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Židovští uprchlíci z Haliče a Bukoviny na Klatovsku v období první světové války

Author(s): Klára Habartová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The document discusses the plight of Jewish refugees from Galicia and Bukovina during World War I, who were forced to flee their homes due to the conflict between Russian and Austro-Hungarian armies. These refugees traveled in large numbers to the interior of the Habsburg monarchy, primarily to Vienna and various regions in the Czech lands. They faced numerous hardships, including long journeys on foot or in overcrowded trains, and were often housed in inadequate conditions. The state and charitable organizations provided some support, including food, clothing, and medical care. Refugees were also subjected to health inspections and quarantines to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Despite these efforts, many refugees suffered from poor living conditions and high mortality rates. The document highlights the significant impact of these refugees on local communities, both positive and negative, and the ongoing challenges they faced even after the war ended.

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Podnikání ve sladkostech s trpkým koncem Velimská továrna na čokoládu, cukrovinky a kávové náhražky a rodina Glaserů

Author(s): Ladislav Jouza,Miroslava Jouzová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Velim chocolate factory, established in 1869 by Jan Pavel Szalatnay and his cousin Justus Emanuel Szalatnay, initially produced coffee substitutes, chocolate, and malt. The factory evolved into a joint-stock company in 1872, producing various coffee substitutes and chocolate. The Glaser family, prominent in the business, expanded the factory's operations, including the production of chewing gum in the early 20th century. Despite challenges during the Great Depression and World War II, the factory continued to innovate and produce a wide range of confectionery products. After the war, the factory was nationalized and became part of the Czechoslovak national enterprise, focusing on candy production until its closure in 1994.

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Klara Fischer-Pollak (1899-1970) (Po)válečné osudy židovské lékařky z Karlových Varů

Author(s): Monika Hanková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Klara Fischer-Pollak, a Jewish doctor from Karlovy Vary, faced numerous hardships during and after World War II. Her life story reflects the suffering of Jews and mixed families during the Nazi occupation and the complex Czech-German relations post-1945. Despite being a capable and dedicated physician, she struggled with legal and social challenges due to her German nationality and Jewish heritage. After the war, she was nationalized and faced significant difficulties in reclaiming her property and resuming her medical practice. Her health deteriorated due to the physical and emotional toll of her experiences. Eventually, she emigrated to Bavaria, where she continued to face challenges but managed to rebuild her life and career. Klara's story is a poignant example of resilience and the struggle for recognition and stability in the aftermath of the Holocaust.

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Z našeho výzkumu týkajícího se Židů v městečku Bezdružice (Weseritz)

Author(s): Ingild Janda-Busl / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The research on Jews in the town of Bezdružice (Weseritz) highlights the historical presence and contributions of the Jewish community in the Czech-Bavarian border region. The study began with the discovery of Jewish cemeteries and memorials in the Tachov area, leading to a deeper exploration of Jewish life in Bezdružice. The Löwenstein-Wertheim family acquired the Bezdružice estate in the early 18th century, and Jewish families, such as the Sinay family, played significant roles in the local economy. The Jewish community faced numerous challenges, including property confiscation and persecution during the Nazi occupation. Despite these hardships, the community's legacy is preserved through historical records and ongoing research efforts. The synagogue and cemetery in Bezdružice, although damaged, remain important cultural and historical sites.

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Materiály k dějinám Židů ve Státním okresním archivu Klatovy

Author(s): Lenka Sýkorová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The State District Archive in Klatovy has seen increased interest in the history of the Jewish minority, despite the absence of a dedicated Jewish religious community fund. The archive primarily relies on state and municipal records, as well as parish office documents. The materials focus on Jewish communities in areas with significant German populations, which were annexed to Germany between 1938 and 1945. The most informative records are from the political districts of Klatovy and Sušice, established in 1850. Jewish communities were organized under association laws, requiring registration and approval by political authorities. The archives contain detailed records of Jewish religious communities, including membership lists, financial contributions, and property management. These documents provide valuable insights into the Jewish minority's history in the southwestern border region.

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NEW MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Geanina Marcela Podaru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The new environmental policies promote an integrated approach to enhance quality of life and social well-being by reducing pollution and its harmful effects. Effective environmental protection requires forward-thinking solutions, including climate change adaptation and reducing fossil fuel dependence. However, local initiatives may conflict with national or regional policies. The construction sector is advancing with innovative, efficient, and sustainable technologies that improve quality of life while minimizing costs and environmental impact. Sustainable construction is essential for the industry's long-term development.

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FREE ASSESSMENT OF EVIDENCE IN THE CRIMINAL TRIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Author(s): Dinu Ostavciuc,Tudor Osoianu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article in reference analyses the principle of free assessment of evidence in the criminal process of the Republic of Moldova. The free evaluation of the evidence excludes the possibility of conferring a pre-established probative power on a piece of evidence. The criminal investigation bodies, the prosecutor, and the court are dealing with the evaluation of each piece of evidence as a result of the joint examination and verification of all the evidence administered. The free assessment of evidence does not imply arbitrariness but the freedom to assess evidence reasonably and impartially. The respective research analyses the opinion of some doctrinaires on the matter, the national judicial practice, and that of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to the provisions of art. 27 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The authors identify the existing problem and come up with revelations, practical recommendations, and proposals to amend and supplement the criminal procedural law.

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GLEANINGS FROM THE CRIMINAL SUBCULTURE. INVESTIGATIVE ASPECTS

Author(s): Alexandru Pareniuc,Nicolae Gulceac / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article includes a brief analysis of the criminal subculture through the lens of special investigative activity. Knowing the negative image of the associations of the criminal world, we will more easily be able to penetrate the secrets of crime, we will better understand its development laws, the causes of its viability, and the factors (causes and conditions that favor it). The conclusions, with which the authors intervene through the modest research, will complete the arsenal of investigative ideas of the investigating officers in carrying out the tasks, stages, and phases of the special investigation process.

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LEGAL MECHANISMS OF REHABILITATION AND COMPENSATION OF THE VICTIMS OF CRIMES

Author(s): Andrei Nastas,Andrei Ungureanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study is generally dedicated to the research of national and international doctrine regarding the legal mechanisms for the rehabilitation and compensation of crime victims. Either way, the protection of crime victims, especially the protection and rehabilitation of victims of violent crimes, is a concern of European bodies and European states, including the Republic of Moldova. The interest in the given subject starts from reasons of social solidarity, and the goal that is pursued in this sense aims at removing or, at least, minimizing the negative consequences in the lives of people who had the misfortune of becoming victims of these acts. It is generally recognized that the intervention of criminal justice alone is not sufficient to remove the consequences of the commission of the crime. At the global level, the subject of the rehabilitation of crime victims has materialized in a series of international acts adopted over time, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, the UN Convention on the Elimination of All forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW), the UN Convention against Transboundary Organized Crime (UNTOC), known as the Palermo Convention, etc. At the national level, the subject of the rehabilitation of crime victims was driven by the international and European context.

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THE LEGAL REGULATION AND STATUS OF MERCENARIES

Author(s): Iurie Odagiu,Vasili Beda / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study focuses on the legal status of mercenaries carried with an emphasis on the historical development of the activity and use of mercenaries phenomenon in the international law context. For this purpose, the main approaches of different researchers to the issue in question were analyzed, and the international normative acts which legally regulate the activity of mercenaries were studied. At the same time, in the framework of the research, the problem of using mercenaries as a method of affecting human rights and preventing the realization of people’s right to self-determination is addressed. The actuality of the specified problem is also underlined by the fact that the geostrategic problems are becoming increasingly pronounced, specifically under the influence of the conflict factor in the Black Sea region generated by the invasion of Russian military structures in Ukraine. Generalizing the whole spectrum of mentioned risks, through our investigation, we can find that the tempo of the development of the mercenary phenomenon in contemporary world at the moment offers this scourge possibilities to obtain some forms of legalization, eroding the lines of demarcation of legal actions and increasingly placing the problem of mercenary activity in the „grey zone” of modern legislations, thus advancing the risks to national and community security to an ever higher level.

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MONEY LAUNDERING OFFENCES IN THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF ROMANIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA – A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Author(s): Radion Cojocaru,Andrei Nastas,Daniela Șoimu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The effective prevention and combat of money laundering constitute a consistent priority for the world’s states, an activity based both on the adoption of international or regional standards and the implementation of their own national preventive systems. Literally, the international and European concern aims to identify solutions to enhance transborder cooperation regarding the suppression of money laundering. In the context of this research, through the comparative method of studying law, the legislation of Romania and the existing legislation of the Republic of Moldova in the field of money laundering prevention were analysed. Besides the cognitive understanding of the phenomenon, such a study provides the opportunity for the Republic of Moldova to adopt positive experiences from Romania’s reference legislation, which is based on rich European experience and best practices in the field of preventing this transnational phenomenon.

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THE PRINCIPLES OF COMBATING AND PREVENTING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Author(s): Andrei Ungureanu,Sergiu Cernomoreț / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study is generally devoted to researching the principles of combating and preventing domestic violence. The Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) advocates three fundamental principles that impose legal obligations on State Parties. Compliance with these basic principles ensures the honouring of obligations (obligations of means and results) assumed by the state in relation to victims of domestic violence. Honouring these obligations and respecting these fundamental principles are aimed at preventing domestic violence, protecting the victims of all acts of violence and bringing the perpetrators of the act of domestic violence to justice. Respecting the rights of the author of violence requires compliance with several legal guarantees when drafting and issuing a procedural legal act. Even if the essential objective remains to establish a mechanism that effectively guarantees the safety of the victim or the person at risk, certain essential principles of law such as proportionality, legality, guarantees of a fair trial and judicial review cannot be neglected. National legal provisions must satisfy the requirements of clarity and predictability, including in national policies on combating domestic violence. The principles of policies to combat and prevent domestic violence reconfirm the rights granted to the victim of domestic violence regarding respect for his/her personality, dignity and private life, information regarding the exercise of his/her rights, special protection, counselling, rehabilitation, social reintegration services, free medical assistance, under legal conditions.

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THE PECULIARITIES OF THE “CONTROL ACQUISITION” SPECIAL INVESTIGATIVE MEASURE ACCORDING TO THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Author(s): Alexandru Cicală,Andrei Nastas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As part of our scientific approach, we propose to analyse the content of the special investigation measure “Control acquisition” through the prism of the legislation of the Republic of Moldova, taking into consideration the opinions of researchers in the field from the country and abroad. Utilizing special investigative measures, some serious, particularly serious, or exceptionally serious crimes can be successfully investigated, as well as the information necessary to identify the causes and conditions that determine their commission, a fact that considerably eases the prevention activity. According to the provisions of art. 1323 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Republic of Moldova, the acquisition of control represents the purchase of services or goods in free, limited, or prohibited circulation for the performance of technical-scientific findings or judicial expertise or the investigation of a crime or the identification of the perpetrators.

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HARMONISATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA LAW IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTIONAL BLOCK AND THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES

Author(s): Vladlen Cojocaru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The importance and topicality of the present topic lie in the report of the daily situation, namely the election of the President by the people. The Law on the election of the President of the Republic of Moldova was declared unconstitutional and revived the provisions of the Electoral Code regarding the election of the President by direct vote by the citizens. Also, the Constitutional Court does not interpret uniformly, its interpretations being erroneous. Taking into account that the Republic of Moldova is a relatively young state, its legal culture is in the process of being developed, and the Constitutional Court, as a body that carries out constitutional jurisdiction, has control of the constitutionality of normative acts and the annulment of legal norms that contravene the Constitution, as well as the interpretation the Constitution. In this study, two concepts that have been permanent in the evolution process are discussed - the constitutional block and the international treaty. Considering the topicality and importance of the theme proposed for research, the main purpose of the work consists of the complex research of the importance of the block of constitutionality on international treaties, as well as the constitution of the French Republic and the Republic of Moldova. Obviously, the content of this work, for clear reasons, could not aim to address all the legal aspects that are required to be invoked in the context of the existence of the constitutional block in France, after which it was also established in other states that were facing such problems but focused on the essential legal and doctrinal aspects identified in the relevant specialist sources. The comparative study includes the identification of the best practices in ensuring other forms of exercising and resolving disputes, arguing the recommendation of a system for the Republic of Moldova, differentiating and comparing national and international normative acts.

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NON-FISCAL TAXES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA: THEIR ROLE AND IMPACT IN TERMS OF REVENUES TO THE NATIONAL PUBLIC BUDGET

Author(s): Nadejda Berghe / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

“Parafiscal” charges are charges levied by public or private agencies on the production and marketing of agricultural products with a view to financing activities for the benefit of the sector as a whole. The characteristic of parafiscal taxes is the fact that they are - like taxes - mandatory (being established by law) and are tracked and collected through the tax administrations. While the taxes are being collected with the dual purpose of imposing a certain conduct in the social-economic environment and being able to cover the general and common needs of society, parafiscal taxes are collected exclusively for the purpose of ensuring complementary incomes at the disposal of the legal beneficiaries of these funds and only from natural and/or legal persons who are expressly covered by the normative acts by which those taxes were established. On the one hand, the multitude of parafiscal taxes implies a high cost for payers. On the other hand, the economic agents must make serious efforts to be up to date with these taxes and tariffs and, moreover, they must give time to their administration, as the state budget obtained from these taxes is significant.

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INVESTMENT INCOME - REGULATIONS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TAX LEGISLATION

Author(s): Corina Bulgac / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The use of financial instruments contributes to additional revenue that can be used for the social and economic development of tax-payers in the long term. The globalisation of economic processes and the deepening of international economic and financial cooperation have led to the diversification of income earned and increased visibility of our country in terms of investment. The Republic of Moldova can be considered an attractive area for foreign investors while, at the same time, remaining a favourable area for domestic investors due to its geographical location, fiscal, political, and social regulations, as well as the existence of a qualified and cheap labour force. The subject of the paper focuses on examining aspects of tax law on financial income from investment activities in national and international practice. A number of methods were used in the research, including statistical, analytical, comparative analysis, content analysis, graphical illustration, etc. In conclusion, as a result of the analysis, it was possible to identify the challenges faced by Moldovan taxpayers who obtain financial income from placement activities in order to ensure an increasing level of income, presenting the advantages and disadvantages.

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS WITH AN INFERIOR HIERARCHICAL NATURE

Author(s): Victoria Arhiliuc,Nicolae Coșleț / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

International organizations occupy an important place in the world system, are in large numbers [1], are classified into various typologies, and have a wide range of research and analysis. In this context, a special place is occupied by international security organizations in which a certain hierarchy is highlighted. The prominent position is on international collective security organizations of major importance, such as the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, which have a well-defined status that includes a stated purpose in the field of collective security, a wide space for the manifestation of competence, and a considerable number of participating members. At the same time, there are international security organizations of an inferior hierarchical nature or security organizations of secondary importance [2]. Although such organizations have a stated purpose in the field of security and cover a considerable geographical area, they do not occupy a decisive place in the world system, do not refer to the category of collective security organizations themselves, have a lower hierarchical character in relation to the concept of Collective Security, having an important role mainly in the regional level. This category includes: The Organization of American States (OAS), The African Union (AU), The League of Arab States (LAS), The Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), etc. [3].

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PRINCIPLES GOVERNING PUBLIC SERVICE

Author(s): Mihai Crețu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this article, we set out to carry out an analysis of the notion of „principles of public service” both in doctrinal terms and in terms of normative regulation. We also made a small foray into the evolution of the legal institution and the notion of public service principles. Particular attention was paid to the definition and enumeration of the principles of public service in both the legislation of the Republic of Moldova and Romania, and also the role that this institution has within the branch of administrative law.

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THE LEGAL REGIME FOR THE TAXATION OF BUSINESS PROFITS IN THE LIGHT OF THE OECD1 MODEL CONVENTION ON INCOME AND CAPITAL TAXES

Author(s): Alexandru Armeanic,Anatolie Cananău / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The OECD Model Convention on Income and on Capital Taxes deals in Article 7 with the tax treatment of profits of enterprises from economic activities, with the exception of those from shipping and aviation (set out in Article 8). The research also carried out a correlative analysis of other articles of the Convention, given the importance, as an interpretative component, of the application of the provisions of Article 5 (on permanent establishment) with those of Article 7 (profits of enterprises). The correct application of Article 7 is conditional on a proper understanding of the concept of permanent establishment, and numerous arguments are put forward in support of this assertion. This is apparent from the very structure of the first paragraph of Article 7, which lays down the rule for taxation of profits from business activities by the State of residence. There is an exception in this case: where the taxable person carries on business activities using a permanent establishment situated in the source State, the right of taxation accrues to the source State, but only in respect of those profits which arise from activities carried on in the permanent establishment. In other words - the source State will not be able to tax profits arising from business carried on in the territory or to the extent that they do not arise from activities carried on at the permanent establishment.

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THE (IM)MATERIAL OBJECT OF ILLICIT ENRICHMENT ACCORDING TO ART. 330 CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Author(s): Petru Vîrlan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Offenses outlined in Article 3302 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova fall within the category of criminal acts that, in a unique way, impact the proper conduct of activities in the public sphere. Through these rules, the legislator forbids, subject to penalties, the enrichment of the public agent through actions that generate illicit income. A pivotal issue currently under substantial debate revolves around the compatibility of illicit enrichment with human rights principles and concerns regarding the perceived reversal of the burden of proof. Insights from several states that have successfully addressed challenges related to the criminalization of illicit enrichment can be examined and harmonized with the existing legislative framework. Moreover, the definition and analysis of the material object of the crime of illicit enrichment consists in the material entity on which the direct criminal act is directed, through which the legal object of the crime is affected; thus, we can elude the framework of application of this criminalization rule.

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