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The document we publish is an analysis drafted by U.M. 0544 (Foreign Intelligence of the Securitate). It reflects the objectives of Ronald Reagan administration towards the Soviet Union and its allies. Drafted in September 1981, the analysis indicates the C.I.A. as the primary intelligence service to influence the development of dissent in Romania. According to the document, C.I.A. objectives were to be implemented through the broadcastings of Radio Free Europe and undercover agents.
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Cadres has been one of the main Sections of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. In order to highlight the importance of this Section in the political structures, the study aims to analyze its organizational development in the Romanian communist regime. I also analyzed its main duties, in order to reveal the contribution of this political structure in imposing the control and order over the society.
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The article presents the minutes of Romanian-Soviet Talks in Moscow, in May 1970. The meeting was organized at Romanian initiative and aimed at discussing sensitive issues in economic bilateral cooperation, and divergences between the two parts in foreign relations and with the international communist movement. The Soviet part used the opportunity to rise past Romanian political stands such as the establishing of diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany, in 1967, Romanian apart stand in the Middle East crisis in 1967, the Czechoslovakian crisis in August 1968, the Sino-Soviet conflict, the visit of president Richard Nixon in Bucharest, in August 1989, and the Romanian opening to the West. The two parts came to an agreement and they decided on the signing of a new Treaty of friendship, collaboration and mutual assistance in July 1970.
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This paper sets out to offer insight into the tragic destiny of a man who was always in search of a life with better perspectives, dissatisfied with what fate had in store for him, refusing the conventional ways and means to accommodate to the society of the time. The false interpretation of the possibilities of gaining recognition, the illegal ways chosen to reach his goals, left their mark on the subsequent life of the young man who at the age of 30 was awaiting the execution of death sentence and already had multiple experiences related to the prisons of the regimes behind the Iron Curtain. These antecedents, corroborated with the obvious repulsion toward the Communist regime have diminished his possibilities of existence, leaving him no other choice after his imprisonment than to struggle for survival within the system network. The almost two decades of cooperation with the Romanian secret police - although it brought him employment, place of residence, a more decent family life, travels abroad, personal success -, eventually became unbearable and he finally chose to emigrate. In the interpretation of events we have leaned mainly on the personal informative files, network files and investigation files kept at the Historical Archives of the Hungarian State Security and at the National Council for Research of Securitate Archives, on information obtained with the help of the oral history method, and last, but not least, on the documents kept by family members.
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In all ex-communist states the issue of citizens collaborating with secret services proved to be very sensitive, as it discusses the moral identity of individuals and, step by step, that of larger communities. The resolution of the collaborators’ issue followed in countries such as the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania the German model of „Gauck Office” (BStU). In Romania, it witnessed significant transformations following decisions of the Constitutional Court, which altered the role of CNSAS (2008, 2012). The study is focused in two main topics. The first refers to the institutional analysis of CNSAS, aiming at several sub-topics: i) institutional transformations from the 1999-2013 period, from the perspective of democratization through transitional justice; ii) defining types of “collaboration” with the Securitate, according to actors categories, following legislative changes; iii) the impact of the Constitutional Court decisions upon CNSAS accomplishment of evidences concerning the statute of Securitate “collaborator”. The second topic refers to the effects of collaborating with the Securitate in the public opinion. To this end, some cases will be analyzed, in order to emphasize the plural and contradictory character of public perception concerning collaboration with the Securitate.
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After the Secret Report, read by the Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev at the 20th Communist Congress in 1956, an illusion of liberalism appear in the Soviet Union. Among others, cultural ties between Romanian People’s Republic and the Soviet Moldova started. After few years, these actions were seen as nationalistic propaganda. However, it was a new start for the old Bessarabian question to be raised in the billateral discussions between Romania and the USSR.
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In the period between 21 and 31 of December 1989 in the martyr city of Sibiu there were registered more than 102 victims, among which 25 were officers and noncommissioned officers of the Militia, two employees of the Securitate, 4 military representatives from the Ministry of National Defense (three of them have shot one another) and almost 300 wounded persons, a lot of material and cultural loses which could not be evaluated and an undetermined number of people traumatized for the rest of their lives. Numerous buildings in the city have been destroyed, some of them being attacked with heavy military equipment under the accusation that they were hiding terrorists. It is not hard to imagine how a city were the army has used shootings looked like. In ten days not less than two million sleeves and missiles of all kinds have been used in this context. The events that took place in December 1989 in Sibiu demonstrate in the most convincing way that the repression against the population, the diversions, the massacres and acts of terrorism were not done by the Securitate officers.
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The condemning by the Romanian authorities of the military intervention in Czechoslovakia, on 21 august 1968, led to an escalation of tension in Romanian-Soviet relations. For the first time after the Communist regime was set up in Romania, Bucharest leaders considered a military confrontation with Eastern big brother. The document we publish is a monitoring of Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs regarding Romanian-Soviet Relations between 21 August-13 September 1968, a climax of tension between the two countries.
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The present study addresses two interrelated issues concerning political violence, namely, state repression or state against the citizens, and insurgent violence or citizens against the state, for the case of communist Romania. In general, insurgent violence represented an answer to state repression. Over the entire communist period, that is, March 1945–December 1989, the patterns of state repression and insurgent violence resulted from attitudinal and behavioral patterns that characterized the functioning of a triangular relational nexus, namely, regime–society–Soviet Union. These attitudinal and behavioral patterns emerged as a result of the successive transformations of the Stalinist model imposed on the Romanian society from “abroad and above” in the aftermath of World War II.
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The historiography of the Soviet type communist regimes granted special attention to the repressive dimension of these regimes, which was often associated to the totalitarian terror, whose purpose was the destruction of the old society and all forms of opposition adjacent to it, with the aim to establish a new order. But the dynamics of Stalinist terror did not only targeted the opponents or the class enemies. Just as frequently, the attention of those who were monitoring the perils that could affect the party, focused also onto their own cadres. Communist parties developed organizational structures the purpose of which was the internal surveillance of everything it could turn into a deviation from the rules imposed by Party line, thus becoming a threat. These institutions evolved as tools of control of the sociopolitical body of the Party, often endowed with discretionary powers, as to decide the exclusion from the Party ranks (purges), and even violent later repercussions (repression). The present paper canvasses an important chapter of the Romanian Workers Party’s purge history, by bringing into discussion an yet unknown document – a memorandum of a what seems to be an underground party structure, which entitles itself as the “Central Committee of the Communist Independent Party”.
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Within Romanian-American political agenda, the topic of Jewish emigration was granted special attention. The matter was discussed with Jewish organizations in the USA, especially in 1970’s and it was motivated by the Romanian interest in obtaining Most Favoured Nation clause. The document we published is the minutes of 11 June 1975 meeting in Washington between Nicolae Ceauşescu and representatives of American Jewish Organizations, given their known influence both within Administration and Congress.
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The article is devoted to the beginning of dissident movement in the USSR in the second part of 1950s. The author tells about response of soviet youth to the XX conference of CPSS and destalinization. The author concentrates attention on clandestine dissident groups, which appeared after the moment when society realized that soviet leaders didn’t going to reform the state. Analyzing dissidents’ programs and worldview, the author makes conclusion, that the biggest part of dissidents in 1950s – 1960s were influenced by soviet propaganda and ideas of communism. The article is based on documents of the Party and Komsomol from St.Petersburg state archives, interviews with former dissidents, memories.
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The article consists in the reflections of the author regarding the events that led to World War I. That was a war that ended a civilisation and marked the beginning of a turmoil in which the entire world was thrown into. Also, the author discusses the meanings of two crucial events: the visit of the Russian imperial family in Romania, on June 1, 1914, and the talks held in the Romanian Crown Council regarding the choosing of the political alliance – Antanta or the Central Powers.
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Economic information plays an important role in the management system of an agricultural enterprise. Many researchers have proved this information to make 60-70% of the information that is necessary for management of an enterprise. This information is the basis for the heads and specialists of an enterprise in constant analysis and control of economic-financial activity of the enterprise, in making management decisions that regulate this activity to obtain positive financial results. Economic information is not monolitic information. Accounting information makes the greatest part (up to 80%) of its structure. According to the stages of formation economic information is classified into primary and secondary information. Primary information is formed where economic processes and financial and enterprise management operations take place. Secondary information is the product (result) of primary information processing. Practically and in theoretical discussions it is called secondary information that is used in making and control of various management decisions. Quality of secondary information (accuracy, reliability and other indices) depends on means and methods to carry operations of initial data measuring, registration, transmission and processing. Possibilities of primary economic information computerization have already been analyzed (Domeika, 2003, et. al). Therefore, this article analyses theoretical aspects of computerized arrangement and use of secondary information (accountting information in particular). On the basis of research results published by Lithuanian and foreign scientists this article analyses the following issues: processes of enterprise accounting secondary information, as the bigger part of economic information, arrangement; forms of secondary information presentation for the user; reports (printed or shown on screen) content and its form design; methods of computerized data base (CDB) formation and rational use.
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One of the three main hypotheses of Positive Accounting Theory states “Ceteris paribus, the higher a firm’s debt/equity ratio, the more likely the firm’s manager is to choose accounting procedures that shift reported earnings from future periods to the current period”. This proposition is based on the statement, that a default on a debt contract is costly, so contracts that define a breach in terms of accounting numbers provide managers with incentives to choose accounting procedures that reduce the probability of a breach. They would like to choose procedures that increase assets, reduce liabilities, increase revenue, and decrease expense (i.e., are nonconservative). This hypothesis is being confirmed by empirical research conducted elsewhere, however, influence of leverage on accounting method choice has not been investigated in Lithuania. Correlation analysis indicated, that Leverage hypothesis was not supported in Lithuanian companies, because majority of firms independently from their debt/equity ratio choose income increasing accounting (depreciation of fixed assets and valuation of inventory) methods. Such a choice could be explained by unfavourable tax system for income decreasing accounting methods, also by companies’ attempts to minimise information production costs. While changing tax laws, increasing availability of companies financial accounting data, further research in this field is needed.
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This article deals with the issues of employees competence development inside the organization that should not be treated as a simple course of educational events, but strategically considered and lifelong process based on self-analysis, planning, monitoring and reflecting one’s own and others’ experience both in an individual way and in collaboration. The analysis of research literature indicated some lack of management solutions that help to integrate both non-formal and self-directed (informal) methods of competence development. The first part of the article highlights the requirements the contemporary world of activity sets for employees with a special emphasis on transferable skills and personal traits. Alongside, the two possible ways of developing employees transferable skills inside organization are discussed. The first one is related to nonformal systematically organized training in organizations. The second one is informal, self-directed development of competence that is based on the theory of experiential learning and emphasizes employee‘s reflection skills. The second part of the article is devoted to the discussion on the managerial solutions for developing employees’ competence by combining both non-formal training and informal learning approaches. For this particular reason the theoretical model of developing employees’ competence inside organization, which embraces the managerial solutions for both non-formal and informal competence development and highlights their interrelatedness, is presented.
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The possibilities to evaluate sustainability are essential for sustainable development. In this article some theoretical concepts, essential for evaluation of sustainability, are analysed. As the objectives, for this the content of concepts of strong comparability and commensurability and strong and weak sustainability are critically investigated. First, the essence of the sustainability concept is discussed. Then the role of strong comparability and commensurability concepts in evaluation of sustainability are analyzed. The role of capital factor in strong and weak sustainability concepts is elaborated. As the methods of the research, logic abstraction, which encompasses generalisations on theoretical systems analysis of the problems of sustainable consumption and production, according to the conclusions and reasoning of scientists from other countries was used in the article.
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