsi döntés korabeli sajtója

Author(s): Krisztina Varga / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2022

The aim of our study is to briefly summarise the course of the negotiations in Komárno and the First Vienna Award, and to give an insight into how the Hungarian and Slovak press of the time commented on the events. The Hungarian press blamed the Slovak party for the breakdown of the negotiations, saying that the Czechoslovak party was trying to stall for time and that it had not offered Hungary a number of territories with a predominantly Hungarian-speaking population. The Slovak papers, on the contrary, blamed the Hungarian party for the breakdown of the negotiations because of its excessive territorial claims. The Hungarian newspapers reported the outcome of the First Vienna Award with great joy and enthusiasm, while the Slovak press, of course, was negative. Although the First Vienna Award resulted in an ethnically much more equitable borderline between Hungary and Slovakia than it was before, the “Hungarian times” did not last long in the life of the Hungarian minority in southern Slovakia. After the Second World War, the First Vienna Award was annulled, as was the Munich Agreement. The Paris Peace Treaty, signed by Hungary on 10 February 1947, reaffirmed Hungary's Trianon borders, which once again put the Hungarians in Slovakia in a disadvantaged and minority position.

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The dynamics of ‘First Lady public diplomacy’

Author(s): Karina Paulina Marczuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This paper was prompted by the growing interest in the role and impact first ladies have on how contemporary states achieve their foreign policy goals through diplomatic means. Specifically, the paper’s purpose is to examine whether and how first ladies are involved in the public diplomacy of their states. The literature on this subject is limited, and this paper therefore aims to fill that gap. The argument is that the traditional role of the first lady has evolved – from one outside of any political-oriented activity to one that increasingly involves diplomatic activities, including promoting the respective countries overseas. The main research questions are whether and how any first ladies are involved in public diplomacy activities, and, if so, what are the main areas and directions in which they are involved, and what is the extent of their action? To answer these questions, the paper presents an exploratory, longitudinal single case study about the role and activities of the present First Lady of Poland, Agata Kornhauser-Duda, during the first term of President Andrzej Duda from August 2015 to August 2020. The intention is to both deconstruct and construct a pattern of what we might call ‘first-lady public diplomacy’.

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Az Egyesült Államok és Kelet-Közép-Európa. Geopolitikai elgondolások és történelmi realitások

Author(s): Gábor Csizmazia / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

The United States’ relation to East-Central Europe was mixed in the last century, and has been fluctuating in the last two decades. While British and American geopolitics theoretically give great importance to the region of ‘Eastern Europe’, U.S. foreign policy practice in the 20th century was clearly separated from its rhetoric. In a (geo)political sense, East-Central Europe is a ‘forgotten region’ in Washington albeit the 2014 Ukraine crisis and Russia’s current war in Ukraine has somewhat brought change in this regard. The paper displays the essence of the main geopolitical concepts on the region along with its unique ‘borderland’ situation, which is followed by an outline of the main historical milestones in the security relationship between the United States and East-Central Europe.

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The Prochaska Affair Revisited: Towards a Revaluation of Austria-Hungary’s Balkan Consuls

Author(s): Sven Mörsdorf / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Consuls and consular diplomacy in the long nineteenth century are enjoying a growing interest across various historiographies. This article explores the prominent case of the Austro-Hungarian consul Oskar Prochaska in an effort to offer insight into consular officials as actors of diplomacy and empire in a Habsburg setting. Prochaska, who famously got caught up in a major diplomatic crisis during the First Balkan War in 1912, has never been studied as a protagonist in the events that came to be known as the Prochaska Affair. This calls for an analysis of Prochaska’s diplomatic activity as consul, understood here as his social interaction with his counterparts and adversaries on the ground in Prizren, Kosovo. Adopting a local perspective on a crisis of European and global importance, the article argues for a revaluation of consuls and their bureaucracy as a promising subject for cultural and social histories of the Habsburg Empire and its foreign policy, both in the Balkans and around the world.

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რომაული სამყარო საისტორიო თხზულებათა კრებულში -,,ქართლის ცხოვრება“

Author(s): Tamar Kutaladze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 7/2022

The study of the history of ancient Rome has a tradition of more than two centuries in Georgian historiography. Nevertheless, no general paper has been written on the issues of source studies and historiography. In addition to translating the works of several Latin historians, the focus in historiography was on translating and publishing sources on Roman-Georgian relations. In the era of feudal Georgia, ancient Rome was reflected in the chronicle of the “Life of Kartli” however, we do not find a separate “History of Rome” in the works and the authors mention Rome only through the context of Georgia. This is not surprising, since until the XIX century, no special work was created in Georgia, which was specifically dedicated to world history, and the only source on the history of Georgia was the “Chronicle of the Life of Kartli.” In the article we will try to convey based on the works, the history of Rome, to create a clear idea of the Roman world. The collected and analyzed material shows that the information about the history of ancient Rome in “Life of Kartli” is scarce and does not allow us to create a complete picture of the history of the state. However, factual errors are also common.

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Kedves Gyula – Pelyach István (szerk.): Az 1848–1849. évi országgyűlés mártírjai. Perényi Zsigmond báró

Author(s): Krisztián Bodnár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

Perényi did not support revolutionary ideas, but he believed in parliamentary democracy and tried to preserve the legitimacy of the Hungarian National Assembly until the last moment.

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Lietuvos diplomatų JAV pasitarimas Vašingtone 1943 m. spalio 25–26 d.

Author(s): Juozas Skirius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2022

A confidential meeting of Lithuanian diplomats in the USA took place in Washington on October 25–26 1943, at the time when the foreign ministers of the allied countries – the USA, Great Britain and the USSR – were meeting at the Moscow Conference. The Lithuanian diplomats discussed the general international situation, the challenges facing Lithuania, the uncertain fate of the diplomatic institutions themselves, and preparations to help Lithuanian refugees in Europe and exiles in Siberia. Decisions were made. Traditionally, attention was also paid to cooperation with Lithuanian organizations in the United States, with which it was sought to act in harmony. The representatives of Lithuania in America undertook to cooperate and consult with Lithuanian political organizations in the United States.

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„...Ginie Polska, padając łupem dwóch mocarstw chciwości”. O nowej książce Henryka Kocója, Dyplomaci Prus, Austrii i Rosji wobec Konstytucji 3 maja 1791 roku, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2019, ss. 250

Author(s): Krzysztof Tracki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2019

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Uwolnić alchemika: zabiegi Zygmunta III na dworze cesarskim o wypuszczenie z więzienia w Pradze Michała Sędziwoja. Nowe źródła

Author(s): Ryszard Skowron / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The years 1599–1600 are a period in the life of Polish alchemist Michał Sędziwój (Michael Sendivogius) especially important in research on the beginnings of his career at the Polish and imperial court. In June 1599, Sędziwój was arrested and held in custody in Prague prison. The reasons for Sędziwój’s arrest and the course of his trial were presented by Ryszard Bugaj and Rafał T. Prinke. Author of this article found new, previously unknown documents, which allow for broadening the knowledge on this period in alchemist’s life. Among these documents are, among others, letters of Sigismund III dated September 13, 1599 and addressed to close advisers of emperor Rudolf II, Wolfgang von Rumpf and Paul Sixt Trautson, as well as instructions for king’s diplomatic emissaries visiting the imperial court – Jan Gostomski (instructions dated August 25, 1599) and Adrian Rembowski (instructions dated January 25, 1600). The presented documents include also emperor’s responses to their missions dated September 21, 1599 and March 5, 1600, respectively. Analysis of these sources allows for establishing that Sędziwój was held in custody at least until the 1st half of March 1600, meaning his time in prison was much longer than it would appear from the research to date. It is thus impossible that he stayed in Warsaw during the session of parliament held in 1600. Ascribing to Sędziwój diplomatic activity regarding Moldova is based on uncertain source evidence and should be ruled out. The official character of the letters of Sigismund III to the emperor and his advisers, and of the instructions for emissaries and emperor’s responses to them rules out the possibility that Sędziwój held the office of king’s secretary before September 1600 because such office rank should be stated in the analyzed documents. Diplomatic correspondence and documents prove a lot of determination on king’s side in his efforts to free the alchemist from Prague prison. All king’s action prove his close relations with Sędziwój, but the published sources do not answer the question about genesis and character of such ties.

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Intervju s Ivanom Grdešićem, veleposlanikom Republike Hrvatske u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama (2000. – 2004.)

Author(s): Ivan Grdešić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2022

Interview with Ivan Grdešić by Vladimir Filipović

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BALKANLAR’IN TÜRKİYE İÇİN ÖNEMİ

Author(s): Caner Sancaktar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 56/2022

In this article, the importance and meaning of the Balkans for Turkish foreign policy is explained. For this purpose, the historical ties between Turkey and the Balkans, the Balkan origin population in Turkey, the Turkish-Muslim peoples in the Balkans and the geopolitical position and importance of the Balkans are explained respectively. In the conclusion part, some suggestions about Turkey's Balkan policy are presented.

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Amerykański przyjaciel? Problem granic Polski w kontaktach ambasadora Anthony’ego J. Drexela Biddle’a z rządem Władysława Sikorskiego w latach 1941–1943

Author(s): Krzysztof Siwek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

The article deals with Polish borders and territorial issues as seen from the perspective of the United States Ambassador to Poland Anthony J. Drexel Biddle’s contacts with the government of Wladyslaw Sikorski in 1941–1943. The objective of the text is to present, on the basis of American and Polish archival materials, the American assessment of Polish border issues, as well as the expectations of the Polish government towards the United States and Western allies regarding territorial issues, particularly against the background of the Polish-Soviet relations evolving since 1941. The diplomatic correspondence of the US Ambassador from that period indicates that Biddle, regarded in Polish government circles as a friend of the Polish cause, played an important role in Polish-American discussions on the borders, whose course, ultimately unfavourable for Poland, correlated with the progressing crisis in relations between Poland and the USSR. The research allows us to conclude that the Sikorski’s government, which revealed to Biddle its readiness to compromise with the Soviets, could not count on support, let alone a guarantee from the United States that the pre-war shape of the Polish-Soviet border would be maintained. It can be observed that Polish territorial postulates concerning both its eastern and western borders were perceived by American diplomacy as an obstacle to cooperation with Moscow. Biddle’s contacts with the Polish government in exile in 1941–1943 indicate that the US position on territorial issues, which was unfavourable to the Polish cause, had been developed long before the key decisions of the Tehran and Yalta conferences.

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“Unless all indications to now are lying, Czechoslovak domestic policy is on the path towards a gradual transformation of the nation state into a state of nations.”

Author(s): Lukáš Novotný / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

This study is based on an analysis of unpublished sources of Austrian provenance and academic sources, and it analyses Austrian Minister to Prague Ferdinand Marek’s (1881–1947) perception of German political activism over the period from the parliamentary election in November 1925 until the German ministers joined the Czechoslovak Government in October 1926. Using these sources and publications, the study shows how the domestic political situation changed during this period in Czechoslovakia, resulting in a transformation of established constraints for government co-operation, allowing for the establishment of a new executive majority of central and civic political parties.

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Robert College During the Years of Conflict 1908-1918

Author(s): Ahmet Kaan Akyüz / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

This paper mainly examines the role of Robert College in the Great War. Despite the importance of the college in shaping Turkish–American relations from imperial to modern times, the number of studies focusing on the diplomatic aspect of the college is indeed limited. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to show how a missionary school in the Ottoman Empire played a role in the US and the Ottoman Empire not going to war with each other. As a multi-national and multi-religious institution, Robert College encountered many problems during the years of conflict, 1908–1918. In addition, despite those difficulties, the college and its administration could preserve peace inside the college. Moreover, it became one of the most important reasons for why the US and the Ottoman Empire did not fight during the First World War.

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Почитта на папа Йоан Павел II към делото на Светите братя Кирил и Методий. Каузите, защитавани от Светия отец през понтификата му

Author(s): Viktor Rogozenski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of this article is to reveal the respect that Pope John Paul II repeatedly paid to the work of the Holy Brothers Equal to the Apostles – Cyril and Methodius, during his long pontificate. It presents the most important information about the life of Karol Wojtyla before his election as pope in 1978 – birth, childhood, education and his life path as a Catholic priest. The most important issues touched upon in the article are the proclamation of the Thessalonica Brothers as patrons of Europe in 1980, the encyclical dedicated to them issued five years later, the annual meetings of the Pope John Paul II with the Bulgarian delegations on the occasion of 24th May – the day of the sainted brothers Cyril and Methodius and the day of the Bulgarian alphabet,enlightenment and education, and Slavic writing. An important point representing the attitude of the Holy Father towards Bulgaria is the visit to our country organized between May 23rd and 26th, 2002. Thus, the Pope showed his respect for the work of Cyril and Methodius precisely on the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. It marks the dialogue that John Paul led and the Eastern Orthodox Church during his 27-year pontificate.

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