Recenzija: Iz reforme v reformo. Slovensko gospodarstvo 1970-1991
The review of: Jože Prinčič, Neven Borak: Iz reforme v reformo. Slovensko gospodarstvo 1970-1991, Fakulteta za družbene vede, Ljubljana 2006, 677 strani
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The review of: Jože Prinčič, Neven Borak: Iz reforme v reformo. Slovensko gospodarstvo 1970-1991, Fakulteta za družbene vede, Ljubljana 2006, 677 strani
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In the paper, the author deals with the attitude of the political regime towards the managerial position between 1945 and 1990. He finds that, in the first post-war years, this attitude was largely determined by current economic needs and major development plans, due to which the new regime refrained from abolishing the position. In the subsequent years, however, with ideological and political considerations coming to the fore, society was no longer prepared to acknowledge any positive role and influence of managers in the economy. Instead, managers were regularly held responsible for economic and other failures. It was only towards the end of the 1980s, after an economic crisis had left its mark in Slovenia, that managers were again given freer hand in the conduct of their business policies.
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The paper focuses on the formation of representations of the textile industry in the socialist and post-socialist periods. These representations were an integral part of a wider industrial image. In this context, the author explores how these representations fitted into the socialist project of modernisation and how they were transformed during the so-called transitional period. Representations of the textile industry were at the same time intertwined with gender relations and ideologies and were implicit in discussions about light i.e. female as opposed to heavy i.e. male industry. In the paper, field work analyses, interviews with former and current employees in the Slovene textile industry, daily and monthly newspapers, films, historic demonstrations and economic discourse on the textile industry and its evolution are referred to. By focusing on an individual in everyday life, the author defends the thesis that institutional changes should never be considered without reference to the people they affect. The paper questions the concept of the post-socialist transition and emphasises, in the context of studies on post-socialism, the significance. role and application of the socialist past in the present.
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The author of the following article focuses on the influence of politics on the economy in the Ptuj municipality from 1980 to 1995. That was a period of two different socia-political systems. In the introduction the article presents the economic and political developments in the 1980s and in the so-called period o( transition. The main part of the article looks at the economy in the Ptuj municipality between the years 1980 and 1995, at the influence of the authorities (especially the League of Communists) on the economy in the Ptuj municipality in the 19805, and at the influence of the state or the political parties on the economy in this municipality after Slovenia gained independence.
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The paper deals with economic and social aspects of the construction of apartment blocks in Trieste, and their interaction in a period of the city's rapid development during the final decades of its "Austrian era". At the time, Trieste was one of the largest Austrian cities, with the numerically highest Slovene urban population. In the paper, Trieste is compared with some larger Austrian cities, on the basis of Austrian statistics. Within the territory of Slovenia it can be compared especially with Ljubljana. In a wider context, the purpose of the paper is to contribute towards the inclusion of the study of the Trieste urban reality in Slovene historiography, with special consideration of economic and social aspects of the development of Slovene cities at the turn of the twentieth century.
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In the paper, the author deals with unemployment and the legal aspects of the employment policy in Slovenia between mid nineteenth century and the beginning of the Second World War. The main traits, trends and causes of unemployment on the Slovene territory are examined, as well as the approaches to deal with it in various periods. An employment policy and the main traits of the labour market in Slovenia before the Second World War are shown as well. In Slovenia - as in other European countries - the first widespread unemployment occurred after the First World War. In response, the government started to address this problem more actively by passing relevant legislation. This provided a legal basis for the development of care for the unemployed and an employment system. At the end of 1918, the National Employment Agency was founded.
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The debate on the future monetary system and the burning financial issues, started by the euphoric Slovene resistance movement after the victory of the allied coalition of the United Nations in 1944, raised many questions. The most significant ones were how to establish a financial system that would fit the planned federal system as well as it shape and role in the future social system. In an attempt to address these issues, Slovene financial experts within the National Liberation Movement (the Study Committee of the SNOS Presidency) devised the platform for a financial reform to be executed after the liberation of the country, whereby several different concepts emerged. The paper examines the proposals by Dr Milan Lemež and their differences with other proposals concerning the attitude towards the issue of payment notes and the role of the Monetary Institute of Slovenia in the currency reform.
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During the Second World War, the residents of Ljubljana suffered irregular food supplies as well as a shortage of other basic commodities. A series of measures introduced by local authorities, with penalties for non-compliance, compelled them to economise on heating, lighting and even water consumption. Shortages and rationing of basic commodities made peoples lives very difficult, and changed the external appearance of the city. On the basis of archive sources and newspapers, the author examines the supplying of Ljubljana with gas, electricity, kerosene, water and petrol during the Second World War.
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One of the key questions of historiography is how people in a certain period lived, where they dwelt, how much they earned and spent etc. The question concerns the standard of living and the quality of life of individuals and society in a specific historical period. The author examines the standard of living in Yugoslavia/Slovenia in the first period after the Second World War, which was marked by industrialisation. The standard of living reflected the current economic policy, and was part of it. The political and economic conditions in the first post-war decade did not favour any improvement in the standard of living. The reasons for this were ideological, political and, above all, practical. They derived from the pre-war economic situation, the consequences of the war and the post-war economic policy. Apart from these, the standard of living in that period was considerably affected and determined by the rift with the Cominform and the economic consequences thereof. A change in the government's attitude towards the standard of living came in the mid 1950's, with the political decision to put a greater emphasis on the quality of life in Yugoslavia.
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The author deals with the transboundary economic cooperation as a special kind of economic cooperation of the Republic of Slovenia during the Yugoslav socialist period. Among all Yugoslav republics, Slovenia was the one most closely connected and integrated with the European economic area. Apart from the care of its minority, it was economic cooperation that most characterised Slovenia's efforts for association beyond its national borders. In many ways, Slovenia's economic progress depended on successful trade and cooperation with its neighbours, notably Austria and Italy. Various forms of bilateral transborder economic cooperation gradually developed into multilateral cooperation at the regional level. The most significant and successful form of Slovenia's regional cooperation proved to be the Alps-Adriatic Working Community, founded in 1978.
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The review of: Jasna Fischer, Družba, gospodarstvo, prebivalstvo: družbena in poklicna struktura prebivalstva na slovenskem ozemlju od druge polovice 19. stoletja do razpada habsburške monarhije. Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino, Ljubljana 2005, 247 strani (Zbirka Ekonomska knjižnica)
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The paper synoptically presents the formation and operation of the Central European economic area before the Second World War, in the case of the Habsburg Empire and its successors. The author ascertains that, after decades of integration processes, a uniform space developed within the empire which allowed a free flow of goods, capital and people. Inside the empire, a spontaneous distribution of economic activities took place, with the western parts becoming more advanced in industry than the eastern, which generated most of their income in agriculture. In spite of the disintegration of the empire and the prevalence of economic nationalisms in the successor states, the supplementary structure still determined the economic and commercial trends, although to a considerably lesser degree. A real turning point came with the Great Depression in the 1930s' when the Central European states shut themselves in and, each on its own, tried to find the way out of the crisis by strengthening protectionism. That was also the time when the economic trends were redirected. The Central European states effected the bulk of their foreign trade with Germany.
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The paper deals with a genesis of economic and political integrations after the second world war. After explaining the original situation and reasons, the author deals with some concrete examples of European integrations, with a special emphasis on economic and social aspects.
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The paper deals with the role of ports of the Adriatic Sea in the history of the Central European area. It singles out the importance of Trieste in various periods of time and the strategic geo-political and economic forces that changed significantly the role and character of the port of Trieste after the end of the first world war. The flows of goods were reoriented away from the Adriatic Sea, as the ports at the Atlantic coast in Germany and the Netherlands gained importance.
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While using the objects from archaeological context to reconstruct past civilizations, it is impossible not to explore the daily economic activities of past civilizations. With the Neolithic, the economy rose with the management of limited materials and resources, becoming a major part of life. The abovementioned economy is a type of system that is sustainable. It also has equivalent production and consumption units. However, this started to slowly change towards the end of the Neolithic. When comparing cultures from the regions of Syria and Mesopotamia, one can see there are similarities in material culture, which are reflecting the production mode.
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Per Capita Gross Domestic Production is one of the criteria used in determining the development levels of countries. This criterion is one of the sub-criteria of the Human Development Index, which is one of the most important indices used in the comparison of international development levels. This criterion is one of the criteria taken into account by the World Bank in the grouping of countries' development levels. This value can be calculated from different statistical bases, which can be calculated in different forms, both nominal and real. How much is Turkey's per capita Gross Domestic Product (in nominal and real terms)? How has this value changed over time? Comparing Turkey to other countries in the same group during the period 1980-2014, how much has the per capita Gross Domestic Product (in real terms) increased?
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The author discusses the social structure and the fundamental economic, social, ideological and political principles that characterised Slovenian liberalism in the period 1894-1918. He establishes-that Slovenian liberalism was interested primarily in the preservation of the social and economic power of the young bourgeois community in Slovenia from the working class. The social and political elitism of liberalism was also manifested in its anti - Catholic views expressed through its cultural struggle, which only widened the gap between the liberals and the vast masses of the Slovene people since the latter were politically mostly Catholics. Slovenian liberalism retained this character even after the year 1918; in the first Yugoslav state its traditions were drawing to a close.
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The author deals with the issue of the peasants' debt payment and/or the process of debt redemption, started in 1936, going on through World War II, and in the post-war years. The period was one of many turning points in history that radically transformed the circumstances in which the process of redemption took place on Slovenian territory, prior to the outbreak of World War II. In one his fundamental conclusions the author points to the fact the peasants were paying their debt even in the course of occupation and that, upon their arrival to power, the communist regime simply brought to an end what would have happened anyway, given the plans of the pre-war authorities.
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The author outlines the nature and/or aims of the Yugoslav authorities’ agrarian reform at the end of World War II; the reform was the first of its political and economic measures, enacted as early as 1943. The prime aim of the agrarian reform was inherently political. The author briefly describes its effects in Slovenia, and eventually deals with the implications obvious primarily in the economic sphere, specifically in the structure of land holdings and the social structure.
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The review of: Viri za nacionalizacijo industrijskih podjetij v Sloveniji po 2. svetovni vojni. Arhivsko društvo Slovenije, Ljubljana 1992, 240 strani (Viri ; 5)
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