Tschechoslowakei - Das Nachfolgespiel
Mehrere Anwärter scharren in den Startlöchern, um sich im Augenblick von Gustav Husaks Abgang die beste Ausgangsposition für die Führung der KPTsch zu sichern.
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Mehrere Anwärter scharren in den Startlöchern, um sich im Augenblick von Gustav Husaks Abgang die beste Ausgangsposition für die Führung der KPTsch zu sichern.
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In den letzten Jahren hat es in der ungarischen Parteiführung einige Revirements und Personalrochaden gegeben. Wie alles im ungarischen politischen Herrschaftssystem, geschah dies leise und unauffällig. Fast so unspektakulär, daß es wieder einmal beinahe unterging: nach wie vor hält man Ungarn für einen der stabilen Pole des Ostblocks. Im Frühling 1985 geschah aber sehr viel im ungarischen innenpolitischen Leben. So viel Dichte der Ereignisse ist man in diesem trägen politischen System nicht gewohnt. Der Parteikongreß im März war neben den Parlamentswahlen im Mai das bedeutendste Ereignis des politischen Kalenders. Zweifellos wurden hier von der Führungsgarnitur die Weichen für die Zukunft — sprich: die Nach-Kadar-Ära - gestellt.
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Diesen Winter verbringen die meisten Rumänen fröstelnd in ihren Wohnungen. 40-Watt-Glühbirnen beleuchten die Trostlosigkeit in den Heimen, 25-Watt-Funsen erhellen die Straßen. Wenn der Strom nicht ohnedies abgesperrt wird. Die Schwierigkeiten mit der Energieversorgung verschärften sich in den letzten Monaten weiterhin: Kürzung des Fernsehprogrammes und Fahrverbot an jedem zweiten Sonntag sind Begleiterscheinungen, an die man sich bereits gewöhnt hat. Auch auf dem Lebensmittelsektor schlägt die Krise voll durch. Basisnahrungsmittel wie Fleisch, Geflügel, Speiseöl, Milch und Zucker sind nur mehr auf Lebensmittelkarten, strikt rationiert, an fix vorgegebenen Verkaufsstellen erhältlich. Laut einem Bericht im Wirtschaftsmagazin »trend« vom Dezember 1983 sind die Rationen auch alles andere als üppig: in Siebenbürgen unter anderem ein halbes Kilo Schweinefleisch, ein Viertelkilo Rindfleisch, ein Huhn und elf Eier pro Monat. Wobei die — oftmals — sehr miese Qualität noch unberücksichtigt bleibt.
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Der überzeugte Rude-Pravo-Leser, der täglich die Seiten des Organs der KPC auf der Suche nach irgendwas mit Neuigkeitswert oder einer seltenen Probe journalistischen Talents durchblättert, ist ein Märtyrer seiner/ihrer Aufgabe. Das abgehärtete Forschungsteam von Radio Free Europę kann sogar aus unscheinbaren Zeilen im Sportteil minimale Politikänderungen oder Zeichen der Uneinigkeit herauslesen. Aber für die meisten hingebungsvollen Bewunderer der Rude Právo hat sie dieselbe Funktion wie sonst der Vitamingehalt eines Müslis. Aber ab und zu wird der Rude-Pravo-Leser mit einer Überraschung belohnt, die von keinem Wekkamin erreicht wird.
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Review of: Jörg K. Hoensch: Geschichte Ungarns 1867-1983. Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1984, 287 Seiten, öS 500.-/DM 64.- David Marples - Danylo Shumuk: Life Sentence. Memoirs of a Ukrainian Political Prisoner. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 352 Athabasca Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E8, 1984, 401 Seiten, Kanadische Dollar 14.95 Barbara Dietz (Hrsg): Zukunftsperspektiven der Sowjetunion. Programm und Wirklichkeit. C.H. Beck, München 1984, 200 Seiten, öS 154.40/ DM 19.80 Cronid Lubarsky (Hrsg): List of Political Prisoners in the USSR. USSR News Brief, München, 325 Seiten Herman Kahn: Nachdenken über den Atomkrieg. Konflikt-Szenarios mit simulierten Situationen im Dienste der Friedensstrategie. Scherz Verlag, Bern und München 1984, 318 Seiten International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (Hg.): A Report from the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. Violations of the Helsinki Accords: August 1983 - September 1984, 195 Seiten, US-Dollar 8.- Edvard Kardelj: Der Übermacht zum Trotz. Erinnerungen an Jugoslawiens Kampf um Anerkennung und Souveränität 1944-1957. Mit einem Vorwort von Dr. Bruno Kreisky. Drava Verlag, Klagenfurt/Celovec und Editoriak stampa Triestina, 1984, 206 Seiten Milo Dor/Reinhard Federmann: Internationale Zone. Medusa, Wien 1984, 223 Seiten Dietrich Frenzke: Verträge der UdSSR über Freundschaft und Zusammenarbeit. Analyse und Dokumentation. Berlin Verlag, Berlin 1983, 276 Seiten, öS 296,40/DM 38.- Helga Hirsch: Bewegungen für Demokratie und Unabhängigkeit in Polen 1976-1980. Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, Mainz 1985, 176 Seiten, öS 171.60/DM 22.- Michael Friedländer: Die ungarische Wirtschaftsreform. Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche. Forschungsbericht 99. Wien 1984, 78 Seiten Ilse Grosser: Der Neue Ökonomische Mechanismus in Bulgarien. Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche. Forschungsbericht 98. Wien 1984, 82 Seiten Klaus Bednarz: Mein Moskau. Notizen aus der Sowjetunion. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1985, 264 Seiten, öS 232.40/DM 29.80
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The article "Nyitva maradt egy ajtó" by Molnár Imre reflects on the life and struggles of the author's father, who lived through significant historical and political changes in Central Europe. It recounts his experiences from the early days of socialism, through the hardships of World War II, and the subsequent communist regime. The narrative highlights the impact of these events on his family, their livelihood, and the broader community. The father's life was marked by forced labor, displacement, and the constant struggle for survival. Despite these challenges, he remained resilient, working in various industries and contributing to the development of infrastructure in Slovakia. The story also touches on the emotional and physical toll these experiences took on him and his family. Ultimately, it is a poignant reflection on the sacrifices made by a generation caught in the turmoil of 20th-century Europe.
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This article discusses a study by the historian Reineccius (1541 – 1595) on aspects of the history of Ancient Thrace and the Thracians. Until now, this work – part of a comprehensive exploration entitled “Historia Ivlia, Siue Syntagma Heroicvm” – has remained unknown to modern researchers and they assumed, that scholarly interest in Thracian history emerged only in the first half of the 18th century. The article begins with brief notes on Reineccius’s biography and works, followed by an overview of the information about the Thracians in his book. It is noted that, in the section titled “Regnum Thracium” the author sequentially examines ancient evidence concerning the geographical scope of Thrace, the strongest Thracian tribes, the Thracians outside Thrace; afterwards he structures the available at his time information of ancient writers about Thracian kings, specifying their family relationships. Special attention is given to the Odryssian kings, constituting about a third of the content. Other kingdoms, which today are considered part of the Thracian ethno-cultural community, are examined in separate sections: Bosphorus, Paeonia and Pannonia, Getica, Dacia and Moesia. The text is complemented by stems indicating established connections between dynasties and kings. Reineccius’s work is remarkable for its rigorous research elements and strict adherence to ancient texts, correctly cited. Undoubtedly, due to these qualities, this study on Ancient Thrace has influenced research on the topic for the next two centuries. Based on the presented facts, it is concluded that Reineccius’s work can be considered the first attempt to systematize ancient information about Thrace and the Thracians.
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This paper for the first time calculates the historical regional GDP (rGDP) for an Eastern European country by using the methodology of Frank Geary and Tom Stark [2002. Examining Ireland’s postfamine economic growth performance. The Economic Journal, 112 (482):919–935]. The estimates cover the period 1925–1935 and are made for the historical Latvian regions Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Zemgale, Latgale, and Riga as well as within the contemporary NUTS3 units. The results are compared with the GDP disparity of the NUTS3 regions of the restored independent Latvia (2001– 2016). The main findings are that the sigma divergence remained stable. Direct comparisons of regional growth rates indicate that economically more advanced regions were more sensitive to business cycles than less advanced regions. Hence, sigma divergence seems to prevail in times of high growth and convergence in times of low growth.
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The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the scholarship and processes that made the home front and the question of provisioning a central issue in a series of economic, social, and political crises in Central Europe. In particular, it focuses on those issues that played a role in the downfall of the Habsburg monarchy. Using the dual perspective of a general survey supported by specific examples from the microcosm of wartime Moravia, it shows how the government (mis)managed production, supply, and consumption, and how these efforts fundamentally altered the relationship of the state to its citizens, and vice versa, resulting in a complete breakdown of loyalty to a government perceived as an utter failure. In doing so, the text summarizes the current state of knowledge and identifies gaps that need to be filled with further research to make the existing picture both more complex and complete.
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In today’s turbulent environment of large-scale geopolitical clashes and fierce geo-economic competition, characterized by complex and self contradictory dynamics, as well as upward escalation, we are witnessing what we call “Trade Wars” and “Technology Wars”. In 2018, the world witnessed an intensifying US-initiated conflict affecting trade and economic relations with the PRC. Almost simultaneously with the “Trade War”, the “Technology War” began, initially directed against Huawei, recognized in 2017 as the most innovative corporation in the world. Initially, an important tool in these wars became the course of decoupling – i.e. “separation”. It is a process by which the deep economic interdependence between the US and China, built up over the past four decades, is gradually diminishing. “Separation” manifests itself in the trade area through trade sanctions, restriction and even prohibition of import or export of certain goods, etc. China’s economy, however, is too large for secession to be a realistic prospect. Therefore, the “disengagement course” is gradually transformed into a “derisking” course. “De-risking”, i.e. reducing the risk to US national security has a more cautious task. It does not seek to limit China’s access to less advanced American technology, products and equipment. But things are different when it comes to products, “know-how” and equipment of the highest technological level. The goal is to strengthen the role of the United States as a global technology leader. High technology will be an increasingly important determinant of economic power in the digitalized and connected world of the future. The Biden administration and the American “establishment” in general, believe that if Chinese technology firms close the gap with their US counterparts this would pose a risk to US supremacy. An important means of achieving this goal of Washington is to enlist not just the potential of the States, but the collective Western potential, including the developed countries of Asia – Japan, RoK, Taiwan and Singapore in the “Technology War” against China. China’s reaction has been multifaceted. But the key response of the Celestial Empire is to pursue a course of technological self-sufficiency. China is making progress in its efforts to create top-class chips and is succeeding in the development of “Artificial Intelligence”. It is difficult to predict exactly how the process of “Trade” and “Technology Wars” the USA and the “Collective West” is waging against the PRC will proceed. In the unfolding geostrategic “chess game”, such moments as mobilizing the full potential of society is of key importance.
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The article focuses on the sewing machine’s role in economic and social history. First, it examines the long development and the marketing and advertising techniques that enabled the sewing machine to find a place in people’s everyday lives. The second part of the article explores the Slovenian territory, the development of the education system, and, consequently, the development of the seamstress profession.
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The joint monograph by Ondřej Vojtěchovský and Jan Pelikán, aptly titled "V čase odkvétání: Československo a Jugoslávie v období pozdního socialismu, 1969–1989" [Blooming Away: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia in the Period of Late Socialism,1969–1989], comprehensively captures the mutual relations in the two decades between the suppression of the Prague Spring and the fall of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. According to the reviewer, it is ground-breaking because the topic has never been dealt with in detail before. In addition to the development of political relations and economic cooperation, the authors also trace cultural interactions and social contacts, especially in relation to Czechoslovak tourism on the Adriatic coast and the involvement of Yugoslav citizens in the grey economy in normalized Czechoslovakia. The authors have conducted thorough heuristic work in the archives in Prague and Belgrade, and the result is a dense yet freshly written factual text, packed with new information.
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As a result of the reforms undertaken by Sultan Mahmud II continued by his son Sultan Abdulmejid I, the social structure of the Ottoman Empire was significantly changed. Especially after the proclamation of the Hatt-ı Hümayun in 1856, the question of integration of the non-Muslim subjects of the Empire took a leading position in its administration, on a central level. The present article aims at presenting a rather different point-of-view on the inclusion of individual representatives of the Bulgarian revival elite in the central governance of the Ottoman Empire. This study was based on some new and unpublished documents, stored in the Ottoman archive in Istanbul. Furthermore, the legitimacy of the representation of the Bulgarians before the official Ottoman government was also addressed.
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The current publication aims to present information about one of the hitherto unexplored in-depth topics in the business relations between trading company “Hadji Mincho h. Tsachev and Druzhie” and the Tapchilestovi brothers, namely for the connections between them in the trade in buffalo hides.The research is based on unpublished archival documents stored in fund 307 “Hadji Mincho Hadjitsachev” in the Bulgarian Historical Archive of the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” – Sofia. The mentioned primary sources are mainly transcripts of letters, the bulk of which are written in Greek language.The present research leads to the following conclusions: the Tarnovo trading company “Hadji Mincho h. Tsachev and company” began to send buffalo hides to the Tapchilestov brothers (or at least to one of them) no later than 1848. The possible routes that were used to transport the hides in that year were through Varna (with the mediation of Y .Papaluka) and through Rodosto. In 1852 and the beginning of 1853 (and probably also in 1851), after the breakup of the Tapchilesov brothers (Hristo and Nikola), the company from Turnovo cooperated with Hristo Tapchilestov in its trade in buffalo hides. The dispatch of goods of this kind in 1852 and possibly in 1853, was carried out with the mediation of the Varna entrepreneurs of Tarnovo descent – the Georgievich brothers.
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The article traces the diplomatic contacts between Byzantium and the West/Papacy in the period after the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1439) until the Battle of Varna in 1444. The crusading initiatives of Pope Eugenius IV (in the person of Cristoforo Garatone, Giovanni Torcello, Ciriaco of Ancona) and of the embassies from the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaeologus to the Pope and the missions of the Byzantine diplomats in Venice, in the courts of the Burgundian Duke Philip the Good and King Alfonso V of Aragon (Andronicus Iagaris, Giovanni Torcello, Theodore Karystinos). On the basis of papal bull and letters, Byzantine documents, letters of Western European rulers are presented, on the one hand, the efforts of Byzantine ambassadors to secure Western aid and crusader ships for the defense of Constantinople and, on the other hand, the attempts of the West to organize a crusade to expel the Ottomans from the Balkans. The actions of some diplomats with dual loyalty who were both Byzantine envoys and papal ambassadors are analyzed.
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After 1878 the restored Bulgarian state set on the way of its European development. Historians determine this development as quite turbulent and the years between the XIXth and XXth century – as economical paragon. Analyzing Pleven model in this article we try to present the current situation of post-Liberation Bulgarian society, as well as the achievements and efforts made by central and regional Bulgarian authorities for the country’s modernization. The main source used is the reports of the Pleven district governors from the comment period, which enrich the knowledge of the socio-economic trends of the era, give a general idea of the period and are a valuable source for this period of Bulgarian history. Looking at modernization processes not infrequently at the center of research in urban centers, while smaller settlements remain on the periphery. For this reason, in the following lines, in addition to Pleven, as the center of one of the counties in the country, we will also consider some of the processes near this town and settlement, thus obtaining a more complete picture of the processes taking place during this period. Analyzing and focusing on the period between these two decades on regional scale, we can easily determine that this development has not been easy at all, that it has been frequently hindered and opposed on behalf of the conservative Pleven citizens.
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The paper examines the evolution of the Bulgarian artillery, its organizational development in the late 19th and early 20th century and the high points of its use in the course of the Balkan War and in particular in the implementation of the Adrianople operation.
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