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Pozemková reforma v politike dominantných politických strán na Slovensku v období 1.ČSR (s ťažiskom v 20. rokoch)

Author(s): Pavol Martuliak / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

In the First Czechoslovak Republic, Slovakia remained its backward agrarian part because of its less developed economic structure. The Slovak agriculture suffered from unequal distribution of land, which caused the “hunger for land” among the poorest farmers – a majority of the Slovak population. The land reform, expected to solve this problem, was carried out according to laws issued by the Parliament, usually in agreement with the Agrarian Party’s policy. The study briefly outlines the development and results of the reform. It also shows the relations and political attitudes of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party and the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia to the land reform and its accomplishment in Slovakia. The focus is on the 1920s.

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Ľudovít Štúr a odraz na peniazoch: ikonografické a historické aspekty

Author(s): Zbyšek Šustek / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Ľudovít Štúr prepožičal svoje meno mnohým uliciam, verejným priestranstvám i niektorým inštitúciám. Význam jeho osobnosti pripomínajú domácej i zahraničnej verejnosti početné výtvarné artefakty. Okrem obrazov, sôch, pamätných tabúľ, medailí a odznakov sú to aj kovové a papierové platidlá. Zobrazenie portrétu Ľ. Štúra na platidlách bolo neraz predmetom zložitých rozhodovaní. Jeho portréty na peniazoch však nie sú jediným spôsobom, ako jeho odkaz platidlá reflektujú. Cieľom tohto príspevku je opis, porovnanie a zhodnotenie týchto skutočností, ako aj ich zasadenie do širších historických súvislostí a do všeobecného rámca symboliky a ikonografie peňažných znakov.

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„Akce D“ proti důchodcům, nepřátelům lidově demokratického režimu v roce 1953

Author(s): Jakub Rákosník / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

„Nesmíme ani na okamžik zapomínat, že cesta k socialismu je a bude i po únorovém vítězství cestou třídního boje. Stále platí, že v únoru byla sice reakce bita a poražena, ale nebyla a nemohla býti dobita a likvidována… Před všemi lidmi dobré vůle, před všemi složkami obrozené Národní fronty stojí úkol reakci isolovat a zneškodnit… A politicky prodělala reakce takový vývoj, že se od ní každý poctivý Čechoslovák musí s hnusem odvrátit…“, hřímal K. Gottwald na IX. sjezdu KSČ, který probíhal ve dnech 24. – 29. května 1949. Perzekuce obyvatelstva po únoru 1948 nabývala nejrůznějších forem. Politické procesy byly pouze onou nejviditelnější špičkou ledovce. Reakce ale měla být zlomena mimo jiné také administrativními opatřeními v oboru sociálního zabezpečení. Integrální součástí „generální linie budování socialismu v Československu“ byla likvidace bývalých panujících tříd a odstranění jejich některých přetrvávajících sociálních zvýhodnění.

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K pôsobeniu agrárneho politického hnutia na Slovensku v rokoch 1918 – 1938

Author(s): Natália Krajčovičová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Pri vzniku slovenského agrárneho politického hnutia sa rozhodovalo nielen o konštituovaní agrárnej strany na Slovensku a jej ďalšom politickom osude, ale vzhľadom na jej význam na slovenskej i československej politickej scéne aj o smerovaní celého politického vývoja v medzivojnovom období a jeho neblahom vyústení v roku 1938.

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Introduction: Towns and Cities of the Croatian Middle Ages: Authority and Property

Author(s): Irena Benyovsky Latin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The question of land property has always been an intriguing one for the European historians, especially medievalists, as practices concerning property are complex. Medieval concepts such as (land) property, ownership, and lease do not correspond to our understanding or to the Roman period. In the changed social and economic circumstances of Late Antiquity, ownership gradually lost its absolute meaning. The notion of land possession also changed radically throughout the Middle Ages.

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Rod Tributinić – Evangelisti (Vangelisti) – starinom iz Jajca u središnjoj Bosni i njegov uspon u Dubrovniku od sredine 15. do početka 17. stoljeća

Author(s): Marijan Sivrić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The Evangelisti (earlier Tributinići, sometimes Vangelisti) kindred, by its is origin from Jajce in Bosnia, who after their arrival in Dubrovnik experienced their growth as well as ascend on the social scale just to become the Antunini – the highs strata of the citizens of Dubrovnik. The first member of the kindred was Gradoje Tributinić whose son Bielosav was married to Anđela, the daughter of Evangelista Moro, and was the founder of the family in Dubrovnik. The linage was continued by his son Brailo who married Patronila, the daughter of Luca Bratosalić, in 1443, as well as by Brailo’ son Evangelista, who married Rusa, the daughter of Thomas Alduardi, the official physician of the Republic of Dubrovnik, in 1469. The next generation of the Evangelisti kindred represents Gabriel, son of Evangelista, who married Margarita, the daughter of Benedict Bratosaljić, while his son, Evangelista Jr., who married Francisca Marina, the daughter of Antun Rugia in 1539, was the last member of the Evangelisti kindred who had male offsprings. Namely, his only son Gabriel Jr., who married Iva Mate Stay in 1595, had not any offsprings. After his death as well as the death of his unmarried brothers Marin, John, Damjan and Anthony in the 1620s, the Evangelisti kindred came to an end.

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Lufta e Skënderbeut kundër Venedikut (1447-1448)

Author(s): Luan Malltezi / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Republika e Venedikut ka qenë një fuqi e rëndësishme shtetërore në periudhën e Skënderbeut. Fuqia e saj ekonomike qëndronte në lidhjet tregtare, që pati shekuj me radhë me Perandorinë Bizantine dhe tregjet e pasura të Lindjes. Lidhjet me Bizantin në tokat shqiptare, realizoheshin nëpërmjet rrugës së vjetër “Via Egnatia”, që vinte në Durrës nga Pulia dhe shkonte drejt Selanikut e Konstantinopojës.

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HISTORICKÝ A URBANISTICKÝ VÝVOJ MESTA BANSKÁ BYSTRICA A JEHO REFLEXIA V ULIČNEJ NOMENKLATÚRE

Author(s): Jozef Petrikovič,Lucia Petrikovicova,Henrich Grežo,František Petrovič / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

As part of urban toponymy, urbanonyms are subject to constant changes. Until the end of the 19th century, they mainly served an orientation function within the city. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, they became an effective tool for political propaganda The aim of the contribution is the historical-urbanistic development of the city of Banská Bystrica in the context of the development of street names in its historical core. In the article, we used the historical-geographical method to identify certain trends in the naming of streets and squares. We consider it one of the most important methods used in this type of work, as it has been applied on several levels. The result of the analysis is a historical overview of the development and changes in street names and their names for the period from 1918 to the present. Socially unmotivated street names prevail in Banská Bystrica. Thus, the city mainly used local and historical names when naming and renaming streets. It was mainly influenced by the changing political situation. Despite this, the art and culture category has the largest representation, with the writer's names dominating street names.

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10.00 €

UTICAJ DOHODOVNE NEJEDNAKOSTI NA PRIVREDNI RAST MALIH EKONOMIJA – SLUČAJ BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE I SRBIJE

Author(s): Elvis Mujkić,Jovana Kuridža / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Income inequality and its impact on the country's economic growth is a frequent and current research question in modern business conditions. The fact that every year the World Inequality Base publishes a report on global inequality in different segments, including the segment of income inequality, speaks of its topicality. This paper tries to give an answer to the question of what is the relationship between income inequality and economic growth in small economies, using the example of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. The hypothesis on which the paper is based is that with the reduction of income inequality comes an increase in economic growth in small economies. The time span of the research is the period of 2000 - 2021. Applying regression analysis, it was found that with the increase in income inequality, economic growth in the analyzed countries decreases and vice versa.

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Przedsiębiorstwa państwowe – kontrowersyjne instytucje II Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Urszula Zagóra-Jonszta / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

State enterprises in the Second Polish Republic aroused enormous controversy. Their existence was not in line with the liberal doctrine dominating economic theory, which was clearly emphasized by academic thought. They were also the subject of sharp criticism from representatives of large industry, who saw them as competition for the private sector. Even government circles also spoke critically against them. Despite this, the state sector continued to develop, constituting approximately 20% of national wealth in the late 1930s. The chapter presents the position of large industry towards state enterprises. Attention was drawn to the duplicity of economic spheres, on the one hand criticizing state sector, and the other demanding subsidies, tax breaks and government orders from the state.

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Economic Relationships between Atonian Monasteries and Byzantium Emperors: The Beginning of Modern Corporate Business Models and Strategies

Author(s): Radostin Vazov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article provides an analysis of the connections between monasteries and Byzantium emperors during the existence of the Byzantine Empire. It specifically focuses on how institutions the monasteries on Mount Athos interacted with the imperial authorities. The study investigates the methods through which these relationships were formed and explores their influence on the environment of that era. Also, the article draws an analogy between the business model used by the Athonian monasteries and modern corporations and shows that it has not changed regardless of the different social systems that humanity has passed through in the last thousand years.

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Visoko u doba Austrougarske uprave 1878–1918

Author(s): Zijad Šehić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Od sredine XIX stoljeća, kada je pitanje raspada Osmanskog Carstva ušlo u akutnu fazu, porastao je interes evropskih država za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Posljedica te nove politike bilo je otvaranje konzulata evropskih država u Bosanskom ejaletu: Austrije 1850, Francuske 1853, Velike Britanije 1856, Rusije 1857, Italije 1862. i Pruske 1864. godine. Poseban interes za Bosnu i Hercegovinu pokazivala je Austrija, koja je u Sarajevu otvorila generalni konzulat, a u Banjoj Luci, Brčkom i Mostaru vicekonzulate. Od tada se u Bosnu i Hercegovinu upućuju vojni i politički stručnjaci, novinari, putopisci, uhode... sa zadatkom da upoznaju i opišu zemlju i pridobiju stanovništvo za svoju politiku. Poraz Austrije u ratu s Francuskom (1859) i Pruskom (1866) preorijentisao je politiku Habsburgovaca na istok. Posljedica te političke preorijentacije bio je Šenbrunski sporazum, kojim je Rusija 1873. priznala Austro-Ugarskoj da ima vitalnih interesa u Bosni i Hercegovini. Austro-Ugarska je smatrala da zaposjedanjem Bosne i Hercegovine ostvaruje značajne ciljeve: u strateškom smislu osigurava posjedovanje Istre i Dalmacije, poduzima značajan korak u ekonomskom i političkom prodoru na jugoistok, sprečava stvaranje velike države na južnim granicama, osigurava svom kapitalu značajno privredno područje, a zaposjedanjem Bosne i Hercegovine bilo bi nepotrebno održavanje Vojne Krajine, jer bi ona tada preuzela njenu pograničnu ulogu.

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Judaika v Archivu České národní banky

Author(s): Lenka Vrchotová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The research community tends to associate the Archive of the Czech National Bank (“the Archive”) primarily with archival documents that are of importance for research on economic history, especially the history of banking, because the archival materials housed there are mostly the institutional fonds of Czechoslovak monetary institutions. This paper shows, however, that research in the Archive’s holdings can provide answers to questions relating to the clients (both corporate and individual), rank-and-file employees, and Jewish managers of these institutions. It acquaints us with the documents of Judaica in the Archive with focus primarily on the source base for three specific areas: bank clientele, the staff policies of monetary institutions, and Jewish financial elites. Particular emphasis is placed on sources that have either not been used by the research community at all or that have been studied only marginally. The paper also provides a survey of research interest in the study of Judaica in the Archive of the Czech National Bank between 2010 and 2020. This shows that research interest in this topic has been relatively constant over the last ten years, but also that researchers on Jewish history have not yet made full use of the diverse archival holdings in the Archive. Three reasons are provided as to why this is the case: there is limited awareness of the sources in the Archive; fewer archival documents now need to be traced by the Czech Republic’s Joint Working Commission dealing with the mitigation of property injustices inflicted on Holocaust victims; and the focus of research on banking history in the Czech Republic is not oriented toward Jewish-related topics.

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Pečeti židovských obchodníků s vlnou z Prácheňska z 18. století

Author(s): Hana Legnerová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The study of Jewish seals from the 18th century in the Mělník estate archives reveals the intricate social and economic interactions of Jewish merchants in Bohemia. These seals, discovered in documents related to the sale of wool, showcase a variety of designs, including zodiac symbols, animals, and merchant marks, reflecting both personal and professional identities. The seals' inscriptions, often in Hebrew and Latin, highlight the integration of Jewish merchants into broader economic networks while maintaining distinct cultural identities. The research underscores the importance of these seals as historical sources, providing insights into the legal and social status of Jews in 18th-century Bohemia. The study also addresses the challenges of interpreting these small and often worn artifacts, emphasizing the need for further research to fully understand their significance. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of Jewish material culture and the complexities of Jewish-Christian interactions during this period.

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Židovské obyvatelstvo Žacléřska od nejstarších písemných zpráv do druhé světové války

Author(s): Vlastimil Málek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The document explores the history of the Jewish population in the Žacléř region from the earliest written records to World War II. It highlights the establishment of Jewish communities, their economic activities, and the challenges they faced, including anti-Semitic measures and the impact of the Holocaust. The text details the presence of Jewish families, their contributions to local industries, and the establishment of Jewish institutions such as synagogues and cemeteries. It also discusses the forced labor camps for Jews during World War II and the transformation of these camps into branches of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in 1944. The document concludes with reflections on the significant yet often overlooked role of the Jewish community in the region's history and the importance of preserving their memory.

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4.50 €

Židovští obchodníci s českým sklem na světových trzích

Author(s): Jitka Lněničková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The document investigates the role of Jewish merchants in the global trade of Bohemian glass from 1900 to 1914, focusing on the Lötz glassworks in Klášterský Mlýn. It highlights the significant contributions of Jewish-owned firms in Central Europe, despite the challenges in tracing these connections due to limited archival sources. The study examines the business relationships between the Lötz glassworks and its Jewish customers, who were involved in various sectors, including retail, wholesale, and luxury goods. It also discusses the geographical distribution of these customers, with a notable presence in Eastern Europe, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The document provides detailed accounts of specific Jewish firms and their orders, illustrating the diversity and extent of their involvement in the glass trade. The research underscores the importance of Jewish merchants in the dissemination of Bohemian glass worldwide and their impact on the industry.

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Hellerové na Kolínsku - obchodníci a podnikatelé v zemědělství a potravinářském průmyslu

Author(s): Ladislav Jouza,Miroslava Jouzová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The document explores the activities of the Heller family in the Kolín region, focusing on the descendants of Elias Heller, a prominent Jewish merchant in Křinec. It details the family's contributions to local agriculture and the food industry, highlighting their involvement in the establishment of the Křinec synagogue and the Jewish cemetery. The text also covers the family's business ventures, including the operation of a mixed goods store and the management of various estates. The narrative includes the construction of a steam mill in Kolín by Moric and Raimund Heller, their involvement in the chicory drying industry, and their participation in local social and political life. The document concludes with the impact of World War II on the Heller family, including the confiscation of their properties and the tragic fate of many family members during the Holocaust.

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Role Židů v dějinách sklářství v českých zemí

Author(s): Jitka Lněničková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The role of Jews in the history of Czech glassmaking spans from the Middle Ages to World War II. Initially, Jewish merchants likely imported high-quality glass from the Mediterranean. By the 16th century, Jews in Prague were involved in glass trading and possibly glassmaking. During the Thirty Years' War, Jewish participation in glassmaking became more evident, with records of Jewish glaziers and glass traders. The 18th century saw Jewish merchants dominating the potash trade, essential for glass production. By the 19th century, Jewish entrepreneurs owned significant glass factories, producing utilitarian and luxury glass. Despite facing antisemitism and economic challenges, Jewish contributions to the glass industry were substantial. The Nazi occupation led to the aryanization of Jewish-owned glass businesses, and many did not return to their original owners post-war. The history of Jewish involvement in Czech glassmaking reflects their resilience and adaptability in a challenging socio-economic landscape.

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4.50 €

Podnikání ve sladkostech s trpkým koncem Velimská továrna na čokoládu, cukrovinky a kávové náhražky a rodina Glaserů

Author(s): Ladislav Jouza,Miroslava Jouzová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Velim chocolate factory, established in 1869 by Jan Pavel Szalatnay and his cousin Justus Emanuel Szalatnay, initially produced coffee substitutes, chocolate, and malt. The factory evolved into a joint-stock company in 1872, producing various coffee substitutes and chocolate. The Glaser family, prominent in the business, expanded the factory's operations, including the production of chewing gum in the early 20th century. Despite challenges during the Great Depression and World War II, the factory continued to innovate and produce a wide range of confectionery products. After the war, the factory was nationalized and became part of the Czechoslovak national enterprise, focusing on candy production until its closure in 1994.

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4.50 €

Osudy rodiny Mandelíků, majitelů zámku v Ratboři u Kolína

Author(s): Ladislav Jouza / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The document details the history of the Mandelík family, prominent entrepreneurs in Kolín and its surroundings. It highlights their rise in the sugar industry, starting with Bernard Mandelík in the 19th century, and the family's significant contributions to the local economy. The Mandelíks were involved in various industries, including oil refining, chemical production, and agriculture. They also played a crucial role in the development of Kolín's infrastructure and social life, supporting cultural and charitable activities. The family's fortunes were intertwined with the broader historical events of the 19th and 20th centuries, including the impact of World War II and the subsequent communist regime. Despite facing numerous challenges, the Mandelíks left a lasting legacy in the region, with their entrepreneurial spirit and community involvement being particularly noteworthy.

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