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Review of: Carlo Carraro, Giovanni Favelo: Benedetto Cotrugli - The Book of the Art of Trade: With Scholarly Essays from Niall Ferguson, Giovanni Favero, Mario Infelise, Tiziano Zanato and Vera Ribaudo, Palgrave Macmillan 2017, str. 244
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The author presents a group of nine Wallachian coins, issued under the reign of Mihail Radu (1658-1659), also known as Mihnea III. All of them are held within the “Maria and dr. George Severeanu” collection. On this occasion, the author makes a brief presentation of the structure of the collection mentioned above, focusing on the coinsof medieval Wallachia. The discussion on coins issued by Mihnea III begins with a general description of the specimens from the collection and continues with a presentation of the current state of research on the emitted coins by this ruler. Also, there are some theoriesabout the places where those monetary mints would have worked. Whilst there are some issues observed on the inventory of Severanu’s collection, one advanced hypothesis is that the nine coins submitted were part of a coin hoard acquired and published by dr. Severeanu in 1923, whose place of origin was not known to him. To complete the structure of this article, the author presents some general data on monetary circulation in Wallachiabetween the end of Mircea I’s (1386-1418) reign and the early reign of Mihail Radu.
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A new 3rd c. BC stater from Tomis, having on the reverse the mintmark TO (inner left field) and the monogram AP in the exergue must be insertedinto the series of mid-3rd c. BC issues of the city, growing the importance of the pretrident series, adding a new monogram and confirming the authenticity of the another unique sample having the mintmark TO in the left field and the monogram N in the exergue. Actually, because we have not a complete die-links sequence, we cannot be sure that the staters with monograms N respectively AP will change their place between them.
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The paper aims at reviewing some of the stamped handles of the local imitations of Rhodian and Koan amphorae discovered during the earlier excavations in the dava from Popeşti, currently in the Bucharest Municipality Museum. Even though the stamps have benefited from discussions, there are still questions as to the production centers of these imitations and the geographical area for the commerce with these products.
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The article at hand discusses Moldovan coins of the "cross with bars of equal length" type. On the obverse these coins show a bull's head with a rose on the right side and a crescent on the left side. The reverse exhibits a cross with bars of the equal length. The reverse can be divided into a typology of three subtypes depending on the symbols that appear between the bars of the cross: 1st subtype: I – crown, II – crown, III – star, IV – crescent; 2nd subtype: I – schematic symbol composed of two elements: “Λ” on the top and “Δ” on the bottom, II – crown, III – star, IV – crescent; 3rd subtype: I – schematic symbol Π, II – crown, III – star, IV – crescent.
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The author presents 107 silver coins of Istros found on different numismatic sites from Ukraine and Russia. All these coins belong to the first two groups of issues of this city, dated in the 5th century and in the first decades of the 4th century BC. There are 64 coins from Group I (1 silver stater, 63 obols), 31 coins from Group II (20 silver staters, 11 obols), and a batch comprising 12 obols from both groups (I and II) most probably coming from a hoard. As a matter offact, other parts of coin hoards can be found among the pieces presented. The coins mentioned above come from an area stretching from the mouth of the Danube to the Dnieper, possibly, but less likely, to the Crimea, indicating a certain direction of circulation of the early silver coins of Istros, even in lack of reliable information on the place and conditions of the discovery.
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The authors presents a hoard discovered near the village of General Kantardzhievo containing 66 silver diobols of Apollonia Pontica and Mesembria. They further discuss aspects regarding their issues and magistrate names, their chronology and a possible burial date.
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Two posthumous Alexander the Great type tetradrachms were found in 1975 somewhere in Jegălia, Călăraşi county. They are two very poorly preserved coins - one of them seems to be a Macedonian issue struck before 294 BC (no. 1), while the other one (no. 2) came from Amphipolis, years 281/280-271/270 BC. Because we did not fiind any dies-link between these tetradrachms and those from the standard catalogue of M. Price or in any other hoard, we cannot exclude the possibility that they are Alexander type imitations, especially no. 2, emulating the issues from Amphipolis, as suggested by the crossed legs of Zeus and the style of the obverse. The discoveries of Alexander type tetradrachms in Romania are not very numerous, however, they are significant. We have the hoards from Rasa, Călăraşi county; Vedea, Giurgiu county; Hinova, Mehedinţi county; Bătăşani, Vâlcea county; all of them also including a few Seleucid coins offering a more circumstantiated chronology, toward 270-260 BC. This outlines a horizon of discoveries probably linked with the movement of the Tribalii to the East, under the heavy pressure of the Celtic tribes, or even with their entry into the North-Danubian Getian territory. All these discoveries also reflect the proliferation of the Philip II type imitations, but also of the Alexander the Great type, as we see especially in the hoard from Ogoya, Bulgaria.
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In this study, the author discusses certain lead objects, already published, which sparked interest right from the first lecture. For these, we will try to propose a more specific assignation, as their issuing workshop was identified quite doubtfully. C. Iconomu and C. Chiriac published lead pieces from different eras, dating from the Greek to the late Roman period, from the former collection of Ionel Matei (today at the Brăila Museum). Among the published ones, two lead weights were identified as belonging to the northern Black Sea city of Chersonesos. Also in the literature,a lead weight is mentioned, which unfortunately remained unpublished. A study published by R. Ocheşeanu and S. Torbatov, presents a weight bearing the HPA legend, which was rightly attributed to Dionysopolis. In the context of this discussion, R. Ocheşeanu and S. Torbatov mention the piece we will describe here.
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The article deals with several aspects related to the group of Istrian bronze coin issues named Apollo-Fedeşti, known primarily due to the hoard discovered in Fedeşti village, Şuletea commune, Vaslui County. They were struck according to a weight standard of about 4.00 grams and show one of the first nine letters of the Greek alphabet (A-I) on the reverse, in the right field or beneath the dolphin. Pieces without letters or with ΔI in the field are registered, too. If the other symbols have the role of ordering the series, ΔI can be taken as a value mark. In this respect, comparisons have been made with bronze coins issued at Apollonia Pontica and Istrian pieces of the river-god Istros type with the letter Γ on the reverse.The marking system and the engraving style of the Apollo-Fedeşti type bronze coins are also found in the first few series of silver coins of Istros from Group IV. Moreover, a reverse die used first for the B series of silver coins, re-engraved and used again for the H series of Apollo-Fedeşti type coins has been identified.Most likely, the Apollo-Fedeşti type bronze coins were produced alternately with the first issues of silver coins from Group IV between c. 339 - 330 BC. These generally followed the same directions of circulation, north and north-east, like the Istrian silver coins from the first three groups of issues and the cast wheel coins. The role of the Apollo-Fedeşti type bronze coins was to replace the smallest silver denomination, the obols, produced at Istros in many variants for almost a century.
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The author draws attention to some of the Istrian bronze pieces of the Apollo and Demeter series from the Autonomous Age. The starting point of the investigation is the appearance on the reverse of the city legend IΣTPIHI (at Apollo) and IΣTPI/HI (at Demeter), which would express (in the dative case) a fact or a dedication made to Istros. Generally, on the reverse of the autonomous period types, the city’s name can be encountered as IΣT, IΣTPI and IΣTPIH. This particular form of the legend IΣTPIHI does not appear in any known inscription (funerary stele, decree, etc.) from Istros or which originates from Istros. The author, by analogy with other monetary types struck at Istros, establishes a possible chronological correlation. Thus, the closest analogy of the legend (its general form of presentation, the arranging the letters, or their height, etc.) appears on the silver drachmas with the letter A on the reverse under the dolphin. Consequently, the chronological interval of their issuing would be between the mid and the second half of the 3rd century BC. This is valid for the debut of the Apollo series, for the first Demeter types (with the eagle on the dolphin on the reverse) and for the series with a wreath of wheat ears. For the Apollo series, that reverse die was reused during the second part of the Hellenistic period (towards the end of the 1st century BC and the beginning of the 1st century AD) when such specimens are struck at irregular intervals (and in any case very difficult to individualize and chronologically phased at this stage of research). On such issues, different obverse dies were used almost every time (with slightly modified details from piece to piece). The final obverse die produced would lead us to Augustus if we relate to his representation in Italian monetary iconography. Various sources mention the existence of an Imperial cult at Istros from the time of Augustus.The Imperial cult originates from the Hellenistic cults, from the dedications made to the benefactors. Their continuity is marked by the changing of the addressee, in this case Augustus.In the Hellenistic period (especially in the 2nd-1st centuries BC), the situation of the colonies on the Western Black Sea coast was often precarious, the recorded political and military events suggesting a difficult economic life. At Istros, there are frequent concerns and attempts to eliminate the many "thieves" stealing resources in the territory (especially cereals). This context has led to calls for the benevolence of some favorable divinities, specific to ancient times (as was Apollo), or one defining success in agriculture (as was Demeter). At one point, in parallel with Apollo, a very important new god emerged, imposed by the socio-political and religious reality, not just by the imaginary (Augustus and Rome in general). The monetary issues presented by us seem to generally begin with the second half of the 3rd century BC, their issuing being repeated occasionally until the end of the Hellenistic era. Among these autonomous monetary series a few or maximum ten copies are known today. They seem to be, in our sense, homage issues or were made to mark certain events or local religious celebrations. Towards the end of the 1st century BC and the beginning of the 1st century AD, a period of new pursuits is noted, of stylistic changes of classical portraits and the search for symbols specific to the new realities.
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The authors present new information about the hoard of silver coins of Istros discovered in the spring of 1965 at Kaolinovo (Shumen Region, Bulgaria), based on the correspondence between Vasil Haralanov and Todor Gerasimov. This hoard was originally made up of about 100 pieces, deposited in a clay pot. According to the structure of a batch of 43 specimens, which was temporarily in the possession of V. Haralanov (in 1970), the Kaolinovo hoard ends in the second quarter of the 3rd century B.C., being the southernmost and one of the latest Istrian silver coin hoards found in the north-eastern part of Bulgaria. Three coins discovered at Kaolinovo and kept at the Regional Historical Museum of Shumen are also published, one of which is part of the V. Haralanov collection and comes from the mentioned hoard, and the other two were submitted by the authorities in 2018.
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Autorul publică doi stateri histrieni, de tip Lysimach, având pe revers monogramele respectiv , cele două piese fiind realizate cu aceeaşi pereche de ştanţe. Ambele provin din licitaţii ale aceleiaşi case, apariţia lor pe piaţă fiind separată de două decenii. Noutatea este relevantă, singurele piese de epocă mithridatică de la Istros având monograma ΔΙ şi fiind realizate toate cu o singură pereche de ştanţe, acestea fiind atribuite perioadei primului război mithridatic. Situaţia devine şi mai interesantă dacă asociem cele două piese cu informaţiile date de decretul histrian ISM I 45, care relatează cum un anume Diogenes, fiul lui Diogenes, din Amastris sau Amphisos, comandant al garnizoanei mithridatice de la Istros, dar şi strateg al cetăţii, plăteşte unui creditor din Byzantion datoria de 100 stateri pe care cetatea istriană o asumase şi nu o mai putea returna, ceea ce condusese la arestarea la Byzantion a unei solii histriene către Mithridates VI, în fruntea acesteia aflându-se un anume Meniskos, data propusă pentru acest decret fiind 92-91 a.Chr. Constatăm astfel existenţa unor serii restrânse de stateri probabil emise la finalul anilor 90 din sec. I a.Chr. la Istros, uşor anterioare seriilor emise în vremea primului război mithridatic. Ţinând seama de faptul că Meniskos, pentru a conduce o solie a cetăţii la cel ce avea să fie garantul securităţii acesteia, Mithridates VI, trebuie să fi fost un personaj cu o anume notorietate publică, şi constatând că Diogenes, comandant al garnizoanei mithridatice, este totodată şi strateg al cetăţii Istros, păstrând toate rezervele necesare legate de posibilitatea unei coincidenţe, se ridică întrebarea dacă siglele de pe staterii istrieni din această perioadă ( respectiv ΔΙ) nu ar putea aparţine lui Meniskos respectiv Diogenes, fiul lui Diogenes. Oricum ar fi, avem dovada certă a existenţei unor serii restrânse de stateri datate cam în aceeaşi perioadă cu decretul histrian onorând pe Diogenes, şi care se leagă de începuturile autorităţii mithridatice pe coasta vestică a Mării Negre, în ultima parte a anilor 90 din sec. I a.Chr.
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The paper presents the activity in a local museum in Bucovina at the beginning of the 20th century. The collections of the Bucovina Museum keep a few documents about the early stages of numismatic preoccupations in Suceava, conducted by Josef Fleischer and Alfred von Peyersfeld, the first curators of the museum. Some of these documents are related to monetary discoveries made in the city and its surroundings, the most important having been sent to Czernowitz or Vienna. In the same time, the curators from Suceava had a long correspondence with various personalities from Czernowitz, Vienna and other cities from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Open in 1900, the museum had interesting collections with discoveries made in the Fortress of Suceava and in the city, including around 2500 coins, especially from the Medieval Age. Over time, Alfred von Peyersfeld (Josef Fleischer died soon after the opening of the museum) enriched the numismatic collection with the discoveries from Suceava, but also by buying coins from antiquarians.
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Long-term advocated opinion on the conservative approach of nobility in the territory of Slovakia to technical modernization and to modern forms of leisure is a stereotype that has been relativized by historians in recent years. The nobility members often became enthusiastic supporters of modern trends. Motoring was undoubtedly a part of the spectrum of modern leisure activities. In addition, specific economic and socio-cultural background in Slovakia, as well as high staggered costs, operating costs and the legislative restrictions on personal cars have increased them as a “social elite thing”. That can be considered as one of the key of motoring development in Slovakia. Besides the well-known “prominent” motorists from the territory of Slovakia, for example Count Géza Andrássy or Count Vidor Csáky is also a good example the lesser-known Baron Ákos Wieland, who owned personal cars before the First World War and he used them to a great extent. After the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic, he became an active member of the oldest car owners club in Slovakia and the cars filled a lot of his personal leisure time. The goal of the contribution is to portray character of personal cars, their role and share in free-time activities of the nobility in Slovakia during the interwar period through the example of Baron Ákos Wieland of Markušovce. At the same time, it helps as an example to complement the wider mosaic of changes in the lifestyle of the nobility in the reference period.
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The trade has contributed to the development of cities throughout the centuries, and made it possible for the citizens to meet with different worlds. Trade action, which is also an important factor in the formation of cities, designs a new space in the city center. In the past, the trade in the open space, needed closed environments in time. Isparta has been an important trade focus during the Ottoman period. With the developing trade routes and caravanserais, Trade in Isparta has developed. The historic Uzum Bazaar in Isparta continues its existence for 455 years. There are 16 commercial shops registered in the existing historical texture. The area has covered with the second floor level top cover. In the light of the registration slips received, the top cover was analyzed according to the distribution in the commercial tissue. Photographs of buildings are documented through google streetview and the structure of the tissue is analyzed. The aim of this study is to create awareness about the elements that should be considered in designing and applying top coverings which are frequently encountered in the historical trade tissues in recent years.The content of this article is supported with photographs and the design problems of the Uzum market in Isparta were examined and suggestions were made for the questions.
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As the Second World War Eastern front was approaching the Romanian state border, the National Bank of Romania gold treasury (gold stock)required more careful safekeeping. The treasury comprised the metallic coverage of banknotes issued by the National Bank of Romania and had been mostly accumulated in the period between the two World Wars, since the 91.4 tons of gold transported to Moscow in 1916 had never returned to Romania. The idea of saving the gold stock dates back to 1943, when the NBR started to prepare for the evacuation of its premises from the Eastern part of the country,including the numismatic collection, the painting collection, and the archive. As far as the gold stock was concerned, several local solutions had been contemplated following the failed negotiation talks with Switzerland and Turkey, also taking into account the presence of German troops within the territory of Romania. After an intensive correspondence between the Government of Romania and the senior representatives of the NBR, the month of July 1944 marked the beginning of operation code name "Neptune", which involved the transport of the NBR gold stock together with 2.7 tons of gold belonging to the Bank Polski (the National Bank of Poland) to the Tismana Monastery for storage in the monastery cellar. The pretext was that the NBR was rebuilding the monastery cells which had been destroyed by a fire. A cave near the monastery was arranged to accommodate 4.086 boxes of gold coins and bullions and the entrance way to the cave was blocked. Nevertheless, the treasury continued to be at high risk of confiscation even after the 23rd of August 1944, when Romania changed sides and started to support the USSR. The cave in Tismana proved to be a great solution for saving the treasury which fully returned to Bucharest in two stages (January 1945 and January – February 1947). In order to raise public awareness on this episode of national history, the NBR Treasury Museum was opened in the Tismana Monastery in July 2016. The Museum was set u pin the cave used as safe haven for the treasury between 1944 and 1947.
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This is an essay on political and economical issues signed by Dan Ungureanu.
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Economic cooperation between Yugoslavia and Romania during the 1960s can be divided into three parts. The first lasted until 1964 and was characterized by relations at an extremely low level. The second period began with the Agreement on the Construction of Djerdap and lasted until 1969. The work of the Joint Committee for Economic Cooperation showed that the two countries had opportunities to significantly improve economic relations. The gap that existed between a high level of political relations and the concrete bilateral cooperation began to decrease only when cooperation intensified in 1969 and 1970. Turning to other forms of economic cooperation while at the same time increasing the trade between the two countries allowed the volume of economic exchanges to increase four times by the end of the decade (19 million dollars in 1960, 76 million dollars in 1970). The cooperation between the two countries in the economic sphere continued in the years that followed, but it never reached the previous level of political relations.
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The activists of socialist movement in 19th century underlined that it was created by inteligentsia. In memories we can find a characterisation of several types of inteligentsia and motives which led them to such radical ideological choices. When we try to characterize an environment of radical inteligentsia we are necessarily involved into questions concerning patriotism, independence and Polish nationality. Very important is the relationship to left wing and socialism. Leaving leftism and searching for new ideas was typical for the “generation of disobedient”. Investigation of biographies of leftist political activists, scientists and philanthropists show outstanding people, strongly engaged in social work for a class or local community. Members of radical inteligentsia are often outstanding scientists who additionaly realised social work on great scale. In particular, they realised educational activity, and wide popularisation of severalkinds of knowledge. This attempt at devising a portrait of radical inteligentsia is showing the complex character of biographies of many members of this group. We try to provide an answer for the question: what was the ideological nexus of this generation.
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