О проблеме выживания сирот геноцида армян в Oсманской империи

Author(s): Karine Bazeyan / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2016

In 1915-1923 as a result of the Armenian Genocide thousands of the Armenian children were left orphans and converted to Islam. Many of them had died of hunger and various epidemics raging at that time. In autumn 1918, after the end of the World War I, the Armenian associations, the Armenian Church, different individuals, especially soldiers of the Armenian Legion and the Armenian Volunteer Regiments, foreign relief organizations (the American Committee for Relief in the Near East, the Lord Mayor’s Fund of London, the Danish Women's Union, the Russian "Red Cross", the Union of Russian Cities, etc.), as well as international organizations (the “Red Cross”, the League of Nations) carried out active operations to save the Armenian orphans from inevitable loss. The Armenian orphans were gathered from different parts of the Ottoman Empire, Syrian deserts, freed from the Muslim families and Turkish state orphanages. As a result of the orphan gathering operations in 1918-21, more than 77.000 Armenian children were gathered and sheltered in the orphanages of the Armenian and foreign relief organizations of Turkey, Caucasus and the Near East as well as state orphanages in the territory of the Republic of Armenia.

Поједини статистички аспекти организованог исељавања Јевреја из Југославије у Израел (1948–1952)

Author(s): Milan Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2015

The organized emigration to Israel was the most significant demographic changed, apart from the tragic losses suffered during the Holocaust, afflicting the Jewish community of Yugoslavia. This paper focuses on the diverse statistical aspects of the organized emigration, in an attempt to define the primary quantitative and qualitative consequences of this process. The results of our research show that approximately 62% of the Jews living in post World War Two Yugoslavia left for Israel between 1948 and 1952. Within the migration movement, the Jewish communities of individual Jewish states and cities were represented in accordance to their size. Serbia and the Jewish community of Belgrade were the origin of the better part of migrants leaving the country for Israel, with Croatia (Zagreb) and Bosnia (Sarajevo) following. As the migration movement progressed, the number of participants diminished, as the community left in Yugoslavia was ever smaller. This, however, did not lead to later migration waves loosing their significance, as the participants still were a significant part of the Yugoslav Jewish community. The internal structure of the migration movement for the most part mirrored that of the Jewish community in post-war Yugoslavia. In respect to citizenship, gender and age structure, as well as professional orientation the migrants can be considered representative of Jewish community in Yugoslavia in general, as well as the part of that did not move to Israel.

Един графит за престъпление и покаяние от „Св. София“ в Константинопол

Author(s): Thomas Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2014

The paper analyses an Old Russian inscription that was scratched on the marble balustrade of the north gallery in St. Sophia. In its reconstructed form the graffito reads: “Bezneg Alekosa wrote [this]. I killed two persons”. The paleographic analysis allows the inscription to be dated to the second part of the 14th c.

„Fuga lolelor” din Agnita – transfer de funcționalitate și de semnificații

Author(s): Hannelore Baier,Ramona Besoiu,Sorin Radu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The Escape of the Lole (Urzelnlauf) represented a traditional Saxon holiday related to the custom of handing the guild chest over to the new guild master. The event known today in the town of Agnita by the name fuga lolelor – a manifestation in the form of a parade of the Lole and guild representatives who are (mostly) Romanians, Saxons and Hungarians, on the main street of the town, followed by speeches delivered in front of the Town Hall and by traditional Saxon and Romanian dances, as well as the intonation of the Transylvanian Hymn (Siebenbürgenlied) – is really classified under the heading of Culture and Heritage, within the events of Sibiu County. Our study aims firstly to understand the extent to which the Escape of the Lole is still a manifestation of ethnic and regional identity for the Saxon community, the community of the Agnita inhabitants, and how it has become an important means of promoting the local identity and the development of ethno-tourism; and secondly, to identify what encourages Saxons, Romanians or Hungarians to participate in or organize the event. The study uses bibliographic sources regarding the history of the Escape of the Lole, alongside a series of field researches conducted during 2019 in Agnita and the Hârtibaci Valley area.

Ethnic Identities Face to Face: Serbian and Romanian Minorities from the Banat between History and Memory

Author(s): Simona Adam,Mircea Măran / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Ethnic identity is not just given but is continuously constructed and reconstructed from generation to generation. Major historical events and also individual or collective experiences influence the members of ethnic minorities differently. In this paper, we analyse the way in which the ethnic identity of the Romanian minority from the Serbian Banat region and that of the Serbian minority from the Romanian Banat region were constructed during the twentieth century. We start by describing ways of expressing ethnic identity in multiple aspects of social life, such as education, cultural life, religion and publications. We also reveal the most preeminent anchors of identity for each of the two minorities. By combining traditional history sources with oral history resources, we aim to identify the mechanisms used by each ethnic group in maintaining and negotiating its identity through the twentieth century. This paper is the result of a cross-border and interdisciplinary collaboration in which, over the course of the last five years, the two authors have interlaced their historical and sociological perspectives in order to enhance their own individual research interests through joint projects. These projects aim not only to increase scientific knowledge, but also to promote the two minority identities on both sides of the border between Romanian and Serbian Banat.

Profesor Irena Bukowska-Floreńska inicjatorką powstania „Studiów Etnologicznych i Antropologicznych”

Author(s): Grzegorz Odoj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

Medicine Masks of the Iroquois People as Revealed by the False Faces Society

Author(s): Josef Niesyto / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

Present-day Iroquois are seeking to preserve traditional healing methods. Members of the False Faces Society routinely perform cleansing rituals using Hodo masks. The spiritual significance and proceedings of the rituals were conveyed by the employees of the Iroquois community center (Longhouse) and the fellow tribesmen gathered around these centers. The participants provided information on the ways of acquiring, crafting, invoking, storage, and honoring the sanctified, animated artifact – the mask. The author of the article confronts the current position of the Onondaga Reserve and the Grand River Reserve Iroquois with historical teachings. The elder generation of Indians has maintained their faith in the mystical power of the rituals, while the secularized new generation approaches them with a strong skepticism.

Socialism and the Jewish Community in Slovakia

Author(s): Peter Salner / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

This study is based on data acquired by the oral history method and discusses the reflections of two generations of Jews in relation to the socialist regime in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989). The first generation is represented by people who had survived the Holocaust. The second generation is represented by the ‘children of the Holocaust’ (born 1945–1965). They grew up at a time when the political realm was completely dominated by the Communist Party. Their attitudes only changed with the invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. This probe suggests differences which stem from contrasting life experiences.

ETHNOGONICAL MYTHS AND HISTORICAL IMAGINARY REGARDING THE GENESIS OF THE ROMANIANS AND VLACHS

Author(s): Ela Cosma / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Ethnogonical Myths and Historical Imaginary Regarding the Genesis of the Romanians and Vlachs. The study offers a presentation of the ethnogonical myths and historical imaginary regarding the genesis of the Romanians and Vlachs by successive micro-analyses dedicated to the topic. Thus, we analyse: 1. the specific terminology used in this approach (ethnogony, ethnogenesis, eponym heroes, ethnonyms, endonym and exonym, mythonym); 2. the historical and mythical sources of the Romanian ”dismounting” (descălecat) and the evolution of the scholars’ preoccupations dedicated to the genesis of the Romanians; 3. the study case of the ethnogonical myth of the eponym heroes Roman and Vlahata, compared to further medieval legends about people founding brothers, based on the foreign written testimonies and on pan-Romanian ethnogonical ballads and legends; 4. the mythical significance attributed to Romanian ethnogony, comprising the utilitarian function, the spiritual meaning, the moral responsibility and the transcendental sense connected with the foundation of the people, as well as the historical imaginary of the Romanian ethnogenesis, insisting on: the ontological value of the name by which people found their existence, the politicization of geography and the nationalization of geographical differences, the teleological interpretation with regard to the Romanian ethnogenesis and the Vlach ”colonization”.

¿Se baila con la cabeza cercenada en los códices Vaticano B, Borgia y Cospi?

Author(s): Mirjana Danilović / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 30/2019

The aim of the present paper is to analyze the first sheets of the codices Vaticanus B, Borgia, and Cospi where different characters hold the hair of other figures by hand, or hold severed heads. Thus, the work deals with the fragments of plates 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 of the Vaticanus B, the parts of plates 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the Borgia, and the sections of the plates 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the Codex Cospi. In the first part, a systematic study of the body movements of the figures and a detailed review of their past interpretations is carried out. When comparing these sheets with the relevant fragments of other codices, difficulties are observed in discerning the limits between different ritual acts related to severed heads. In other words, the Western concepts of sacrifice, decapitation, and dance with severed heads are interwoven in such a way that we cannot put pictographic, and/or conceptual borders between them. Therefore, the last part inquires into the use of our categories when interpreting codices or other historical sources.

Lumbres, vapores y serpientes. Apuntes sobre algunas técnicas de cocción ritual y sus significados entre los antiguos nahuas

Author(s): Elena Mazzetto / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 29/2019

The research presented in this article focuses on the study of some cooking techniques practiced by the ancient Nahuas in the festivals’ cycle associated with the solar year, called veintenas. First of all, this subject will be studied from the linguistic point of view, by presenting the analysis of Nahuatl verbs related to the action of cooking – aspect still little documented by researchers – and by glimpsing the techniques of food preparation, based on the contact with air, water, fire, etc. Subsequently, the use of two opposite and complementary techniques, roasting and boiling (steam preparation), of prey of hunts and tamales made with amaranth will be analyzed. The study will be carried out by analyzing three of the eighteen twenty-day periods of the solar calendar, in search for the symbolic meaning and the ritual implications of this culinary binomial. In conclusion, the results of the study of the Nahuatl vocabulary related to cooking will be applied to conduct research on the techniques used to elaborate some edible effigies of the Nahua gods, made of amaranth seeds and honey.

Olla, comal y horno de barbacoa: técnicas de cocción de la cocina ritual mixteca

Author(s): Esther Katz / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 29/2019

Among Mixtec Indians of Oaxaca (or Ñu Savi, the People of the Rain), what are the characteristics of cooking techniques performed in festivals or rituals? A diachronic analysis of cooking techniques, associated utensils and festive dishes from a village of the Mixtec highlands aims at answering this question. The festive dishes are prepared in earth oven, a very ancient technique that allows for cooking at once a large quantity of food, in pots (boiled, steamed or fried) or in a plate (for tortillas). The staple food, tortillas and beans, is cooked in festivals. However, other corn dishes –pozole, masa de barbacoa, mole amarillo–, probably more ancient than tortillas, play a major part as festive food. The Mixtec language makes a difference between “cooking food leaving it soft ” (chi’yo) or “leaving it dry” (skasu). Precisely, ritual cooking techniques only fit into the chi’yo category, linked to the symbolism of rain and fertility.

Călătorie în țara românilor – o incursiune etno-jurnalistică în Valea Timocului

Author(s): Adela Marincu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2020

My study aims to emphasize the ethnic, cultural and religious aspects existing today in Serbian and Bulgarian Timoc, with a significant detailing of the identity marks of material culture belonging to the Romanians from the Timoc Valley. The purpose of this study is to define the specificity of the folk culture of Timoc, manifested in the areas in which they live, as an integral part of the traditional Romanian civilization. We will take as a starting point the travel journal entitled Traveling to the country of Romanians, published in 1999, in order to move our steps towards the reality of our days.

L’arbre de mai, un patrimoine immatériel à préserver

Author(s): Maria Tronea / Language(s): French Issue: 1 (33)/2021

The topic I am going to enlarge upon is the Maypole, a thoroughly European symbol of continuity. Erecting a Maypole is a living tradition, associated with both sacred and profane rituals. My approach to the subject is transdisciplinary and discusses the various linguistic forms under which the festival is known in Europe, its place in European ethnological heritage and its symbolism. The motif of the Maypole appears quite often in literature. The pre-Christian origin of the feast is illustrated in Ovid’s Fasti. The Medieval epos preserved this pagan festival which can be traced in French poems and romances, but also in Dante’s The Divine Comedy. Several modern authors such as Anatole France or Marthe Bibesco used the motif of the Maypole and so did Jacques Brel and Georges Brassens in their songs. The motif was also illustrated in the works of many artists, and we only enumerate a few: Bosch, Pieter Brueghel the Older, Goya and Brancusi.

THE TRADITIONAL ROMANIAN FOLK DANCE IN ŞIEUŢ, BISTRIŢA-NĂSĂUD COUNTY, AS PART OF THE WINTER TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. CAROL SINGERS AND THE “BEER”

Author(s): Patricia-Smaranda Mureşan / Language(s): English Issue: Sp.Issue/2021

The present study focuses on the custom of “Beer”, a remarkable event that shaped the evolution of the communities that were part of the Second Romanian Border Regiment at Năsăud, a military unit of the Austrian army in Transylvania between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It focuses specifically on the Şieuţ village and the detailed manner in which this social event was organized by the village’s young men between Christmas and the New Year, when young villagers could attend the “Beer”, an important occasion for social interaction. This research is based on a series of interviews with active community members from then and now and aims to offer an overview of the custom’s meaning and structure. According to tradition, during the Nativity Fast, young men would follow the call of the “bucin” and meet at the house of a host to plan the event. They were assigned the roles of “vătafi” and “colceri” who hired musicians for the event, while the “căprari” were responsible for collecting the traditional pastry received by carol singers. On Christmas Eve, they grouped and went caroling throughout the village. After the Christmas church service, the traditional folk dance (“Beer”) started at the host’s house. The traditional festive garments, the young men going caroling or the traditional men’s folk dance from Şieuţ, included in the UNESCO World Heritage, represent elements of this custom that have survived the passage of time, integrating the traditional into modern life.

ДИНАСТИЈА ОБРЕНОВИЋ И КОСОВСКИ ЗАВЕТ У ВЕРБАЛНОЈ И ВИЗУЕЛНОЈ КУЛТУРИ ДРУГЕ ПОЛОВИНЕ 19. ВЕКА

Author(s): Igor Borozan / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 8/2019

In the second half of the nineteenth century the identity of the Serbian nation was to a large extent defined by the Kosovo Covenant. The paper offers an analysis of the utilization of this covenant in the ideological-political program of the Obrenović dynasty in the nineteenth century based on the evidence of the verbal-visual culture of the time. Various written and visual testimonies bear witness to the developed utilization of the Kosovo Covenant in the media propaganda of the House of Obrenović. The public opinion encouraged the introduction of the Kosovo Covenant question into the foundations of this dynasty’s ruling ideology.

SELÇUKLU DEVLETİ’NİN YÖNETİM YAPISI

Author(s): Abdulsemet Yaman,Eda Akgül Arslan,Cihan Arslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 57/2023

Great Selçuklu State’s bacis create by Kınık to Oğuz being members Mr. Selçuk in 1020 is years. The state was an independent state by Selçuk’s nieces Mr. Tuğrul and Çağrı. After Dandanakan war has been won against Gazneli, Great Selçuklu State was a state literally. The state has become world's largest and most powerful state in a time. In quite a wide geographica, the state has existed as states. States have taken a major step forward in the management and organizational structure. Many statesmen and scientists educated. In 1157 Sultan Sencer has ended with the death of state power. Great Selçuk state to state depending has existed as an independent for some time. However, this did not take long, Anotolia Selçuklu could only be experienced almost century. The foundation of the Anatolian Selçuklu Ottoman Empire in terms of administration and management have contributed indirectly to Turkey's administrative structure.The purpose of this study, the Great Seljuk contributors primarily required in many states, including Turkey and management structure as an example in other areas is to analyze the state's basic structure. The main reason for examining the Great Seljuk State is that this state increases its power in a short time by dominating in a large geographical area. In this study, explanations were made by using the method based on narration in qualitative research. In order to understand the general structure of the Great Seljuk State, the administrative organization and the administrative structure were discussed in detail.

TRADIȚIONAL ȘI ACTUAL ÎN OBICEIURILE DE IARNĂ DIN CAJVANA, JUDEȚUL SUCEAVA

Author(s): Părăscuța Minodora Constantinescu (Dranca) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

This article presents the customs and traditions of the winter holidays in Cajvana, with references to the transformations that have occurred in the last 50 years, the disappearance of some customs, the renewal of others, and the identification of the causes that have produced these changes. The winter holidays encompass most of the traditions and customs specific to the three major holidays: Christmas, New Year, and Epiphany. The article aims to structure the New Year's traditions and customs in Cajvana into three branches: the popular theater of the “outlaws”; the popular religious theater, which includes the religious drama “Irozii”, and the popular masked theater, which encompasses the customs of “Mascații”, “Jocul Caprei”, and “Căiuții”. The article also presents magical practices/rituals for predicting fate, weather or crops, prosperity, and health specific to this period, which was the richest in this regard. This material is based on data obtained from practitioners or knowledgeable individuals of the customs in the locality of Cajvana, Suceava County.

Vegetația în anul ritual al unui sat din Transilvania (Gura Râului, județul Sibiu)

Author(s): Maria Span,Emilia Vaida / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XX/2023

Elements of nature were and are still present in the ritual year of a village in southern Transylvania, Gura Râului. The village is located in a multiethnic region, so it has very well preserved its traditions over time. The popular calendar here is closely related to the religious calendar and the agricultural calendar. Many of the traditions throughout the year are centered on elements of nature with various meanings. Why are the willow sprigs sanctified on the Lazarus Saturday and laid on graves or near icons? Why are people symbolically struck by the lovage on Ascension day? Why are wheat wreaths made at Pentecost and why is it good to have a wreath from the past year in the house, which has been in the church, at the church flags, all this time? Why are wheat grains consecrated on the feast of Saint Parascheva? What role do basil or apple sprigs play in the ritual year? What plants do women hold in their hands during Sunday and holiday service and why? Which are the elements of nature that are related to the rites of passage? This article aims to answer all these questions through the voice of the field. It is fascinating how a traditional micro-society works in the 21st century, in a world where globalization is growing.

PLUGARUL ȘI SUFERINȚA PĂMÂNTULUI – EXEGEZA UNUI MOTIV FOLCLORIC ROMÂNESC

Author(s): Andrei Prohin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1(44)/2023

According to Romanian folk beliefs, the soil suffers when man ploughs it. After the first humans had traced furrows, the soil shed blood and started to shout. To ease its pain, it is recommended to refrain from working at noon and at night, because the earth needs rest, like humans. This folkloric motif has known several interpretations in the Romanian ethnology. Specialists considered it, successively, as an expression of animism, a poetic image, a proof of deep respect for nature, an illustration of the sacred violence committed by the ploughman, etc. The motif of the pain of the soil has a special value nowadays when we confront a serious ecological crisis. Traditional wisdom, thus, offers us an impulse to reflect and reconsider our behaviour towards the environment.