Majetkové poměry knížecího rodu Metternich-Winneburg
The author examines in detail the development of property of noble family Metternich-Winneburg in Bohemia, Germany and Hungary from 18th till 20th century.
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The author examines in detail the development of property of noble family Metternich-Winneburg in Bohemia, Germany and Hungary from 18th till 20th century.
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Navzdory skutečnosti, že moldavské a valašské kláštery měly značný územní rozsah a hluboce ovlivnily sociální, ekonomický, politický a kulturní život v pravoslavné Levantě, vědecký zájmem historiků se tomuto tématu zatím vyhnul. Příčiny této situace jsou pravděpodobně především metodologické: obrovské množství dokumentů, psaných v různých jazycích a různých paleografických kulturách (slovanské, rumunské, řecké, latinské a německé), které jsou většinou nepublikované. V období od 15. století do poloviny 18. století provedla knížata a vysocí dvorští hodnostáři rozsáhlé donace centrálních panství ve prospěch obou moldavských pravoslavných církví a klášterů ve zbytku Osmanské říše. Nejdůležitějšími dary byly celé obce nebo jejich části, vinice, mlýny i finanční dary, k nim je možné připočíst ještě další dary celé pravoslavné Levanty. Pravoslavná církev v Moldávii tak upevnila své majetkové posatvení získáním vesnic od jejich právoplatných vlastníků. Zdroje příjmů moldavských klášterů se velmi lišily: zemědělství, vybírání poplatků a pokut, osvobození od daní a někdy i peněžní dary. Výše příjmů se lišila od jednoho kláštera k druhému, od jedné vesnice do druhé a od jednoho roku do dalšího. Výše těchto příjmů je známá pouze u příjmů plynoucích ze správy klášterních nemovitostí, což představuje asi jednu desetinu celkového příjmu klášterní domény, i když velmi významnou, zejména ve srovnání k příjmům ostatních obyvatel knížectví. I tak byly ovšem příjmy moldavských klášterů mnohem menší než u klášterů v katolickém světě. I presto podporovaly moldavské kláštery pravoslaví v Transylvánii, Polsku a Osmanské říši. Tento významný rozpor vzhledem ke katolické Evropě byl primárně určen menším vlivem a bohatstvím Moldávie ve srovnání s katolickými státy Evropy. Dále, hospodářský rozvoj tohoto rumunského knížectví značně utrpěl v důsledku vzniku a rozvoji osmanského práva, po dobytí Konstantinopole (1453), krymského chanátu (1575) a Uher (1526), takže knížectví bylo nuceno přijmout osmanskou nadvládu a zaplatit poplatek, jehož hodnota se neustále zvyšovala. Navíc se situace v Moldávii stala velmi obtížnou z důvodu obecného oslabení stříbra v celé Evropě a nedobré ekonomické situace v celé Osmanské říši. K těmto příčinám mohou být dale připočteny přírodní katastrofy (sucho, sarančata, hladomor, epidemie, atd. velmi běžné v oblasti Dunaje). Kromě toho, chudoba klášterů byla také zapříčiněna sporadickými vojenskými konfrontacemi mezi Moldávií a Uherskem, Polskem a později Osmanskou říší, po kterých následovaly války sousedních zemí na jejich vlastním území: Polsko, Rakousko, Rusko a Osmanská říše. Obraz pak doplňují četné drancovací nájezdy a výpravy za otroky, k posledním dochází v roce 1758. Všechny tyto války obecně ovlivňují ekonomickou situaci knížectví mezi Dněstrem a Karpaty a zejména z moldavských klášterů činí oblíbený cíl pro lup vojáků. K ožebračení mnoha klášterů konečně vede snaha některých knížat sanovat své dluhy z klášerního majetku a výnosů.
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This article deals with materials to city horse tramways, electric tramways and funiculars in Prague stored in the National Archives in Prague. Emphasis of this study is placed on project documentation for the construction and reconstruction of tracks and projects of related buildings. The main benefit is to evaluate historical plans in terms of geodetic accuracy.
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The District National Council in Brdów operated in the years 1954-1971. At that time, a number of economic and cultural investments were carried out in the district, which influenced the lives of the inhabitants. Thanks to the action of the authorities and councilors of the District National Council in Brdów, among others for example: ahealth center, streets were paved, new roads were built, pavements were laid, squares were tidied up, streets and roads were illuminated. Many shrubs and trees were planted on the Brdów market and by the shore of Lake Brdowskie. The inhabitants of Brdów and the entire community undertook a lot of social work to improve the quality of life. However, not all plans were realized. Neither a teacher’s house nor a workplace were built. The effects of GrRN in Brdów are visible to this day. Due to the small budget of the community, not all expectations of the community’s residents were met.
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This article presents the inventory of the estate of Abraham Stern, a Jewish merchant and distiller in Třeboň (Wittingau) in the 18th century, based on the records of the patrimonial administration. The inventory reveals the wealth and diversity of Stern's business activities, as well as the difficulties of settling his inheritance among his widow and eleven children. The article also discusses the significance of such inventories as sources for the study of everyday life and culture of Jewish communities in rural areas.
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The study focuses on the social and legal status of the Jews in Moravia before the Hussite movement. It examines the historical sources and the factors that influenced the relations between the Jews and the Christian society, such as the role of the ruler, the church, the economy, and the culture. It also analyzes the impact of the Hussite revolution and the Catholic counter-reformation on the fate of the Jewish communities in Moravia.
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Review of: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden 4, 1966, Seite 183 - 260, 1, 1967, Seite 1 - 78. Herausgegeben von Hugo Gold in Tel-Aviv.
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Review of: Peter Collmer: Verwaltete Vielfalt. Die königlichen Tafelgüter in Polen-Litauen, 1697-1763. (Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des östlichen Europa, Bd. 90.) Franz Steiner Verlag. Stuttgart 2022. 378 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-515-13123-0.
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Reviews of: 1. Dr. B. Brilling (Münster): Zur Geschichte des jüdischen Goldschmiedegewerbes in Mähren (1550-1800). Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden, Jhg. 1969, Seite 137-146. Herausgegeben von Hugo Gold in Tel Aviv. 2. Ruth Kestenberg-Gladstein, Neuere Geschichte der Juden in den böhmischen Ländern. I. Teil, Das Zeitalter der Aufklärung. (Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts 18-1.) J. C. B. Mohr, Tübingen, 1969. 418 S. 3. The Jews of Austria, Essays on their Life, History and Destruction, Edited by Joseph Fraenkl, London, Valentine Mitchell, 2nd. edition 1970, pp. 585. 4. H. H. Ben-Sasson: Toldot am yisrael beyame habeynayim (The history of the Jewish people in the Middle Ages), Tel-Aviv, Dvir 1969, pp. 326.
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“Gross domestic product” is the main indicator for evaluating the economic growth of a country, and “Gross domestic product per capita” allows the expression of efficiency at the individual level. “Effective final consumption” reflects how human needs are met, and “Effective individual final consumption of households” expresses the same aspect at the individual level. In this article, the analysis of the correlation between these two indicators in Romania, in the period 1995-2021, is carried out, using the results of this analysis to make a forecast for the year 2022.
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This article examines the activities of two normal schools with agricultural profile in Grădiştea, Vlaşca County and Caracal, Romanaţi County. The institutions were created by Constantin Angelescu, the Ministry of National Education, at the end of the summer of 1937. Their founding showed the sense of urgency displayed by the liberal government regarding the improved teaching of agricultural studies in normal schools as well as the level of agricultural practice among young teachers. The schools, both experimental endeavours, had, according to documents in the archive of the Ministry of National Education, contrasting fates: the one in Grădiştea was successful; the other, in Caracal, was a bitter disappointment. However, I argue that their activities were significantly marked by the establishment of King Carol II’s authoritarian regime in February 1938. In the summer of that year, Dimitrie Gusti’s close collaborators took over the leadership of Ministry of Education. Gusti’s ideas about rural development shaped the subsequent legislation regarding primary and normal schools; as a consequence, both institutions were disbanded.
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The beginning of the 1970s was a landmark moment in the evolution of the communist regime in Romania on several levels. A crucial one was the significant change of emphasis in the regime's anti-corruption policies. Nicolae Ceauşescu shifted the pressure from the party and bureaucratic apparatus to the entire society. The aim was not only to limit the economic effects of criminal activity but to also make political control more effective. As significant changes to the country’s economy loomed, the regime needed the full support of the party apparatus and the repressive system, both of whom would hold crucial roles in the implementation of these new economic policies. Ceauşescu carefully transformed party structures into oversight bodies directly subordinate to the Secretary-General. In parallel, he greatly enhanced the involvement of the secret police in the field. Nicolae Ceauşescu thus ensured both his total ability to manipulate the entire system and an important lever of control over the economy and society as a whole. For a while, these changes somewhat limited the economic effects of corruption. Yet, above all, they prevented any vernacular liberalization tendencies that could jeopardize the new direction of the regime.
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The objective of the article is an attempt at a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the “incidental” material that is present in the pages of parish registers. This source is characterized by interdisciplinarity, but is most often used by genealogists and historical demographers. Polish historiography generally lacks a synthetic approach to this issue, especially in a broader territorial and chronological perspective. The paper uses the philological method, with elements of a geographic information system used for spatial data visualization. The source basis of the article is the record resource from the area of the former Lublin district. Over 600 archival units from 60 parishes were analyzed, including the two oldest parishes in Lublin. The oldest book begins with baptism records from 1582. The end point of the research was 1810. Based on an analysis of the content of the records, which went beyond the standard form of registering the vital statistics of the population, they were grouped. In total, nearly 100 entries were registered, classified as “casual” material. The highlighted content was assigned to six groups: spiritual life, economic life and parish administration; epidemics; war and politics; natural disasters and famine; extraordinary events; literary work.
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In the article, I discuss the seasonality of marriages, conceptions and first conceptions in early modern communities from the territory of present-day Poland. I looked for the influence of the Catholic liturgical calendar there. The source basis was the data published so far in the literature. The analysis shows that church restrictions forced the faithful to marry in the months immediately before Lent and Advent. This resulted in an increase in post-marital sexual activity during the period when abstinence was recommended. This conclusion weakens the notion that the Catholic Church controlled the daily lives of early modern Polish inhabitants.
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This paper centers on the infectious disease epidemics which swept through the Detva region, located in Upper Hungary (currently the territory of central Slovakia) in 1831–1920. The goal of this study is twofold: firstly, to examine the extent to which deaths caused by epidemics of infectious disease influenced life expectancy, the proportion of the deceased and survivors, and the probability of death in the Detva population, and secondly, to measure selection pressures through differential mortality, with a focus on deaths caused by infectious disease epidemics. We used individual information on age at death and causes of death in the Detva region, derived from the Detva parish records (N = 29,338). Infectious disease epidemics were the main regulator of mortality in the Detva region, as confirmed by our findings. Excluding deaths caused by infectious diseases from the dataset raised the life expectancy of a new-born and of an adult by 1–5 years and 1–2 years, respectively. The fraction of those surviving to the age of 5, the onset of maturity (15 years) and the onset of senility (60 years) also increased, while there was a decline in the proportion of deceased and the probability of dying. When deaths caused by infectious disease epidemics were removed from the analyses, selection pressures also weakened, as evidenced by the values of measures for the operation of natural selection.
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The article discusses the demographic consequences of crop failures in the northeastern districts of Augustów Governorate in late 1845 and early 1846. It also raises the question of assessing the reliability of the sources that recorded vital statistics in the Russian partition, which revealed many inconsistencies in the registration of deaths, and notes the need for a critical approach when using them. Also highlighted was a wave of famine-induced emigration of peasants and the need for further and in-depth research into demographic crises in mid-19th century Polish lands.
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This study interprets the nature, role and place of political privilege in French absolutist society. The manifestations of privilege under Louis XIV are analysed, while relevant conclusions and generalisations are drawn. Diagrams have been drawn up as illustrative material and corresponding charts of the classification of privilege in feudal France.
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Innovative activities are vital for countries' economic growth and competitiveness in the same way research and development (R&D) is vital for innovation. Expenditure on R&D is an apt indicator to assess countries' R&D input. This article statistically reviews the European Union's gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) and its components for 2000-2020 to uncover trends and patterns. Business enterprise, higher education and government components of GERD are selected as indicators to assess the sectoral trends in R&D. Furthermore, to give more insight, conceptualised income groups are used to identify any pattern between countries' R&D expenditures and income levels. The United States, Korea and China are chosen as benchmarks for R&D based on their income level. Additionally, based on the EU27 countries' historical progress and final figures, R&D leaders and laggers are appointed.
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The Israelites, who got rid of their nomadic lifestyle and settled down, started to look for a stronger form of government. This community, which was first ruled by people called judges, later began to be ruled by the kingdom, which was a stronger administration due to environmental threats. The first king was Saul. After Saul, David, one of his commanders, succeeded to the throne. At that time, there was no set rule for the succession to the throne. For this reason, David appointed his son Solomon as his successor. The reigns of David and Solomon were the most brilliant periods of the kingdom. During this period, the kingdom gained superiority over the neighboring peoples. At the same time, borders were expanded in this period. Economic and political stability was achieved and the state saw its richest period. However, at the end of Suleiman's reign, the power of the state started to decline. Due to the excessive taxation during Suleiman's reign, the people were worn out and dualities emerged. For this reason, the people did not accept the kingdom of his son Rehoboam after Solomon. With Rehoboam's ascension to the throne, conflicts arose and the Kingdom of Israelites was divided into two as the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah.
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Review of: Istoria în cetate: profesorului Vasile Dobrescu la împlinirea vârstei de 80 de ani, book coordinated by Corina Teodor, Giordano Altarozzi, Maria TătarDan, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Mega, 2023, 418 p
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