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After the Liberation the Bulgarian state had a leading role in the development and modernization of the country. The article traces the changes in its institutions and functions in relation to changes in the political system. In the three decades until the First World War it was a parliamentary democracy with moments of deformation of authoritarian type, which was associated with liberal economy and significant socio-economic progress. In the interwar period bourgeois society passed through: an attempt to a left, “rural dictatorship” under the rule of the BZNS (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union); right-authoritarian dictatorship of the People’s Alliance during the government of Alexander Tsankov; restoration of parliamentary democracy under the rule of Andrey Lyapchev and the People’s Bloc; classic authoritarian regime established after the coup of May 19, 1934 and modified in the recovery of important elements of parliamentarianism and the rule of law in the years of the tsarist regime until 1944. Under all regimes, a trend was preserved to strengthen the state’s role as regulator of the economy and social relations, and to increase its contribution to the modernization of the country. After September 9, 1944 Bulgaria was ruled by a dictatorship of the Communist Party within quasi-parliamentary regime. By the end of 1948 totalitarian state was established and by the mid-1950s the totalitarian system of Soviet type was formed. The Party-state implemented expropriation of the means of production, forced collectivization and rapid industrialization, which turned Bulgaria into relatively developed industrial country with a predominantly urban population. The totalitarian system created uncompetitive economy of deficit and lack of motivation for economic activity among citizens deprived of their property and rights. After the collapse of communism in 1989, liberal democratic state began to be built and transition to a market economy on the model of Western democracy has been carried out. This new cycle of modernization of Bulgaria has been quite difficult - an incoherent and incomplete reform process, which has achieved very unsatisfactory results due mainly to the low managerial capacity of the new political elite. Its preference for the use of state power for enriching and privileges creates unproductive business, oligarchic structures and inefficient state without public capacity to provide modern development.
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Defended PhD theses in Bulgaria in the field of linguistics, literature, history, folklore, ethnography and art studies
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Data about scientific events in the field of the humanities in Bulgaria in 2012
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Data about scientific events in the field of the humanities in Bulgaria in 2011
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The thesis deals with selected factors that were influencing the development of employees´ number of Eastern Slovakia Steel factory. The company, today under the name United States Steel Corporation, is situated in Košice, the second largest city of Slovakia, with more than 240,000 citizens. However, during the 1950s the city had approximately 60,000 citizens only, but the census of 1980 recorded in excess 200,000 citizens. For reasons that in the second half of the 20th century, the population increased fourfold which could not be caused by the natural population growth only, it is appropriate to focus on the causes during that particular historical period. The years from 1948 to 1989 are characterized by strong influence of totalitarian regime and government interference in both economic as well as social life of citizens. Above all the interests of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had to be respected, which was reflected also in the type of industrialization and its focus on the Cold War development. In The Czechoslovak Republic the idea of increased industrialization was enforced on the territory of today’s Slovakia. One of the plans was the industrialization of population-rich, but economically declining eastern Slovakia. Košice represented a strategic centre of the eastern part of the republic, in which the construction of industrial enterprises was supposed to be carried out and which impacted on the population. The construction of Eastern Slovakia Steel factory started in 1960. The factory was supposed to provide the biggest number of job opportunities not only in the Košice city, but also in the nearby districts, which led to migration of the population. Therefore, this thesis focuses on depiction of the relation between industrialization and the physical movement of people. There are two types of recruitment actions and activities for gaining workers described in this article. Through numerical data recorded in charts and graphs the rate of recruitment percentage together with explanation of causes stated in reports is highlighted. Additionally, propaganda activities which played a significant role in appealing to public are also depicted. Articles in newspapers and company brochures were supposed to be in favour of gaining persons into employment for metallurgical factory. The article offers opportunities for better understanding of the mutual relation and influence between political system, industrialization and the society. The intention here was the systematization of statistical data that may represent resource for further research in the field of development of Košice, the growth of the population and the total transformation of the city. Furthermore, to provide a resource for the llustration of the nature of political, economic and social changes of the given time period.
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The role of the Janissary corps in the history of the post-classical Ottoman Empire is one of the most debated themes in historiography. Undoubtedly, this role transcended its purely military functions and had much wider social, economic, and political repercussions, not only for the capital of the Empire but also for the provinces. This was particularly true in the context of the decentralization of the corps and their infiltration into local societies and economies in the eighteenth century. This paper aims to examine the local implications of these multi-layered processes in the town of Rusçuk (Ruse, on the Lower Danube), based on information from a rare, detailed mid-18th-century avarız defter. The source provides valuable information on the local society, with a key focus on the military strata in the town of Rusçuk, dominated almost entirely by the Janissaries. The information from the defter offers valuable details about their inner hierarchy, payment structures, and clustering along professional lines in the urban quarters. This exhaustive but generally statistical information will be correlated with data from the kadi court records of the local sharia judges of Rusçuk from approximately the same period (circa mid-18th century). Through a micro-historical approach, the study attempts to provide a more adequate context for understanding the demographic parameters, the degree of infiltration of the military into local society and economy, and their role in the everyday life of the province.
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Book review: Stefka Parveva. Wealth and poverty among rural communities in the province of Rumelia in the XVII–XVIII centuries. Research and documents. Sofia: Publishing House of BAS “Prof. Marin Drinov”, 2022
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In the courtyard of the Pleven prison, during agricultural work, a ceramic vessel with over 7,000 silver coins with a total weight of 8,345 kg was discovered. The treasure was most likely hidden around the 20s of the 15th century. It consists of coins of Sultan Bayazid I (1389 – 1402), Emir Suleiman (1402 – 1411), Emir Musa (1411 – 1413), Emir Mehmed ( 1403 – 1413) and then as Sultan Mehmed (1413 – 1421), Emir Mustafa (1416, 1419, 1421 – 1422) and the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman (1371 – 1395).
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For Scotland 16th century is dramatic and resulted in major changes. The desire of the aristocracy and layman to change the moral of the catholic priests, who continues to ignore their parochial responsibilities, led to the Reformation. In the 1560s nobility, landowners and gentry declined the Papal authority in the name of their faith and converted to the new doctrine which gave them the moral and discipline they needed. Now the laity has the opportunity to own a Bible in their language and the ability to read it. After the religious changes, clergy is not subordinate to the crown, and parochial priests are the leaders of the Scottish society. Political changes coming with the establishment of the new Scottish church cease wars with England and bring a piece for the population in the border areas. The care for the poor becomes a national duty and this unites Scottish people. We may say that this struggle for ecclesiastical changes is not only a religious matter but a matter of nationalism. Creating a Godly society is not the aim only of the reformers but of all the laity in Scotland.
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Until the wars of national unification, the navy and maritime industries developed largely spontaneously, without clear strategy and objectives, with constant opposition from some politicians. The transformation of Bulgaria into a maritime country is a slow and difficult process, also related to a change in the way of thinking. In Bulgaria, as in many other countries, the creation of the military fleet became an engine for the development of other maritime activities and industries.
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The article examines the political evolution of the military from army generals to politicians and statesmen. The study‘s main goal is to show the similarities and differences between the different authoritarian regimes by means of a comparative method. A close view creates different visions of this phenomenon: building a nation-state, saving the monarchy, restoring democracy/coexistence with democracy, and fighting against dictatorship. These nuances make a new face of authoritarianism.
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The presented research aims to mark and compare the main trends of the foreign policy dynamics of the People’s Republic of China by tracing the cultural aspects of diplomacy. It covers the period from the founding of the country to the present day with the main task of demonstrating the curve of changes and attempting to analyze the similar and different factors over the decades that led to the similar periods of isolation alternating with a more open foreign policy. For each period, some of the most emblematic events in the field of public diplomacy are selected, which are indicative of the main challenges facing the foreign policy of the PRC and even give rise to the appearance in the popular space of a specific terminology that refers to the understanding of the main processes such as “ping-pong diplomacy”, “wolf warrior diplomacy”, etc.
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Austrian Habsburg resident in Constantinople Michael Starzer (1610 – 1622) and trans-imperial agent, future Ottoman diplomat and Prince of Moldavia Caspar Gratiani met in the Ottoman capital in the early 1610s. Based on the analysis of the Habsburg diplomat’s correspondence, the current article focuses on the interaction and cooperation between these two men from the spring of 1611 (i.e. when Michael Starzer first mentioned Gratiani in his letters to the Habsburg court) to the appointment of Gratiani as part of the Ottoman diplomatic mission to Linz in the summer of 1614. The main research questions concern the factors that contributed to the good relationship between them and its impact on the development of the Habsburg-Ottoman diplomacy during the first decade after the end of the Long Turkish War.
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This paper examines the personal interventions of the empress in the reform process. Maria Theresa intervened in this process in various ways. First of all, she was able to supervise it directly through her signing of official documents, to which she would add instructions for their enactment to the court authorities or to particular countries of her realm. She also tried to make sure that competent individuals were appointed to the administrative apparatus responsible for implementing and supervising the reforms, irrespective of their social estate – though in this she was only partly successful. In addition, she kept her civil servants in check by requiring them to file regular reports. Finally, by calling for fiscal economies she had a hand in controlling public expenditure.
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Based on rich archival sources, the article studies the failed formation of an “Albanian Regiment” in Corfu by the British army during the Napoleonic Wars. Employing Albanians as marines was deemed useful due to their renowned martial virtues. The failure of the endeavour is attributed to the mistrust among their allies (the Russians and the Ottomans), both of whom coveted Corfu. Examination of the sources reveals that the British wished to form a regiment of Christian or Greek-Albanians. Indeed, the term they used at the time applied not only to the locals of Albania but to all experienced mercenaries in the Balkans. However, this was never made clear to the Russians, who used all the negative stereotypes of the Albanians to undermine the British project, nor to the Ottomans, who wanted to involve Ali Pasha, thereby increasing Russian fears.
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