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Abstract. Migrant diasporas accumulate human, financial, and social capital that can spur development back in their homeland. Serbian policies could better promote the associated forms of capital accumulation that the current migrant diasporas offer through partnerships covering many types of joint actions. These include, in particular, supporting existing initiatives, developing collaboration between Serbia and host countries, offering contract alliances at the local level with regions and municipalities, as well as collaborating with private actors such as banks, public enterprises, chambers of commerce and business services. This paper discusses the Serbian migrant population and its current socio-economic characteristics, as well as how this segment of the population on the move could better foster Serbian economic development. The paper also considers four main channels through which migration generates effects on the home country. Considered are: domestic capacity, remittance flows, social networks, and return migration. This essay suggests an important area for future research that would examine how to transition from brain drain to brain gain and to find answers regarding how to mobilize Serbia’s skilled diaspora.
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Abstract. This paper studies the migration movements from and to Bulgaria since 1989 and examines their most important impacts. The first section assembles the available statistics concerning in- and out-migration flows in Bulgaria during the last two decades. Furthermore, the main reasons for emigration, the types of outgoing migration, and the target countries are also provided. Similar classification of immigration into the country is also presented. In the second section, the study draws attention to a number of direct and indirect impacts caused by the massive emigration flows. In this regard, emphasis is placed on the demographic effects, the consequences for the country’s economy as a whole, and the labor market in particular. Moreover, it examines the implications of migration on labor market shortages, labor productivity, wage levels and inflation rates, as well as the effects of remittances and the brain drain phenomenon. Finally, the paper investigates the potential of the Bulgarian diaspora and governmental measures designed to attract Bulgarian emigrants and nationals living abroad.
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Abstract. International migration has not played as important a role in Hungary’s economic development as have international trade and foreign investments. Nevertheless, immigration has affected considerably the demographic processes of the country in the last 15-20 years. Comparing the 1990s with the recent years, the main objective of this study is to highlight the new trends, driving forces and (potential) consequences of migration in the case of Hungary. The analysis points out the traditionally important (but slightly decreasing) role of ethnic Hungarians living in the neighbouring countries in immigration. It also describes the main factors explaining the relatively low level of emigration, and shows the growing importance of some special patterns of migration. It is concluded that migration has not had significant economic impacts on the macro-level, but that it has affected considerably the development of some industries and regions. It is also suggested that the new challenges and opportunities that have been emerged since EU accession require Hungary to map out a long-term migration strategy.
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Którejś wiosny – chyba w roku 2000 – wybraliśmy się z Profesorem na spacer po Warszawie. Pokazywał mi miejsca, z którymi był szczególnie związany. Najpierw poszliśmy na Solec, gdzie się urodził i mieszkał przez pierwsze lata życia. Potem na Marymont, gdzie chodził do szkoły. I wreszcie na Franciszkańską, gdzie rodzina przeprowadziła się kilka lat przed wojną i gdzie zastało ich getto. Profesor opowiadał o rodzicach, dwóch siostrach: tej starszej o osiem lat, która mu matkowała, i tej młodszej o dziewięć lat, którą on – jak mógł – opiekował się w getcie, gdy wszyscy pomarli. O swoim intensywnym życiu w środowisku Ha-Szomer ha-Cair – o przyjaźniach, wielkiej miłości, ślubie w czasie akcji wysiedleńczej, wspólnym życiu w bunkrze w czasie powstania i rozstaniu z żoną w obozie na Majdanku, gdzie ona zginęła, a jego wywieziono do Auschwitz. Długo spacerowaliśmy po Lesznie, gdzie zachowało się jeszcze okno, będące w getcie oknem szpitala, w którym leżała jego Matka chora na tyfus, a on przychodził,
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The Archives of the Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute contain autobiographical sources well-known to researchers, such as accounts, diaries or journals, grouped into three major collections: accounts (No. 301), diaries (No. 302) and the Underground Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto (the Ringelblum Archive). In addition, the archival holdings contain biographical documents scattered in many collections, sparsely used by the researchers, which include forms, surveys, registration lists, biographies, letters, and applications. These constitute not so much a complementary source of our knowledge of the Holocaust, but they help to expand it. They are invaluable given that they were written immediately after the war (mainly 1940s), and their authorship (survivors, their relatives, or witnesses). In these materials individual fates of Jewish citizens are focused, as well as tragic events in towns and villages overlooked in history books.
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Many cultural factors in Europe nowadays favor the closure of the issue of the Holocaust, making it a part of the past, something that no longer affects our serene and happy „today”. Forms of forgetting include, among others, forgiveness and reconciliation. Therefore, the memory of the evil of the Holocaust requires non-forgivingeness and non-reconciliation. The medium for memory can only be hatred. However, in the Christian tradition – based on keeping up appearances and pretending to be good – it is an embarrassing problem. Holocaust victims who do not want to give up hatred are once again accused and convicted, this time by their own hypocritical culture. The consequence of recognizing the inalienability of hatred as a medium is a demand for a reconstruction of basic metaphysical concepts of European culture, namely showing the illusiveness of metaphysics of good and beauty, exploring the metaphysics of evil, and the moral demand: décreation of the world, abolishing it as a vile and intolerable thing. Metaphysics of evil is an attempt to think in terms of experience contradictory to the most deeply embedded European intellectual habits. It is an attempt to think up a world where fundamental rules are disintegration, destruction, loss, distance, parting, separation, discontinuity, incompleteness. Where good – on the scale of cosmic entropy – is only an illusion, a transitional form (negative entropy), lasting shorter than a life single human.
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In Warsaw’s Central Archives of Modern Records, in a collection of documents known as the General Government Administration set, there are dozens of letters and petitions sent between October 1939 and May 1940 by residents of occupied areas to the new German authorities, including the Governor General Hans Frank. In the collection there are also several letters (presented in Polish translation) sent by the Jews. While the Polish, Ukrainian and Russian authors represented a wide range of professions and social positions, and the petition themselves – a variety of issues, all Jewish letters were sent by members of the social elite, and the majority of them voiced their objection to the compulsory armbands with the Star of David, as the order to wear them accentuated the social exclusion of Jews in both practical and symbolic sense. Asking for permission not to wear an armband, the authors of letters referred to their service in the Austrian or German army, their lack of association with Judaism, etc. However, regardless of the arguments, the very act of sending those letters can be seen as a form of spontaneous opposition, described by the Polish historian and sociologist Marcin Kula as “rebellious action”.
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Agnieszka Haska - International Scientific Conference “To Be A Holocaust Witness” (Warsaw, 22–23 April 2013) Jerzy Giebułtowski - Let Facts Speak. On the Polish Edition of Raul Hilberg’s The Destruction of the European Jews Christopher R. Browning - Raul Hilberg Jerzy Kochanowski - Silent Heroes („Stille Helden”) Renata Piątkowska - Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow
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The article reconstructs the biography of Dr. Julian Chorążycki, initiator and first leader of the organization which prepared the revolt in the Treblinka extermination camp.
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After the liberation of France, French authorities decided to purge the police forces of suspected collaborators and Nazi sympathizers. The Parisian police force (numbering close to 20 000 officers and civilian employees) – by far the largest in the nation, underwent a scrutiny of the specially-created Commission d’Épuration, whose mandate extended to all members of the force active during the 1940–1944 period. All in all close to 4000 officers were vetted by the Commission, and some of them for stood accused of involvement in persecuting the Jews. The officers involved were usually able to deflect the accusations, quoting orders of their superiors and lack of own initiative. Harsh verdicts in these cases were rare, and the suspects were usually treated very leniently.
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When Jürgen Stroop, the suppressor of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, was brought in 1947 to Poland, his trial was projected to be the most important of those held to date against prominent Nazi officials in Poland. According to the Jewish press it was to be a “small Nuremberg,” a final reckoning with the crimes committed against the Jews of Warsaw during the Holocaust. Yet, four years later, in 1951, when the trial finally took place, its proceedings were barely noticed, both by Poles and by the still numerous Polish-Jewish community. Despite the particular place of the Jewish ghetto uprising in the Holocaust historiography, significant organisational efforts and protracted dealings to obtain extradition rights, the trial was to fall victim to the new era of Polish politics and Stalinist propaganda, exemplifying the growth of politically-shaped historiography. This article looks at the proceedings against Jürgen Stroop and his co-defendant, Franz Konrad, and includes material from the trial, in particular Stroop’s testimony regarding the Warsaw Ghetto uprising.
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This paper presents two archival collections: death certificates of the Warsaw Jews (1939 and 1941), from the archives of the Jewish Historical Institute, and a collection of books kept in the State Archives in Warsaw, containing names of patients treated in 1939 and 1940 in the hospital at Czyste, and in the Bersohn and Bauman hospital. These collections are a part of official medical records, which today can be read as a record of the fate of the Warsaw Jews. These non-narrative documents are not the just the only testament to the existence of people claimed by the Holocaust, but they also reveal various aspects of their history to the modern reader, they become elements of a great historical fresco.
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This article is a critical discussion of the diary of one of the leading ideologists and politicians of the National Democracy in the twentieth century, Jędrzej Giertych (1904–1992). For more than half a century Giertych embodied everything that was considered political extremism in our nationalist tradition. Even in the late twentieth century, he symbolized the extreme fringe of the national traditions. Characteristically, for over a decade, in the face of political polarization in Poland, elements of that heritage have been included into the mainstream of thinking about public affairs.
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This document presents a study of the context of the creation of the Jewish Fighting Organization, the course of fighting in the Warsaw ghetto as well as in other ghettos and camps in 1943. It was written in the spring of 1944 by Icchak Cukierman “Antek”, at that time the commander of the Jewish Fighting Organization, and then sent along with other materials of the Jewish underground to London. After the war, it was published in Palestine and became an important source for historians of the history of Jewish resistance.
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The article analyzes how Jewish life during the Holocaust is described in orthodox historiography. The author draws attention to the methodological problems of traditional orthodox historical writings on the subject. She also indicates how useful internal rabbinical sources can prove to highlight new aspects of research in this field, especially relating to religious life. Orthodox texts tend to glorify those who diligently observed the rules of religious lifestyle and protected them even during the Holocaust. They also emphasize the great responsibility of rabbis because of the need to teach halacha in circumstances where everything was a matter of life and death. Such sources should be included in research projects, subject to careful critical approach and placing them in a broad context.
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