Dobra szlacheckie i ich właściciele w powiecie orłowskim w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku

Author(s): Michał Marcin Kobierecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The Orłów county, being one of the smallest in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was a part of the Łęczyca voivodship. The towns, villages and other real estate in this county belonged exclusively to the nobility and to the Catholic Church. The contemporary historians investigating the ownership of these properties in the 16th and 17th centuries unambiguously determined that the accumulation of properties and creation of large estates made up of a dozen or more villages did not occur in the said county. The owners of noble estates were not too wealthy, neither in the country nor in the voivodship. The situation did not change in the next century, as confirmed by the study into the records of the chimney tax in 1775 and the head tax in 1790, which covered the entire Łęczyca voivodship. At the time, the most affluent was the voivode of Łęczyca, Szymon Dzierzbicki, being in possession of the town of Bielawa and eight villages, as well as the voivode of Vitebsk, Józef Sołłohub, the owner of Żychlin, six full villages and a part. In 1790, the largest property, including six villages, belonged to the general of the Russian army, Jan Sołłohub. It confirms that no noble estate that would be composed of over ten towns existed in the Orłów county. The area was dominated by small estates, consisting of one or two villages, or their parts, which mainly belonged to the less affluent nobility. In some cases, a village was owned by two or three noblemen, but sometimes even by thirteen. Over the next 15 years, the situation has not changed significantly since the process of property consolidation did not take place. The group of landowners did not grow smaller, and the analysis of the number of chimneys in the villages of the Orłów county in 1790 indicated that a considerable part of the Orłów nobility was working the land and was also tax exempt for having small estate. // Powiat orłowski, należący do najmniejszych pod względem powierzchni w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, wchodził w skład województwa łęczyckiego. Miasta, wsie i inne nieruchomości istniejące w tym powiecie należały jedynie do szlachty i Kościoła katolickiego. Współcześni historycy badający własność owych dóbr w XVI i XVII stuleciu ustalili jednoznacznie, że na obszarze owego powiatu nie doszło do kumulacji i utworzenia kilkunastowioskowych bądź jeszcze większych majątków. Z drugiej strony właściciele dóbr szlacheckich nie byli zbyt zamożnymi w kraju, jak również w województwie. Sytuacja nie zmieniła się w następnym stuleciu, co potwierdzają wyniki badań rejestrami podymnego z 1775 r. i pogłównego z 1790 r., które objęły całe województwo łęczyckie. W tym czasie do najbogatszych należeli wojewoda łęczycki Szymon Dzierzbicki, posiadający miasto Bielawę i osiem wsi, czy wojewoda witebski Józef Sołłohub, właściciel miasta Żychlina oraz sześciu i części wsi. W 1790 r. największy majątek, liczący sześć wsi, należał do generała wojsk rosyjskich Jana Sołłohuba. To potwierdza, że na obszarze powiatu orłowskiego nie było majątków szlacheckich składających się z więcej niż 10 miejscowości. Dominowały majątki niewielkie, składające się z jednej, dwu bądź części wsi, należących w większości do ubogiej szlachty. W niektórych przypadkach wsie miały po dwóch–trzech właścicieli, a zdarzały się przypadki, że nawet 13. W ciągu 15 lat nie nastąpiła zdecydowana zmiana, ponieważ nie dokonał się proces scalania dóbr. Ta grupa właścicieli nie zmniejszyła się, a analiza liczby dymów we wsiach powiatu orłowskiego z 1790 r. wykazała, że spora część orłowskiej szlachty zajmowała się pracą na roli i była również zwolniona z płacenia podatków ze względu na zbyt mały majątek.

Presenting and Establishing the Number of Yugoslav Casualties of World War II from Liberation until 1951

Author(s): Nenad Lajbenšperger / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This article reviews the ϐirst ofϐicial presentation of the number of Yugoslav victims of the World War II. It also shows the way the number changed over the time to reach the ofϐicial number of 1,706,000 victims. It summarizes the activities undertaken for the purpose of establishing the number of victims of war carried out by the State Commission for War Damage (during 1945 and 1946), the State Commission for Determining Crimes Committed by the Occupiers and Their Collaborators (from 1944 to 1948), the Association of Fighters of the People’s Liberation War (during 1950 and 1951), as well as the Ministry of National Defence (during 1945).

Актуални аспекти на дискусията относно глобализацията на икономиката

Author(s): Zoya Mladenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

The study is devoted to an exceptionally topical issue − the globalization of the economy. Since the beginning of the 1980s the latter has turned into a priority scientific field of economic sciences. The study draws the attention to the discussion on the globalization of the economy. The present work has set three interrelated objectives: 1/ to reveal the contemporary state of the discussion on the globalization of the economy; 2/ to seek answers to some of the most important controversial questions by outlining the theoretical grounds for the differences in the views of economists, and 3/ to draw and systematize the positive results of the discussion on the globalization of the economy until the present moment. The main conclusion the author has reached is that although the discussion on the globalization of the economy on a global scale continues with unabated force, the study of globalization has achieved indisputable progress.

За същността и смисъла на стопанската история

Author(s): Pencho D. Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The paper discusses the main characteristic features of economic history. The author makes an attempt to highlight the meaning and social importance of research in this field. These problems are placed in the light of the achievements and shortcomings of the economic history in Bulgaria. The author argues that the cliometric studies of economic history, valuable as they are, are not sufficient to reveal the main trends in world economic development. In terms of meaning, economic history research only makes sense if it brings some benefit to society.

Tire Voyvodası Yeğen Mehmed Ağa ve Muhallefatı

Author(s): Özer Küpeli / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2018

With more than 60 neighborhoods and several villages, Tire was an important townlet in the eighteenth-century Western Anatolia where the cizye and avârız taxes were collected through tax-farming. As a tax-farmer of extraordinary contributions and cizye, Seyyid Yegen Mehmed Agha appeared as an influential figure in the region in the last quarter of the century although sources do not provide details of how long he was able to hold this venture. But we know certainly that after returning from pilgrimage he died in Tire, which instigated the competing process of confiscating his estates. Yet, Ottoman authorities quickly understood that his brother Hüseyin and men, especially his bölükbaşı Mehmed Agha, saved an amount of cash and his several estates from this process by taking shelter in one of the çiftliks. After a rigorous inspection, the bostancibaşı imprisoned Hüseyin who was, however, set free later on the payment of 300 purses of gold and, shortly thereafter, could acquire the same tax farm. Eager to seize Seyyid Yegen Mehmed Agha’s properties, the imperial center appointed Mirahor Cayirzade İbrahim Agha to the confiscation process resulting in the detailed registration of his estates, properties, money as well as wheat, tools and animals on the çiftliks. By utilizing several documents and registers kept at the Ottoman Prime Ministerial Archives, this study examines the confiscation process with a special emphasis on his wealth, which allows us to analyze the investment portfolio of a local notable in eighteenth-century Western Anatolia

Adminisztráció és likviditás: gróf Festetics László anyagi helyzete a 19. század első évtizedeiben

Author(s): György Kurucz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

Estate Management and Liquidity: the Finances of Count László Festetics in the First Decades of the Nineteenth Century Count László Festetics (1785–1846) inherited large estates in Transdanubia. His father, Count György Festetics (1755–1819) was not only the founder of the first steward training college, thereby providing trained agriculturists and stewards for Hungary’s most important sphere of production, but bequethed a well-managed system of domains and consolidated family finances to his son. &e debt level of the Festetics family was outstanding among the Hungarian aristocratic families at the end of the eighteenth century. However, the ensuing boom of the Napolenic wars as well as the combined effects of the government’s devaluation patents issued in 1811 and 1816, whereby previous loans granted in silver or gold were converted to bank notes and treasury vouchers according to a daily rate of exchange, largely contributed to the rise of the Festetics family. Nevertheless, the depression of the 1820s adversely affected Count László Festetics’s financial status resulting in the sequestration of his estates. &is paper is meant to present a general view of contemporary estate management of one of Hungary’s foremost aristocratic families as well as arguing that it was not exclusively due to Count László Festetics’s high-handedness and lavish life style which inevitably brought about the introduction of such drastic measures, but the concommitant effects of a depression also contributed to the substantial deterioration of his finances thereby failing to maintain the required level of servicing his outstanding debts.

XVI. Yüzyıl Osmanlı İstanbulu Gayrimenkul Fiyat Serisi: İstanbul Kadı Sicileri Işığında

Author(s): Yasemin Çiftçi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2018

Istanbul is about Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empires the capital city of three great empires. In our recent past 2010 was chosen as the European Capital of Culture its position in the past in the economic, political and social dimension; continues today thanks to its historical background. As a result of this just Istanbul has the power to represent the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, every research done about Istanbul is the clearest reflection of the Ottoman Empire. The aim of the article is to get the price series of Ottoman Istanbulu real estate and also evaluate way of the series similar of different with XVIth century prive revolution. Price series of Ottoman Istanbulu real estate has created examining real estate sale records that selected in XVIth century shari’ah records in this context. It is said that XVIth century Ottoman Istanbul real estate price series reflects the effects of XVIth century prive revolution as a result.

Miasto i twierdza Ghazni – powiew bogatej historii, prozaiczna teraźniejszość

Author(s): Jakub Gustaw Gajda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 100/2018

Nowadays the Afghan city of Ghazni (Ghazna, Gazni, Ghaznin), is a relatively small center situated in Afghanistan on the strategic road between Kabul and Kandahar. Noteworthy is that Ghazni has a very rich history. As a powerful political and cultural center played an important role in the history of Islam and its transfer from Middle East to South Asia. Furthermore, Ghazni as a fortress is also significant place in the context of Afghan identity building and the political independence of Afghanistan. It was recognized as a symbol of victory and collapse of Imperial forces during the First and the Second Anglo-Afghan War with Great Britain. Currently in Poland Ghazni is known only since the ISAF (International Security Assistance) operation in Afghanistan completed in 2014, but definitely deserves closer attention both in the historical and the cultural context. This paper is intended to bring the history of Ghazni to the attention and to draw attention to the historical role of this city in the cultural transfer and formation of numerous historical state organisms in Central and South Asia. Afgańskie miasto Ghazni (Gazna, Gazni, Gaznin), pozostające obecnie stosunkowo niewielkim ośrodkiem na tranzytowej drodze między Kabulem a Kandaharem, skrywa niezwykle bogatą historię. Niegdyś, jako potężny ośrodek polityczny oraz kulturowy, odegrało niebagatelną rolę w historii islamu i jego transferu z Bliskiego Wschodu i Azji Środkowej do Azji Południowej. Ghazni jako miasto-twierdza to także istotne miejsce w kontekście budowania tożsamości afgańskiej i niezależności politycznej Afganistanu. Było symbolem tak zwycięstwa, jak i porażki wojsk brytyjskich w czasie pierwszej i drugiej wojny Afganistanu z Wielką Brytanią. W Polsce kojarzone jedynie z zakończoną w 2014 r. operacją ISAF (Międzynarodowe Siły Wsparcia Bezpieczeństwa) w Afganistanie, zasługuje niewątpliwie na bliższą uwagę tak w kontekście historycznym, jak i dziedzictwa kulturowego, którego jest udziałem. Artykuł ten ma za zadanie przybliżyć historię Ghazni i zwrócić uwagę na historyczną rolę tego ośrodka w transferze kulturowym i kształtowaniu się organizmów państwowych w Azji Środkowej i Południowej.

Finanse instytucjonalne

Author(s): Jan Krzysztof Solarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2017

Transforming institutions is at the central core of development. Appropriate institutional matrices consist of habits, organizations, regulations, capacities and incentives. One of such successfull institutional matrices is self-regulating market created in Trade Republic of Dutch. The financial system is embedded and interdependent on institutions, both economic and non-economic. This paper aims to clarify the logic of institutional evolution of financial systems in the Netherlands and Japan over the last 500 years. This institutional perspective needs to be reassessed beyond Washington Consensus theoretical constructions in finance. Finally, it seems that only an institutional perspective on finance, can establish a solid base for management of every day financial risk. It does not take place in a social and cultural vacuum.

Na krańcach cesarstwa wschodniorzymskiego – bizantyńska Liguria

Author(s): Sandra Origone / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Obnova jugoslovenske industrije 1944–1947. Ideje, planovi, praksa

Author(s): Aleksandar Rakonjac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2018

Article explores the dynamic time of economic reconstruction of Yugoslavia after World War II. The main part is devoted to the reconstruction of industry, which in economic conception of Yugoslav Communists occupied a key position. In rebuilding of industrial capacities, the state has approached in two phases, according to the methods of state intervention characterized as “unplanned” and “planned” stage. During 1945, political circumstances and little experience in managing the economy, conditioned a voluntaristic approach to the reconstruction of destroyed industrial plants. The beginning of 1946 was a turning point, because the state adopted a one-year plan of reconstruction of the country, which precisely defined what and how should be restored, and the organization is therefore raised to a much higher level than in 1945. Overall conditions were permanently repaired during 1946, which resulted in great achievements in the field of reconstruction, and by April 1947 the reconstruction of the Yugoslav industry was finalized.

ÜSKÜDAR’DA 16. İLA 18. YÜZYILLARDAKİ ŞEHİR SOSYAL VE İKTİSADÎ YAŞAMINI YANSITAN BAZI OSMANLI YÖNETİMİ FERMAN, HÜKÜM VE BERÂTLARI

Author(s): Nihat Falay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2015

In this study, 16 to 18, in Üsküdar. social and economic life in the city century Ottoman edict, has tried to be reflected in the terms and move on patents sample, and the Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul Ahkam Books are the main source utilized Ottoman Archives Catalog. In addition, it benefited from academic publications. Edict from the documents used; Divan-ı Humayun and is registered to the decisions taken in their book. Edict and Üsküdar on Istanbul Divan consisting of the decisions taken in general, and particularly the management of Istanbul's Uskudar, regarding the solution of the problem and it is important to mention that due to the perspective of the central administration. However, this management and solutions are intended to take place at the desired level of city life and time. The important feature of the center held the canon of books, all of the mentioned decision before the Divan record in the book is important judgments and complaints recorded in the later book. As can be seen from these documents, the Ottoman Empire and management, while the whole country, while Üsküdar on urban social and economic life, the foundation's regime, trades organization and institutions, agricultural process and order, financial and commercial life and the taxation system, all the cells of life, texture and operations as well as the common level to follow closely that we can see and edit. This follow-up and assessment process; take measures to prevent verbs and institutions, such as warning and was finally punished as evident in the basic point.

Economic Geography of Poland in the Period of Growth (14–16th Century) in the Polish Historical Study

Author(s): Piotr Guzowski / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

The aim of this article is to present the results of works in the field of economic history and historical demographics, which make it possible to understand the economic geography of Poland in the period of economic growth 14–16th century better. I will focus on such issues as population geography, urbanisation, folwark economy, markets and division into regions of grain production. Key source editions have also been presented, which make it possible to analyse the condition and structure of the population and economy in the 16th century, i.e. tax registers and inventories of royal estates from the years 1564–1565.

Az Osztrák–Magyar Bank és az 1892. évi valutareform előzményei

Author(s): Ákos Kárbin / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2017

In this paper our aim is to present the role of the Austro–Hungarian Bank (AHB) in switching from the Austro–Hungarian Monarchy’s old-fashioned silver coins to gold. The preparations of the currency reform began in February 1889 on Austrian initiative. At the same time an important question emerged regarding the disposal of the silver stock of the AHB, nevertheless the employees of the bank of issue were only involved in the coordination meetings in September 1890. The person of the Governor of the bank of issue had great importance, as the previous Governor did not support the gold currency. Following his replacement Gyula Kautz took the position in 1892, who was a firm supporter of the gold currency.

Közlekedéssel kapcsolatos javaslatok az 1828–1830. évi országos bizottság kereskedelmi munkálatában

Author(s): Adrienn Kapitány / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 04/2016

The paper examines the traffic-related legal proposals of the commercial elaborations prepared by the national committee that operated between 1828 and 1830. While the elaborations, which were regarded by contemporaries as one of the most important, raised attention primarily on account of the problem of customs, despite evident lacunae, also the articles concerned with traffic contained important and modern ideas (such as the regulation of appropriation, or the abolition of the exemptions of the privileged estates from toll-paying on roads and bridges). The issues touched on by the proposals were manifold: the country’s road network, river regulations, construction of canals, drainage of marshland, regulation of carrying trade, and sea shipping. Yet the most important articles concern the financial resources that would make all these activities possible: the establishment of a public fund (fundus publicus) through a voluntary proposal made by the diet – that is, with the financial participation of the estates –, the customs, and the construction of such roads, bridges and, potentially, railways, in the framework of private enterprise, for the use of which all would be obliged to pay without regards to social status. Thus, traffic-related proposals appeared in the elaborations not merely as an economic problem, but, indicating an awareness of the necessity to introduce noble contribution and curtail the tax burden of the peasantry, they also prudently articulated some elements of social reform. Moreover, the planned parliamentary supervision of both the monetary funds and the development works would have been an important political result, for the diet’s competences would thereby have extended to areas that were controlled by the royal Lieutenancy (consilium locumtenentiale) and Chamber (camera Hungarica) without the involvement of the estates. Although the elaborations were never entirely adopted by the diet’s agenda, they were nevertheless instrumental in the enactment by the diet of 1832–1836 of some important traffic-related laws: several chief elements in the articles on the Chain Bridge, the private enterprises and appropriation already appear in the elaborations, and their influence is clearly tangible in some of the laws enacted by the later diets as well. That in such questions the diet came to a relatively rapid consensus was accounted for by the fact that its members were already well-versed in the relevant sections of the elaborations, and thus arrived to the diet sufficiently prepared.

ЗАНАЯТЧИЙСТВОТО И ПОПУЛЯРНИТЕ БАНКИ ВЪВ ВАРНА ПРЕЗ 1933 ГОДИНА

Author(s): Daniela Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The craftsmanship and the popular banks in Varna have developed the economic potential and the social interactions in the city in 1933. A correspondence in a local newspaper testifies to the ongoing discussions about the role of craftsmanship and popular banks, and this has prompted changes in the political and economic base later in time. The purpose of the paper is to provide some documents and testimonies about the conditions, trends and opportunities of craftsmanship in the region during the Great Depression.

Stalinism versus capitalism. Institutional changes in the Polish social policy in the years 1918-1956

Author(s): Paweł Grata / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Goal – the aim of the paper is to present the fundamental institutional changes which took place inthe Polish social policy between 1918 and 1956, i.e. from regaining independence to the end of theStalinist period in Poland. Therefore, the paper will present both the processes that constitute theconstruction of the social policy system, embedded in the European tradition and capitalist economy,and the process of dismantling of that system carried out by the communists at the end of the 1940sand at the beginning of the next decade, which imitated the Stalinist model of social activity of thestate.Research methodology – the paper has been prepared with the use of a number of researchmethods in the field of humanities and social studies, necessary for the proper reconstruction ofinstitutional changes which took place in the Polish social policy in the discussed period. The researchhas been based on the query of the archival sources, printed and legal, as well as specialist press andresearch papers.Score – the construction of the social policy system, which began in 1918, was not completed inthe interwar period, but strong institutional foundations for such a system were created. After theWorld War II its reconstruction was, understandably, based on the pre-war rules. Political and systemicchanges, which took place in Poland after communists gained full power, meant even greater nonuniformitybetween the institutional solutions, which stemmed from capitalism, and the model ofsocialism built in the late 1940s. Along with this process, social policy also underwent salinization and,as the result of institutional changes at the beginning of the 1950s, it had completely different functionsthan in the capitalist economy. It was objectified and it became an instrument of economic policyaimed at socialist industrialization and collectivization of villages. Its main task was no longer to solvesocial issues but to meet social needs. This new role, resulting from the Stalinist system, meantsignificant impoverishment of social policy and limiting the effectiveness of the state activity on sociallife.

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF LOGISTICS

Author(s): Florin Tudor / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2012

The general objective of logistics is to ensure of all necessary things in order to fulfill different missions, plans or actions. This paper aims to show the evolution of logistics when passing from planned economy to the new market based economy in the last two decades. Logistic activity is common in many fields of activity (economic, cultural or military), but the main field where it was consecrated was the economical one. Logistics is the main element of any economic strategy and is the link between many activities. The originality and value of this study comes from the suggestions that have been made regarding concepts and methods that might improve logistic activity.

The early stages in the evolution of Economic Man. Millian and marginal approaches

Author(s): Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

The homo economicus (Economic Man) concept is one of the best-known components of economic theorising frequently recognised as a part of the “hard core” of the mainstream 20th-century economics. This model gained such a high status in times of the marginal revolution, although it was coined in the 1830s by the classical economist John S. Mill. Nowadays, homo economicus is commonly perceived as a model of rational economic agent maximising utility or preferences. The article aims to show that both the Millian approach and the marginal approach were more complex than the contemporary incarnation of Economic Man. One of the key differences between the early stages in the evolution of homo oeconomicus and the modern version of it refers to the notion of rationality. Whereas it is the constitutive element of the 20th-century homo oeconomicus, the requirement of full rationality was never explicitly articulated by Mill and marginal economists. Therefore, at the early stages of its evolution, the homo economicus model would have been much more resistant to the objections formulated against it by the 20th-century critics.

The attractiveness of the project of practical methodology and virtue epistemology for the economic history research

Author(s): Damian Bębnowski / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

Ewa Domańska, a distinguished historian of historiography and the methodologist of history, has provided an insightful commentary on the state of humanities and social sciences. The development of interdisciplinary research in social sciences and humanities has resulted in varying outcomes and interpenetrations. Interdisciplinary research helps the development of science. However, studies undertaken with less rigor may pose some threats into the long term. According to Domańska, the lack of qualifications and care (especially with respect to theory and methodology) may undermine the autonomy of a disciplines and the credibility of research in the given field. This timely warning prompted the author to create the project with the aim to assert the independence of the threatened disciplines and to “re-professionalize” these areas of study. This is to be achieved by emphasizing the role of theory in science—a strong embeddedness of a discipline in the theory. Domańska’s concept, in the form of a dichotomous project, seems to be a recipe for achieving this goal. It presupposes, on the one hand, a “practical methodology”, i.e. constructing the theory basing on empirical research material, and on the other hand the so-called “virtue epistemology”, which stresses an ethical aspect of the researcher’s attitude and labour. The aim of the paper is to discuss Domańska’s project and to draw attention to the originality of her concept in the context of economic and social sciences. The economic history is a peculiar discipline founded at the intersection of history and economics. Thus, it is possible to put forward the thesis that Domańska’s suggestions are relevant to the research of economic history. The author will seek to determine what cognitive opportunities arise from the ontology of economic history and their potential threats to the main disciplines of history and economics. The article will also examine if Domańska’s project is appropriate for the economic history research as it is deeply embedded in “practical methodology”, and so in theory. Next, the author aims to consider the role of new theoretical approaches in this field, and whether it is possible to formulate novel concepts within the scope of the economic history. Finally, the author will attempt to assess the significance of “virtue epistemology” or the ethical aspect of an economic historian’s work.