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IMAGINEA EVREILOR DIN MARAMUREŞUL INTERBELIC ÎN MEMORIA COLECTIVĂ

Author(s): Aura Pintea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XII/2010

The fragment of history that Jews from Maramures are connected to risks to be forgotten in the middle of the political, social, administrative events interwar. The subjective history related to them has the chance to be known and to reveal a world that disappeared. Oral history can recreate a mere opaque atmosphere for our world but necessary in the process of reconstruction the unknown history due to the communist rules. The author appealed to the interview as a strategy in order to discover significant moments of childhood, youth, family traditions, capital rules in Jewish community. It is also given a social and economical frame, details about school, clothes, food, rituals, everyday life, celebrations, ethnic relationships, matrimonial strategies, occupations etc. As a conclusion, for the spectacular information already received, the research on this field remains open for oral historians as well as for traditional ones.

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CREDINCIOŞII BAPTIŞTI ŞI SECURITATEA ÎNTRE 1948-1989

Author(s): Denisa Florentina Bodeanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XII/2010

The affiliation of Romania to the ex-Soviet system after the Second World War has as a consequence the eradication of religious cults and demolition of churches. It is also the case of all countries under the aura of the Soviet Union. All he believers stand for an enemy for the communist regime. That is why the surveillance of the cults represented an everyday aim for Securitate. This study, based on 19 interviews to Baptist believers, analyses actions and methods used by Securitate against the Baptist community, the way in which they were received by Baptists and also the oppressions they were kept under.

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ISTORIA ORALĂ CA GEN

Author(s): Alessandro Portelli / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XII/2010

Oral history is a specific category of discourse: history presumes a narration about the past, and oral indicates a mean of expression. As a research field, the linguistic dimensions were underlined regarding its development. A great importance was accorded to speech and the performative act. On the other hand, oral historians became conscious of the significance of dialogue between historians and interviewees. Of the same relevance is what oral researchers hear and what they say or write. That is why oral history is a composite genre, split between narrator and historian, individual and collective discourse, between who said what?, to whom?, why?

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PAPIERS D’IDENTITÉ(S)

Author(s): Jaques Thiers / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XII/2010

Traducere din volumul: Jacques Thiers, Papiers d’identité(s), Aiacciu, Albiana, 2008, pp. 20-33

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MĂRTURIA ŞI MĂRTURISIREA FRICII ÎN SPAŢIUL CONCENTRAŢIONAR ROMÂNESC ÎN DISCURSUL MEMORIALISTIC (1948-1965)

Author(s): Dinu Gherman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XII/2010

Fear, one of the most crucial human feelings, was used by the communist regime to impose certain patterns for signifying reality and inculcating obedience and docility. Representations of fear are all-pervasive in the collective unconscious and can be identified at the level of discourse within the detention memoirs of former political prisoners. Whereas the depth of the confession varies from one individual to another, fear remains deeply ingrained in the collective memory as a lifetime companion

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MOARTEA LUI LUIGI TRASTULLI. MEMORIE ŞI EVENIMENT - MEMORIE ŞI FAPT

Author(s): Alessandro Portelli / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XII/2010

“A lived event”, said Walter Benjamin, “is complete on every aspects, as it is finished in the past; a remembered event is to be completed, because it is a key to connections to facts before and after it happened”. Luigi Trastulli, a 21 years old working man in a steel factory of Terni, in Central Italy, died in an altercation to police forces in March 17, 1949, when workers left the factory to participate to a protest against North-Atlantic Treat signed by the Italian Government. The strike, confrontation and assassination took place in less than 30 minutes, but since then, the remembrance of the episode has a great impact on the identity and culture of Terni. This essay debates on the way in which the event was referred to, changed and interpreted by long and deep memory, regarding both official and oral sources.

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CE FACE CA ISTORIA ORALĂ SĂ FIE DIFERITĂ

Author(s): Alessandro Portelli / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XII/2010

The intellectual community of Italy received in a suspicious way oral history from the very beginning, almost rejecting it. There was a fear that once orality begins, writing (and rationality, they say) will loose territory. In fact, neither written sources nor oral ones do suspend the other. They have common and also different characteristics, proper for each of them. What is proper for oral history? This article tries to reveal some of these specific features: orality, narrativity, the impact of the event on individual or community, the fruitful aspects of witness’s subjectivity, the relationship between the interviewer and interviewee. Also the plurality of views and not them only make oral history surprisingly interesting.

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ISTORIA ORALĂ ŞI ETNOTEXTUL: AFINITĂŢI SUBIECTIVE

Author(s): Doru Radosav / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XII/2010

Having the consciousness of subjectivity, oral history facilitates lots of new methodological fields that focus on subjectivity as well, but in their own manner. Oral sources are, from the very beginning, subjective proceedings to make documents (by the help of interviews, dialogues, questionnaires etc.). Secondly, they are a “bank” of interpretations activated by the interviewee and, thirdly, they create a discourse activated by historians in order to reveal a past reality. Subjectivity is a ’style’ of oral discourse, in the way that it presumes a relationship between oral historian and the witness. Subjectivity – plurality – individuality - personality “give birth” to the discourse and its expressivity, being the subject and, in the same time, the attribute of the reality that tries to assemble the complexity of social livings and the complexity of historiographical researches, both of them crucial for an ample cultural field. Crisscrossing word, identity and subjectivity there is ethno text. This notion of ethno text appears in the eight decade of the last century in France, as a “discourse of a community saying something about itself”, about its identity as dynamics. Oral literature, ethnology, oral history, ethno text put to light affinities and differences regarding subjectivity and qualitative strategies in social sciences. New paradigms illuminate both history and ethnology.

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Смeсванeто на eзицитe и раздeлeннeто на народитe в мюсюлманската традиция

Author(s): Galina Lozanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 07/2007

The story of the confusion of tongues and the origin of nations and religions in Islamic tradition has several non-Quranic versions. All of them have parallels in Judeo-Christian exegesis and constitute separate or “included” motifs in life-stories of three Islamic prophets and „forefathers” – Adam, Nuh, and Ibrahim. The first version is very popular in oral tradition, and it assigns the cnfusion of tongues and the origin of nations and religions to the sacred time or Creation and the earthly life of the first human generation. The plot is based on the family conflict between Adam and his sons, who take a stand against their father and even make a conspiracy to murder him. In order to prevent the fulfillment of the sinful scheme, God confuses their languages and disperses them and their progeny all over the world. The other two versions are well-known in classical Islamic sources. The first is based on the idea of peaceful movement of nations and distribution of languages between post-Deluge generations during the time of the prophet Nuh, and the second is an Islamic version of the biblical story of the confusion of languages of those who tried to build the Tower of Babel and defy God. In Muslim oral tradition they are not popular or have different functions. The second story, for example, is adopted as a proof of the dominant theme in prophetic stories – the theme of the salvation of the righteous prophet and the punishment of the sinful ruler and his supporters. The untypical discrepancy between Islamic literary and oral texts most probably is due to the fact that the popular story is a result of a late – maybe Ottoman – compilation of well-known motifs from the biblical sacred history. It stresses the primordial inequality of religions and nations. Presumably, it was distributed through Islamic education with the intention of creation of both negative and positive ethnic and religious stereotypes among common believers.

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Стeрeотипи за Полша и поляцитe слeд българитe в Полша

Author(s): Katya Mihailova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 07/2007

The number of Bulgarians living permanently in Poland today is approximately eight thousand. They are not a territorially compact ethnic group: the majority live in big cities and can be found virtually all over Poland. Most of them are „love immigrants”: Bulgarians who met their future spouses at the Bulgarian seaside, during their studies in Poland or in other circumstances, and who settled in Poland between the 1960s and 1990s. The article begins by reviewing the stereotypical notions of Poland and the Poles among different circles in Bulgaria. It traces the persistence of some stereotypes – such as those of the Polish urban space, landscape or climate – among Bulgarians visiting Poland for the first time. Since the stereotypes of the everyday culture of Poles are especially persistent, the paper dwells more extensively on Bulgarian stereotypes of Polish food, i.e. taste stereotypes, as well as on behavioural stereotypes of the Polish husband/wife, and of relationships in Polish families between spouses, mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law, and parents and children. It also looks at stereotypes of the festive culture of Poles and of the place of folklore in Polish festive culture. The article examines in greater detail the psychological stereotypes of essential characteristics of Poles, such as religiousness, hospitality, ability to communicate, solidarity, mutual help, independence of spirit, love of freedom. It also looks at stereotypical notions of the attitudes of Poles towards their homeland, towards power and government, towards foreigners, etc.

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Сюжeтитe на българската нацйонална митология

Author(s): Nikolay Aretov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 07/2007

Every national mythology highlights the origin and defines the own and its relations with the others by building narrations presenting the ethno-genesis and the past, both glorious and traumatic. Synchronically, defining the own goes mainly through the regales of the matrimonial norm and so called ‘economy of women’ – relations with representatives of the other sex that are members of other ethnic and/or religious group, and especially the process of adoption of women in communities, different from the own. The article is an attempt to present the main plots of Bulgarian national mythology, existing in the folk-lore and literature from the 19th century as a system. It is focused at the narratives about the abducted treasury – the kernel of Bulgarian national mythology. This abducted treasury could be a woman, books, faith, etc. The victim in the main variation is woman who could be abducted or seduced. Other popular plot has to do with the unhappy effects of the marriage of a Bulgarian man with a foreign woman. The ancient sources are traced and also the meaning that modern nationalism puts in these plots.

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Polska wizja bałkańskiej przestrzeni terytorialnej w kontekście pojęcia "kocioł bałkański"

Author(s): Lilla Moroz-Grzelak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2007

This article is an attempt to answer the question in which way a phrase „The Balcan Pot” has contributed to an image of the Balcan territorial space in Polish literature.The reconstruction of its origins was made mainly on the basis of press materials that were describing historical facts in that area. The meaning of Balcans in the Polish language signified a functioning geographical name, remarking that a process of its introduction was very slow though it was popularized after the Berlin Congress. However, appearing of „The Balcan Pot” as a phrase had a connection with accidents in that area in 1908 and meant originally an ethnic diversity on the Balcan Peninsula. Uprisings and wars added a new meaning to that phrase – a meaning of conflicts. Such an image was cemented by historical works which determined all possible conflicts already in the 19th century with that phrase imposing stereotypical image of the Balcan space. A phrase „The Balcan Pot” contributed to the stereotypical vision of that region in Europe as a territory with unusual ethnical diversity, where incessantly accomplished situations were full of tension and difficulties to resolve.

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Bałkan – „wynaleziona” przestrzeńnarodowa Bułgarów

Author(s): Grażyna Szwat-Gyłybowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2007

The article presents the problem of constructing the Balkans as an „invented” national space of the Bulgarians who in the period of national revival (1762–1878) made an effort to form their national symbolic universe. The process of seeking national tradition was accompanied by the change in the civilization paradigm, abandoning the Ottoman model and turning to the European one, as well as deliberate functionalization of the folk-Orthodox culture. As a result of the interference of folk models and writers’ linguistic and artistic practice the Turkish lexeme balkan has been transformed not only into a sign of national space but also an ambiguous symbol of „Bulgarianness” which undergoes constant ideological reinterpretations.

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Bośnia-kultura podziałów czy dialogu? Przyczynek do dyskusji na materiale XIX-wiecznych relacji wspomnieniowych i etnograficznych

Author(s): Maciej Falski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2007

Bosnia is often viewed as a country of multiculturalism, or on the contrary, as a land of genuine hatred between different nations and religions. This paper’s aim is to question these attitudes which simplify the image of Bosnian culture. The analysis of a few 19 th century texts, among them memories, ethnographical relations and letters, shows how the past can be interpreted. The paper emphasizes categories of social identity used by habitants of Bosnia, confronting them with social practices. In that way, it becomes clear that contemporary categories of nation and religion are not sufficient to describe the social divisions in 19 th century Bosnia. The sense of social affiliation was formed, according not only to ethnic identities, and these cannot be considered as equivalent to contemporary ones. A conclusion is that research on Bosnian culture should consider diverse social factors and levels of analysis.

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Bułgarska mitologia narodowa z perspektywy polskich badaczy (komunikat)

Author(s): Grażyna Szwat-Gyłybowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2007

The article presents Polish research on the Bulgarian national mythology. First person to study the subject was Teresa Dąbek-Wirgowa. Within the spectrum of her interest was the problem of personified symbols of values crucial for the process of forming cultural community (e.g., tsar, bumpkin, and „hayduck”), issues concerned with the image of a stranger in the Bulgarian culture, as well as the category of mythologised national space. In the 1990s. further studies have been taken up by such scholars as Maria Bobrownicka, Wojciech Gałązka, Jolanta Sujecka, Celina Juda, and Grażyna Szwat-Gyłybowa. The researchers focused on the subsequent aspects of myth-creating tendency of the Bulgarians who constantly reinvent their tradition. The article attempts also to reflect on the problem of the social function of such research since it is stigmatized with „symbolic violence”.

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O pojęciu naród w bałkańskim kontekście kulturowym

Author(s): Jolanta Sujecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2007

In my paper I aim to illustrate the meaning of the term народ/нација/националност in the Macedonian and Bulgarian cultural context. I analyse the semantics of the title term in the two different texts, two types of discourse: historical and artistic. The historical type of discourse represent the canonical Macedonian text, За македонцките работи (1903, On Macedonian matter) by Krste P. Misirkov. The artistic type of discourse is exemplified by the canonical poem of the Bulgarian avantgarde poet Geo Milev, Септември (1924, September). The comparative interpretation allows the presentation of the axiological net determining the semantics of the title notions in the first half of the 20th century.

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Поколeнчeски идeнтификации в контeкста на новата eврeйска идeнтичност в България слeд 1989 година

Author(s): Julina Dadova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 07/2007

The text examines the formation of new Jewish identity in Bulgaria during the period of transition after 1989. It explores the dynamic concept of collective identity, studying on the one hand the institutional environment that is a set for development of new identity. On the other hand, apart from the sociological aspects, the analysis includes hermeneutical facets in the form of retrospective reevaluation of individual lives, collective memory difficulties, narrative constructions of the biographic discourse and its relations to the identity as well as the communication between the generations. The article produces generational rhetoric, which occurs in a public Jewish life as a key for the understanding of phenomena of the new Jewish identity as an ideological construct. In this respect, the concept of new Jewish identity is presented as a complex structure that demands understanding both the social milieu and the typology of the experience of the Jewish belonging (taking into account different individuals, different social groups and ages). That is how the research is aimed at displaying the dialectics between people’s own life, the community life, their historical zigzags and institutional manifestations. Thus the new Jewish identity is presented both as a official religious and historical narrative, transmitted trough ideological channels by the new Jewish organizations and a function in a specific Bulgarian-Jewish context, in which generation groups with a different life perspective come across

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Травмата – психосоциална слeда вьв вьзрождeнския повeдeнчeски рeпeртоар

Author(s): Rumjana Damjanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 07/2007

The text comments on trauma as a cultural emotion, reduced to a stereotype in the behavior of the Bulgarian during the 19 th century. It is a complicated structure of inherited and acquired, a projection of various traumatic situations in the life of the Revival man: „under the yoke” situation, cultural delay, economic and trade deficit, the fate of a „foreigner” the term of Schutz) among others. The research follows up the various manifestations of the trauma generated by emotions like fear, shame, rage. Simultaneously with that the historical and cultural situation of the Bulgarian National Revival also finds the ways for overcoming the trauma.

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Поглeд върху връзката на eврeйската и българската градска пeсeн

Author(s): Nikolay Kaufman / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 07/2007

Before the emigration to Israel in 1947–1948, in larger Bulgarian towns there lived over 50,000 Jews, predominately Sephardic. They sang their ancients urban folk songs, whose melodies were often sung by the Bulgarians. Some towns were also populated by Ashkenazi. In the 1930s century the Jewish comedians brought over form Rumania the tunes in the Jewish-Rumanian style, which became smash hit in Bulgaria. In the period between 1944 and 1992 the several thousands Bulgarians who stayed, almost forgot their Jewish songs. After 1992, following the celebrations of 500 years of the Jewish expulsion from Spain, the Bulgarian composers of Jewish origin started creating chorals, most often adaptation of Sephardic or Ashkenazi folk songs. The author of the present article is one of them.

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Królewicz Marko – reaktywacja.O funkcjonalizacji motywów mitologii narodowej w przekazie reklamowym

Author(s): Magdalena Bogusławska,Milena Zorić / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2007

The work known as Marko Kraljević – Reactivation depicts methods of using national mythology elements in media discourse. The example of the Serbian TV commercial promoting bank services has shown how tradition and national symbols function in multicultural environment, understood here as the characteristic of pop culture which in turn combines forms and contents derived from various cultures. The analysis of commercial spots allows one to conclude that commercials, being contemporarily a significant tool of socialization and a record of social changes, play an active role in the transformation process. It fosters a new model of culture along with a new lifestyle and role model both of which constitute a fundamental part of the former.

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