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Calitatea spaţiilor publice în Orientul Mijlociu şi Africa de Nord - o perspectivă comparativă

Author(s): Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor,Liliana Elza PETRIŞOR / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This study specifically analyzes the MENAT area (Middle East and North Africa plus Turkey) using images collected during self-funded on-site documentary studies to look at the public space. The analysis included Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt in Africa, and Turkey and Jordan in Asia. The analysis found out a gradient starting with well designed public spaces in the large cities, down to a lack of care for the public space, seen often as “no one’s land” in informal settlements and small cities. These contrasts between countries, within the same country and even within the same city are a common feature of the analyzed area.

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Schimbări în guvernanţa infrastructurii verzi urbane

Author(s): Oana Catalina Popescu,Antonio Valentin Tache / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Biodiversity loss needs urgent, deep measures and solutions towards sustainability on the scale of the entire society, allowing political, social, economic and technological changes. These solutions involves difficult choices of decision factors in accordance with a new paradigm of governance. It is the role of spatial planning and environment policies to take into account the change in the governance of biodiversity through multiple, simultaneous forms of governance that ensure solutions with a sustainable impact, which are understood and in the interest of all residents. The aim of this research is to assess new findings in the governance of green infrastructure, on the basis of scientific literature of the last years. The analysis focused on the solutions and requirements to transform the present environmental governance so as to stop biodiversity loss and to find key actors necessary in the urban future. The results show that so far, biodiversity governance at local level has had limited effectiveness. New, specific types of urban governance addressing green infrastructure operate more and more often, such as the governance of nature-based solutions. The key actors and mechanisms associated with financing urban green infrastructure are local authorities, citizens and investors, and the financing mechanisms depend on the type and size of the green infrastructure that will be planned.

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Mediul construit românesc - provocări, răspunsuri şi soluţii. Conservarea şi restaurarea monumentelor istorice

Author(s): Gabriel-Valentin Georgescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this study is to bring forth the architect’s role in the conservation process of heritage buildings, following a more traditional path in an era of technologic evolution. It is fundamentally necessary to find conservation-compatible approaches and energy solutions that allow maintaining historical and aesthetic values, while lowering energy costs and minimizing environmental impact. Our study aims to identify methods and techniques for treating and optimizing built structures with historical and/or heritage value with an emphasis on the role of the architect. The paper illustrates how the most appropriate intervention can be achieved through processes that aim to achieve sustainable restoration/conservation. There are several green technologies that might be imbedded into historic buildings in unobtrusive or invisible ways. The restoration and consolidation of historical buildings represent a large and complex challenge requiring the involvement of several competent bodies from different fields, as well as the direct involvement of the community. Through theoretical analysis and by using appropriate methods of identification, evaluation and the choice of measures and techniques corresponding to each case of restoration and consolidation, a future of these structures built to carry forward the cultural heritage of a community or nation can be ensured.

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Grace Nichols’in Şişman Siyah Kadın Şiirlerinde Direniş ve Yetkin Siyah Kadın Bedeni

Author(s): Atakan Salcan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The literature from regions like the Caribbean, heavily colonised by Europe, inevitably reflects the colonial experiences endured. Living under such pressure shapes the literature of the region. Today, even subtle details bear the imprint of colonial oppressions, particularly in how Europe marginalises ‘White’ content. The standout poem addresses body image and self-acceptance, showcasing Nichols’s vibrant language and Caribbean roots. Postcolonial individuals face triple marginalisation due to intersectional oppression. Some strive to resist these pressures by illustrating examples of resistance in their works. The Fat Black Woman’s Poems stands as a significant work addressing themes of race, feminism, and cultural identity. Grace Nichols’ distinct voice and thematic depth make it a notable contribution to poetry. Through her poems, Nichols confronts othering and marginalisation based on gender, race, and body, and resists them. She connects past and future in “The Fat Black Woman Remembers,” explores the relationship between fashion and identity in “The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping,” and critiques Eurocentric beauty standards in “Looking at Miss World.” In this direction, this paper aims to explore how the lyrical I in three poems from The Fat Black Woman’s Poems experiences marginalisation based on race, gender, and beauty standards in the black female body framework, employing an intersectional lens. The main argument is to illustrate how Grace Nichols portrays the othering and marginalisation of the fat black female in her poems, while also demonstrating the poet’s efforts to resist them and to reveal its difference from the other Caribbean poems that deal with these subjects. Öz Avrupa tarafından yoğun bir şekilde sömürgeleştirilmiş Karayip Adaları edebiyatı, kaçınılmaz olarak sömürge deneyimlerini yansıtır. Sömürge baskısı altında yaşamak, bölgenin edebiyatını şekillendirir. Bugün, özellikle Avrupa’nın ‘Beyaz’ içeriği nasıl marjinalleştirdiği konusunda, en ince ayrıntılar bile sömürgeci baskıların izlerini taşır. Öne çıkan şiir, beden imajını ve kendini kabul etmeyi ele alarak Nichols’un canlı dilini ve Karayip kökenlerini sergiler. Sömürge sonrası bireyler, kesişimsel baskı nedeniyle üçlü marjinalleşmeyle karşı karşıyadır. Bazıları eserlerinde direniş örnekleri göstererek bu baskılara direnmeye çalışır. The Fat Black Woman’s Poems, ırk, feminizm ve kültürel kimlik temalarını ele alan önemli bir eser olarak öne çıkar. Grace Nichols’un belirgin sesi ve tematik derinliği onu şiire önemli bir katkı yapar. Nichols şiirleri aracılığıyla cinsiyet, ırk ve bedene dayalı marjinalleşmelerle yüzleşir ve onlara direnmeye çalışır. “The Fat Black Woman Remembers”da geçmişi ve geleceği birbirine bağlar, “The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping”de moda ve kimlik arasındaki ilişkiyi inceler ve “Looking at Miss World”de Avrupamerkezci güzellik standartlarını eleştirir. Bu doğrultuda, bu makale The Fat Black Woman’s Poems’daki üç şiirdeki lirik “I”in siyah kadın bedeni çerçevesinde ırk, cinsiyet ve güzellik standartlarına dayalı marjinalleşmeyi nasıl deneyimlediğini kesişimsel bir mercek kullanarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yazının ana argümanı, Grace Nichols’un bu şiirlerde siyah şişman kadınların ötekileştirilmesini nasıl tasvir ettiğini göstermek, aynı zamanda şairin bunlara direnme çabalarını ortaya koymak ve bu konuları işleyen diğer Karayip şiirlerinden farkını ortaya koymaktır.

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4.60 €

Vasıf Öngören’in Tiyatrodan Sinemaya Uyarlanmış Olan ‘Asiye Nasıl Kurtulur?’ Oyun Metninin Genel İçerik Analizi

Author(s): Burak Akyüz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

How to Asiye Nasıl Kurtulur?, written by Vasıf Öngören, the work tells about the social corruption and collapse of economic life through a woman. The work, which was adapted into a movie by Atıf Yılmaz in 1986, is considered a rich work because it can turn into another art form in this sense. The character of Asiye was dragged into a life other than what she wanted and could not establish herself as a woman. In this work, society’s wrong perspective towards women is also questioned. A general content analysis of the play, which is centered on the women’s issue, was made. It was produced from my doctoral thesis titled ‘Adaptations from Theater to Cinema and a Model Writer: Vasıf Öngören’. When evaluated under the title of Women and Art, women’s problems have been expressed in world theater texts for centuries. In this subject, which is handled in a completely objective manner by a male writer, not only a woman’s inability to realize herself, but also the criticism that she has no choice in the face of life is made. In the general plot of the play, Asiye resisted not to become a prostitute like her mother, but she failed. Her right to education was also taken away. With the deprivation of a woman’s right to education, her difficulties in working life in social life are described. The issues such as harassment and discrimination that she was unfairly exposed to in the jobs she worked before becoming a prostitute are conveyed to the reader in a clear language. In the play, which has a critical attitude on the axis of exploitation and marketing of the female body, the cruelty of the industrial and capitalist world is expressed. This play supported this critical attitude with songs.

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4.60 €

Bir Öznellik Arayışı: İki Yokluk Arasında Bir Varoluş Hikâyesi

Author(s): Derya Güllük / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Constructed on a political, social and cultural ground, women’s identity has been addressed in a wide spectrum in the world of literature. With the 21st century, women’s identity, which has been discussed on an increasingly “politicized” ground, has come to the forefront with feminist theory and postmodern approaches. It is observed that women are questioned about their bodies, sexuality, motherhood roles, marriages and their visibility in domestic and public life, while the distance between the image of womanhood woven within the framework of cultural codes and the women who try to overcome them and want to establish a consciousness of “self” is also emphasized. At this point, Seray Şahiner, who started writing in the 2000s and who deals with the positioning of women in social life and the status of womanhood in her narratives, chose her protagonist from a slum neighborhood in her novel Kul (2007), for which she won the 2018 Orhan Kemal Novel Award, and in her novel Kul (2007), she dealt with the evolution of a woman who makes a living by cleaning stairs into an “invisible” woman by no longer being able to construct her own self when she cannot meet the roles of “mother” and “wife” marked by social norms. Womanhood is again constructed within the framework of the norms prescribed by society, and the woman who fails to meet these norms is unable to construct her own self and becomes objectified under the gaze of society. In Kul, we do not see Mercan in active resistance and she is almost purged from the center of her own life. Due to Mercan’s inability to establish a family, her house could not turn into a home, and the material destruction of the house in coordination with the urban transformation, which is particularly visible in the novel, brought along its spiritual collapse. Şahiner constructs the present of a woman whose past, childhood, longings and dreams we do not know through two absences. There are two important absences in Mercan’s life, two great emptinesses that hurt her deeply; the absence of her husband, whom we do not know why he left her, and the absence of a son who does not exist but whose existence she imagines. While these two absences occupy Mercan’s mind, we also read the wounding effect of not being able to be a wife and mother on her self and her questioning her femininity. In this questioning, he will always look for shortcomings in himself, list reasons and blur reality. Unable to get out of the patriarchal system of thought, unable to transcend the boundaries when she could have been a perpetrator, Mercan is tossed about in the chaos of the city. Constructed through the roles of wife and motherhood, womanhood seems to bury the woman’s self and identity under a pile of rubble when these two foundations on which it was built collapse. Ultimately, in this study, we aim to read the extent to which women’s existence has been blurred within the patriarchal system through the possibilities of feminist criticism.

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4.60 €

Grafik Tasarımda Tipografiye Yansıyan Kadınsal Bir Bakış Açısı: Paula Scher

Author(s): Rumeysa Zeynep Araçlı Dursun,Ugur Bakan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Typography, the backbone of graphic design and founded by Gutenberg, gained a different perspective from the modernist trends in the 20th century. As a result of the effects of the Industrial Revolution that took place in the 19th century, artists who approached art and design with a questioning attitude began to seek more aesthetic, experimental, and innovative designs—this period also brought about very important developments in terms of graphic design. It distanced the design aspect from traditionalism. It changed the course of the development process in graphic design and caused it to experience changes in terms of form and content. Artists also created their works by acting with a more aesthetic way of thinking. Paula Scher, one of these artists who showed herself in the 90s, is referred to as “the most influential female graphic designer on the planet” by Ellen Lupton. Paula Scher created a new design perception thanks to the impressive typographic uses in her designs. Scher stands out with her colorful, limitless, and architectural works. Scher attracted attention by creating a revolutionary design perception by combining architecture and graphic design. This unique perspective of Paula Scher evaluates the perception of design by reconsidering it innovatively.This research aims to examine the change in typography design, which has become a part of graphic design, in the modern period. Typography has been evaluated experimentally and innovatively in terms of aesthetics. It will conduct a detailed examination by focusing on the innovative approaches of Paula Scher, who has become one of the pioneers of this field, to typography design and examine her contributions to the field.

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4.60 €

6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremi Sonrasında Popüler Olan Koruyucu Ailelikte Kadının Görünmeyen Emeği

Author(s): Ayşe Betül Tanrıverdi / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

After the 6 February Kahramanmaraş earthquake, interest and applications for foster care increased. With this increase in interest, the public acted emotionally and the compassion vein came to the fore. After the earthquake, foster family was misunderstood by the public and therefore there was a great increase in applications. It remains a mystery as to why many people who applied to become foster parents for earthquake victims applied and to what extent they have knowledge about the nature of foster care. In foster care, the woman becomes the object who takes care of the child. The child is commodified by the media and after all the processes are completed, the child is mostly taken care of by the woman and the responsibility is assumed by the woman. The woman takes care of the physical and emotional care of the child; she also makes the child the centre of her life with the anxiety caused by the control mechanism. Such a responsibility negatively affects the woman’s private life; her career plan is only the future of the child. Although raising children is a sacred endeavour, the fact that it is socially seen as a woman’s duty brings along a number of problems. In foster care, women come to the forefront; this situation brings emotional labour exploitation for women. In this study, it is tried to understand why many families who want to become a foster family for earthquake victims after the earthquake on 6 February applied, what they aim for, and the invisible labour of women in foster care are tried to be understood from internet newspaper news and comments made on social media accounts. The sample of the research is the news with the keyword “foster family” published in online newspapers between February-December 2023 and the posts on the official page of the Ministry of Family and Social Services. The sample of the study is limited to the year 2023 because the subject of the study is to investigate the increasing popularity after the 6 February Kahramanmaraş earthquake. In the study, content analysis technique is used by using qualitative research method. In content analysis through coding, important parts are described and interpreted.

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4.60 €

Afetlerde Kadınların Kırılganlıklarının Güçlendirilmesi Stratejileri

Author(s): Ayşe Handan Dökmeci / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Natural or man-made disasters can affect all segments of societies, but these effects differ among individuals. It is known that individuals characterized as vulnerable and fragile in the society, especially women, children, elderly and disabled people, are affected by disasters at higher rates. The vulnerability of these individuals to disasters leads to their low capacity to adapt to the environment and survive after the disaster. Their capacity to protect themselves before, during or after disasters is more limited and they are at greater risk for poor physical and psychological health outcomes after disasters. Considering the gender factor, it has been observed that women are more affected by disasters than men. Women’s physical, mental and social vulnerability makes them more vulnerable in disasters. In disaster risk reduction studies, it has long been recognized that gender inequality is a systemic part of risk. While some steps have been taken to increase resilience and strengthen women’s leadership in local governments, much more work remains to be done. Considering climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, and global crises, it is important to remember that gender inequality has always hindered global progress and could pose a greater threat if not addressed. In conclusion, it is important that no individual is left behind in combating natural disasters and ensuring sustainable development. Empowerment of women who are in vulnerable and fragile groups and who are exposed to gender discrimination is very important in terms of disaster management.

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4.60 €

Çatışma ve Afetlerden Barış İnşasına Giden Yolda Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Zümrüdüanka Kuşları

Author(s): Füsun Özerdem / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Discriminatory gender norms and social structures are the basis of gender inequality and explain why women are made more vulnerable than men in many areas of life. In times of crisis, when family and social structures and institutions are disrupted or destroyed, gender norms may be affected and gender inequality increases. The struggle for gender equality is more prevalent in both developed and developing countries, but reports published by various institutions indicate that women and girls are affected worse than men when countries struggle with crises. Climate change and the socioeconomic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, added to the effects of conflicts and natural disasters, further deepen gender inequalities, especially against women and girls. Sexual violence is another disturbing trend noted in United Nations (UN) reports. The UN Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 2023 Report notes that sexual violence continues to lead to both internal and cross-border displacement, with displaced and refugee women and girls facing higher risks. At least one in five female refugees has experienced sexual violence and its effects, including trauma, stigma, poverty, poor health and unwanted pregnancy. Although it is stated that the actual figures are “probably much higher” due to the difficulty of monitoring data and under-reporting of incidents, the report also highlights that “sexual violence is used as a war tactic.”There are many predictions that ensuring greater gender equality and including more women in leadership positions will reduce the likelihood of violent conflicts and will also greatly increase the possibility of peaceful resolution of existing conflicts. Research shows that countries with greater gender equality are more likely to resolve conflicts without violence and less likely to use military force to resolve international disputes. Concerted efforts to increase the number of women in conflict prevention, mediation and resolution efforts include UN Security Council Resolution 1325, adopted in October 2000, ensuring that women can improve outcomes in conflict prevention and peacebuilding.While this study reveals the situation of women affected by conflicts and disasters based on internationally accepted reports despite data limitations, it will also try to explain the effectiveness of women and girls rising from the ashes to prevent or stop conflict and subsequently build long-lasting peace, despite all difficulties.

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4.60 €

Afetlerin Kadın Sağlığına Etkisi ve Hemşirelik Yaklaşımı

Author(s): Esra Gökdağ Balcı,Melike Dişsiz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Disasters are defined as earthquakes, floods, storms, and biological and chemical accidents that cause loss of life and property for people, adversely affect society in physical, psychological, and economic aspects, can be of human and technological origin and are generally unpredictable. The International Disasters and Emergencies Database (EM-DAT) states that more than 26,000 disasters have occurred in the world since 1900.Although the effects caused by disasters negatively affect all individuals, gender-based inequalities affect women and children more, depending on social expectations, places of social status, and biological characteristics. In disaster management, nurses have important roles and responsibilities in maintaining and protecting women’s health under all conditions. These are; pre-disaster risk assessment, post-disaster situation assessment, emergency interventions at the time of disaster, manager, researcher, educator, and caregiver roles in the fields of implementation of infection control mechanisms. The purpose of this review; To examine the impact of disasters on women’s health and to raise the awareness of health professionals on the subject. In line with the studies conducted, it has been determined that women are exposed to unwanted or unplanned pregnancies and reproductive and sexually transmitted diseases due to sexual violence and poverty. After the disaster, serious increases were found in lower genital tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and menstrual disorders. In this process, it has been reported that the use of modern birth control methods has decreased and that unaffordable family planning services have increased. It has been determined that women face various health and breastfeeding problems during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum periods due to inadequate access to reproductive health services and materials. It has been found that pregnancy complications such as premature birth, hypertension, mental problems, and respiratory diseases are more common in pregnant women. It has been reported that the mortality rates of women are higher than men during disasters in developing and undeveloped countries. It has been determined that this rate difference is due to the problems experienced during pregnancy and breastfeeding periods. In the World Disasters Report, it was reported that women were forced to have sexual intercourse to meet their needs in disaster situations. It has been determined that women are at greater risk of sexual and reproductive health problems during disaster periods due to situations such as forced marriage, sexual violence, domestic violence, sexual abuse, and psychosocial problems at an early age. Since women have more risk in disaster periods, it is important to integrate the roles and responsibilities of women’s health nurses specific to the field within the scope of disaster management steps.

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4.60 €

Ukraine

Author(s): Svitlana Goloshchuk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ukraine is a linguistically diverse country, with Ukrainian and Russian being the two most widely spoken languages. It has a long history of linguistic and cultural differences, with the western parts generally being more Ukrainian-speaking and the eastern parts having a significant Russian-speaking population. The language policies adopted by the government have sometimes been a source of tension. In 2012, the Ukrainian parliament passed a law making Ukrainian the sole official language in government and education. This sparked protests and concerns among Russian-speaking communities, particularly in regions where Russian is more commonly spoken. The conflict has also impacted the use of language in political discourse. Ukrainian officials and politicians have used Ukrainian as a way to assert their patriotism and loyalty, while Russian officials and propaganda have portrayed the conflict as a fight for the rights of the Russian-speaking population in Ukraine.

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4.00 €

Russia

Author(s): Martina Uličná / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Political discourse in Russia is strongly influenced by the country’s authoritarian political system. It is often polarized and divisive, with little room for compromise or cooperation between opposing views. The government’s tight control over the media and political opposition has limited the diversity of voices heard, contributing to a lack of constructive dialogue and a failure to address key policy issues.

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4.60 €

Slovakia

Author(s): Radoslav Štefančík,Eva Stradiotová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Slovakia, an immediate neighbor of Ukraine, faced the Russian military invasion and its direct consequences with remarkable resilience. Despite being unprepared for the mass immigration of war refugees, the government, witnessed the effective mobilization of civil society. Individuals, groups, companies, and some public institutions such as schools and local governments organized spontaneous assistance to Ukrainian refugees independent of the state. This display of solidarity was unprecedented in Slovak society, showcasing a high degree of resilience and unity in the face of adversity.

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Hungary

Author(s): Žaneta Pavlíková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The military conflict between Russia and Ukraine has caused concern around the world. Central Europe, including the Visegrad Four countries, many of which are Ukraine´s neighbors and may feel even more threatened, is undoubtedly the most affected region. Although they are members of NATO, which offers them some protection, the threat from Russia is more immediate than ever. This is partly because of President Putin´s claims about these states, the new waves of migrants, and the threat to Europe´s energy security. Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary were the countries where thousands of Ukrainian war refugees arrived. To this day, Slovakia and Hungary have been unable to resolve their energy dependence on Russia.

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4.60 €

Austria

Author(s): Katarína Seresová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

War and language are inextricably linked to human existence. Language serves as a means of communication, while war is one of the oldest ways of resolving conflicts. Initially, these two elements were separate, but their relationship has become increasingly complex over time. In many cases, language is used as a propaganda tool to shape public opinion (Jowett, O’Donnell 2018) and promote war. Since time immemorial, people have used language to communicate, fostering the development of communities and cultures. War has also been a part of human history, as people have had to defend themselves against enemies and protect their territory and resources.

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Germany

Author(s): Silvia Adamcová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article is devoted to the language of the crisis that developed in Europe after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. Olaf Scholz, the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the political leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was elected on December 8th, 2021 after Angela Merkel (CDU) stepped down after 16 years of being Germany´s leader. This article will focus on how the new federal government reacted to this crisis. Our point of view will be supported by a pragmatic-linguistic analysis of the groundbreaking political and media speeches and statements of Scholz and other important German politicians. The contribution focuses on analyzing and evaluating statements which are presented in the form of selected lexis, multi-word units, and sentences. The introduction to the problem is formed by the characteristics of the current media and their importance and influence on the public. In addition, the current social media problems in Germany, Russia, and Europe are described and the role of Russia in the current use of information warfare and propaganda (Informationskrieg) is discussed. This concerns the manipulation of the Russian, European, and German populations through Russian disinformation regarding the war. It is important to assess the position of such a great power as Germany and its partners because they play a decisive role in all European conflicts.

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4.60 €

France

Author(s): Iveta Rizeková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

On February 8, 2022, Emmanuel Macron flew from Moscow to Kiev to inform the Ukrainian president about the outcome of his conversation with Vladimir Putin. The French president announced that after a long and tense exchange of views, the Russian president promised that Russia would abide by the agreements and not cause escalation. Two weeks later, Russian tanks invaded Ukraine, triggering the most significant conflict in Europe since World War II.

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4.60 €

Spain

Author(s): Mária Spišiaková,Nina Mocková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Spanish-Ukrainian relations date back to the times of the Soviet Union. After the Chernobyl explosion, Spanish families began to take in Ukrainian children for summer holidays, and in 1992 diplomatic relations began to develop when Ukraine’s independence was declared. In terms of trade, Spain is the largest importer of Ukrainian grain in the EU and several Spanish companies are based there, including Acciona, which invests in renewable energy. On the issue of the annexation of Crimea and the occupation of part of the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk, Spain has supported Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial unity.

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4.60 €

United Kingdom

Author(s): Ildikó Némethová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Language and politics are intertwined (Niehr 2014). If politicians want to engage citizens, they must master the art of communication. This was true in antiquity, and it is still true today. This is true in democratic settings, but language is also important for politicians in non-democratic regimes (Štefančík 2018). The art of communication is particularly important in peacetime, but it is equally important in wartime. It is important for the aggressor but similarly crucial for the country’s politicians, who have to defend themselves against the aggressor. It is equally important for the politicians in the states who are helping the invaded state. One of the states that is helping Ukraine significantly in its fight against the Russian aggressor is the United Kingdom.

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