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„Jest wielu Kainów pośród nas”. Polski wymiar sprawiedliwości a Zagłada, 1944–1956

Author(s): Andrew Kornbluth / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

From 1944 to 1960, Poland held at least 32 000 trials for war crimes and collaboration; in particular, those records generated by the investigations of crimes against Jews have been the basis for ground-breaking studies of the Holocaust in Poland for over a decade now. While Poland was a society without a Quisling, these studies have shown that the country was still very much part of a pan-European continuum in which local people took part in ethnic cleansing inspired by the Nazi occupation. The question remains, then, of how effective the postwar judicial process against the collaborators was. This article makes use of the records of over 450 trials of accused collaborators, held between 1946 and 1949 at the district courts of Warsaw and Siedlce, of which about one-third are cases involving crimes against Jews. These trials are used as the starting point for a wider discussion of post-war justice in Poland.

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Epizod z biografii Dawida Wdowińskiego

Author(s): Laurence Weinbaum / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

David Wdowinski (1895–1970) was the best-known survivor of the Zionist Revisionist Movement in the Warsaw Ghetto. A prominent psychiatrist in Poland, after the war, he settled in New York and joined the faculty of the New School for Social Research. Wdowinski’s memoir, And We Are Not Saved (published in 1963), was one of very few memoirs of life and death in the ghetto written from a Revisionist perspective. In that book, Wdowinski expressed his vehement objection to any reconciliation with Germans and, in fact, any normalization of relations between Germany and the State of Israel. In June 1964, at the request of the public prosecutor in Hamburg, Wdowinski received a form letter from the German consul in New York, Shacco von Estorff (1922–1980), summoning him to give testimony on the Dienststelle des SS- und Polizeiführer Lublin. Wdowinski’s long and impassioned reply constitutes a personal “J’Accuse” against German society’s half-hearted efforts at de-Nazification and its failure to confront its murderous history.

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Proces Gustava Wilhelma Trappa 6 lipca 1948 r.

Author(s): Jean-Charles Szurek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

What can we learn from the documents in the trial of Gustav Trapp, 101 Reserve Police Battalion, which took place in Siedlce in 1948? Trapp was described in a book by an American historian Christopher Browning, who analyzed the mechanisms of exceptional crimes committed against the Jews by „ordinary men” of the battalion in the Lublin region during 1942–1944, on the basis of their testimonies before the German justice system in the 1960s. While Browning writes almost exclusively about the murder of the Jews, the Siedlce trial accentuates the murder of the Polish rural population. What are the reasons for such parallel historical approaches?

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Pamiętnik Miriam Chaszczewackiej

Author(s): Feliks Tych / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

Diary of Miriam Chaszczewacka, a teenage resident of Radom. She wrote it since August 1939 – she started on the eve of the Third Reich’s attack on Poland – until the end of December 1942, when she was killed during the liquidation of the ghetto. Written in Polish, conceived as a letter to the future generations, Miriam’s diary shows the daily life in the ghetto and the extermination of its population based on the example of Radom. Her diary entries are mostly spontaneous notes of a young girl writing about her life. But she also describes the deteriorating conditions of the life in the ghetto and the general political situation. This is a dramatic record of the increasing awareness of the inevitably approaching death.

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Pamiętniki Chajki Klinger

Author(s): Avihu Ronen / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

Chajka Klinger, born in Będzin, was an activist in the Jewish underground in the local ghetto. One of the founders of the Jewish Fighting Organization in Będzin, she was arrested by the Gestapo. Released after interrogation and torture, she escaped from the transit camp and secretly began writing memories on the HaShomer HaTzair and the Będzin underground. After she escaped Poland, arrived in to Palestine in 1944.

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Literackie formy graniczne (Weiss – Reznikoff – Grynberg)

Author(s): Jacek Partyka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

The article discusses three examples of literature concerning the fate of Jews during World War II, three attempts to bridge the gap between literature and document so as to work out an “optimal” way of writing about the Holocaust. All the texts taken into consideration were written, or rather composed as carefully edited collages of authentic documents. Read together, Peter Weiss’s The Investigation, Charles Reznikoff’s Holocaust and Henryk Grynberg’s Children of Zion illustrate two significant processes: the implication of testimony in ideological causes and the purification of testimony from distorting, overtly political engagements.

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Recenzje

Author(s): Sławomir Buryła,Grzegorz Krzywiec,Michał Sobelman,Dariusz Libionka,Jan Borowicz,Jacek Leociak,Małgorzata Wosińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

Marek Kaźmierczak, Auschwitz in the Internet. Presentations of the Holocaust in Popular Culture [Sławomir Buryła] Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945, vol. 2: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe [Dariusz Libionka] Ewa Domańska, Existential History [Małgorzata Wosińska] Anna Ziębińska-Witek, History in Museums. A Study in Holocaust Presentation [Jacek Leociak] Joshua M. Greene, Justice at Dachau: The Trials of an American Prosecutor [Jan Borowicz] Anatol Chari, Timothy Braatz, Undermensch: Mein Uberleben durch Gluck und Privilegien [From Ghetto the Death Camp. Memoir of Privilege and Luck] [Jan Borowicz] Derek Hastings, Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism [Grzegorz Krzywiec] Avihu Ronen, Nidona lechaim [Condemned to Life] [Michał Sobelman]

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Polska Norymberga. Siedem procesów przed Najwyższym Trybunałem Narodowym, 1946–19481

Author(s): Alexander V. Prusin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

The Polish Supreme National Tribunal (NTN) was established in January 1946 for the purpose of bringing major Nazi perpetrators to justice. Between 1946 and 1948, the NTN heard the cases of forty-nine defendants charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. In sharp contrast to the numerous political trials carried out in the country during the same period, in which thousands of individuals accused of “hampering socialist reconstruction” were sentenced to death or long prison terms, the NTN’s proceedings applied conventional legal and moral standards comparable to those used in Western courts and investigated each case comprehensively on its own merits.

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Razmowy: Z profesorem Israelem Gutmanem rozmawia Barbara Engelking

Author(s): Barbara Engelking,Israel Gutman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

Spotykałam się z Profesorem wielokrotnie pomiędzy listopadem 1998 a lutym 1999 r. w Jerozolimie, u Niego w domu, by wysłuchać Jego opowieści. Nagraliśmy wiele godzin rozmów, niniejszy zapis stanowi część autoryzowanej wersji.

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Curiosa

Author(s): Dariusz Libionka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2013

Remarks on rescuing Jews in the “vicinity of Treblinka” [review: Edward Kopówka, Father Paweł Rytel-Andrianik, I’ll Give Them a Name for Ages. Poles from around Treblinka Rescuing Jews]

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Défense et illustration de la traduction (ou Emil Cioran, saint patron des traducteurs du roumain au français et vice versa)

Author(s): Jean-Louis Courriol / Language(s): French Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

Emil Cioran nu este (doar) cel mai remarcabil stilist al literaturii franceze din anii ’60-’80. Emil Cioran este, mai presus de toate, traducătorul emblematic al spiritualităţii româneşti în limba franceză. Graţie lui, în lumina faimei dobândite de opera lui în Franţa şi, de acolo, în toată lumea, nu mai încape îndoială că operele literare româneşti cele mai mari pot fi traduse în franceză şi revelate publicului cititor din Franţa. Eseul de faţă se vrea o demonstraţie simplă a unui adevăr prea constant ignorat: dacă Cioran a reuşit să-şi traducă opera din româna, în care a creat-o la origine, în franceză, în care a dezvoltat-o, şi să stârnească interesul legitim al cititorilor culţi din Franţa, este de neconceput ca operele literare cele mai importante din cultura română să nu poată fi, a fortiori, descoperite şi îndrăgite de aceiaşi cititori francezi, cu condiţia unor traduceri de mare calitate. Luându-l drept model ideal pe Cioran, cei care doresc să-şi îndeplinească misiunea sfântă de traducători ai valorilor esenţiale ale literaturii române vor încerca să spargă zidul indiferenţei care desparte injust şi de prea mult timp cultura românească de cititorii francezi, prin realizarea unor traduceri la înălţimea capodoperelor respective.

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Un secolo frammentario: breve storia delle traduzioni di poesia romena in italiano nel Novecento

Author(s): Roberto Merlo / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

Studiul de faţă are în vedere traducerile din poezia română în italiană din secolul al XX-lea. În prima parte, autorul prezintă pe scurt, dar cu unele comentarii, traducerile existente, împărţite după epocă, gen şi/sau curent literar cărora le aparţin operele traduse, având ca îndrumare „canonul” curent al literaturii române. Sunt prezentate pe rând traducerile din literatura medievală, premodernă, de la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea – începutul secolului al XX-lea, perioada interbelică şi perioada postbelică. În a doua parte, în scopul înţelegerii a ce fel de poezie românească este de fapt cunoscută în Italia prin mijlocirea traducerilor prezentate în prima parte a studiului, autorul face un bilanţ pe decenii al acestora, scoţând în evidenţa deosebirile dintre perioada de dinainte şi cea de după război, variaţiile de ordin calitativ şi cantitativ, preferinţele traducătorilor pentru genuri diferite în epoci diferite etc., propunând deopotrivă posibile explicaţii atât pentru aceste deosebiri, cât şi pentru „golurile” constatate în panorama schiţată. Întregesc tabloul astfel zugrăvit unele consideraţii despre o „lipsă de succes” al literaturii române pe lângă publicul italian şi despre anumite aspecte ale traducerilor italiene din literatura română (sporadicitate, „lipsa de proiect”, neprofesionalismul unor traducători, sprijinul inadecvat acordat de oficialităţile române etc.).

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L’enseignement – voie privilégiée de la francophonie roumaine

Author(s): Marina Mureşanu-Ionescu / Language(s): French Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

Prezentul studiu îşi propune să pună în evidenţă importanţa învăţământului în cristalizarea modelului francez în România. Discuţia se concentrează în jurul câtorva momente decisive ale evoluţiei domeniului, momente marcate de contribuţia a trei intelectuali de elită: Charles Drouhet (1879-1940), Nicolae Şerban (1886-1966) şi Nicolae I. Popa (1897-1982). Dacă primilor doi li se consacră o prezentare mai detaliată, la N.I. Popa se fac doar referiri, având în vedere faptul că este o figură bine cunoscută căreia autoarea i-a consacrat şi alte studii. Personalitatea, activitatea, scrierile şi contribuţiile acestora ilustrează într-un mod cât se poate de elocvent veritabila simbioză franco-română în care se formau şi trăiau intelectualii din cele două ţări într-o anumită epocă de apogeu al francofoniei româneşti, moment în care schimbul de idei se producea efectiv în dublu sens. În ultima parte a studiului, autoarea se ocupă de centrele şi cercurile de studii franco-române de la Iaşi din perioada interbelică şi de Institutul Francez din Bucureşti până la momentul închiderii acestuia de către autorităţile comuniste, în anul 1950.

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Le paradis aux Amériques. Les fantasmes religieux des premiers explorateurs

Author(s): Corin Braga / Language(s): French Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

The discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus arose in the imagination of the Europeans a constellation of religious images and phantasms. Imbued by the messianic and apocalyptic atmosphere of the 16th century, when the Spanish Reconquista was finally completed, the “admiral of the Ocean” transported to the Americas the hope of discovering the Promised Land. Utilizing the information from the medieval T-O (terrarum orbis) maps, which situated the Terrestrial Paradise at the oriental end of the oïkoumène, Columbus identified South America, discovered during his third voyage, with the Garden of God, and the inhabitants of the Caribbean Islands with prelapsarian, adamic people. This is how the first contact of the Europeans with the Amerindians shaped the concept of the “good savage”. The successors of Columbus, scholars such as Pedro Martyr or Las Casas and explorers such as Juan Ponce de León (discoverer of Florida), Giovanni Da Verrazano (discoverer of the Atlantic coast of North America), Jacques Cartier (discoverer of Canada), Amerigo Vespucci and Paulmier de Gonneville (discoverers of South America) have produced an imaginary “translatio paradisi”, a colonization of the Americas with European images of the Biblical Paradise.

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Socio-Cultural Requirements in Italian Working Life. The Case of Romanian Females in the Caring Sector

Author(s): Filippo Laurenti / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

Questa ricerca è stata realizzata all’interno delle attività previste dal Progetto Pilota Softimmigrants, finanziato dall’Unione Europea nell’ambito del programma Leonardo da Vinci, cui hanno partecipato tre coppie di paesi: Italia-Romania, Finlandia-Estonia, Austria Ungheria. Il quadro politico di riferimento del progetto è l’allargamento ad Est dei confini dell’Unione Europea e del conseguente ampliamento del mercato del lavoro. Softimmigrants mira a promuovere la mobilità dei lavoratori in una dimensione europea, l’integrazione delle persone in contesti sociali diversi e la prevenzione dei conflitti e delle incomprensioni tra cittadini italiani e stranieri sul posto di lavoro, nella misura in cui queste siano dovute alla diversa cultura delle persone immigrate o alla mancanza di conoscenza delle abitudini della cultura del lavoro nel paese di ingresso. Per inserirsi in un mercato del lavoro straniero i lavoratori immigrati devono possedere tre diversi tipologie di competenze: linguistica, professionale, socio-culturale. Queste ultime rappresentano il focus di Softimmigrants e della ricerca qui pubblicata. Il reperimento dei dati è avvenuto attraverso: questionari e interviste a donne rumene impiegate nel settore della pulizia, infermiere o assistenti domiciliari; interviste ai loro datori di lavoro italiani e ai responsabili del personale o chi all’interno delle imprese ha il compito di seguirle.

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Observaţii asupra gramaticilor limbii române şi ale limbii ucrainene scrise în limba latină, în contextul dezvoltării lingvisticii europene

Author(s): Sergiy Luchkanyn / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

L’article se propose à discuter quelques aspects concernant l’évolution de la théorie grammaticale dans les premières grammaires de la langue roumaine et de la langue ukrainienne écrites en latin, dans le contexte de l’évolution de la linguistique européenne. Le développement de la théorie grammaticale européenne dès le Moyen Âge jusqu’au début du XIXe siècle n’a pas été constant, ayant le dynamisme et prenant en considération les réalisations des grammairiens antiques (avant tout – Ars minor et Ars maior de Aelius Donatus et aussi Institutiones grammaticae de Priscianus) et le fonctionnement des langues locales, avec leurs formes et leurs catégories grammaticales spécifiques. De même, les conceptions philosophiques du monde (le rationalisme logique, le courant des Lumières etc.) et la situation culturelle, avec une base culturelle variable – fournie par la Grèce Ancienne, par la Byzance (c’est bien typique pour l’Ukraine) ou par la Rome (pour Roumanie) – ont influé sur le devenir et sur le développement des théories grammaticales nationales. À Paris, Grammatica sclavonica de Ivan Uzhevitch – la première grammaire de la langue ukrainienne (malheureusement, elle est restée en manuscrit) – a été écrite en latin à l’esprit de la grammaire universelle en 1643 (et ensuite, en 1645, à Arras). Le premier ouvrage imprimé traitant de la langue roumaine, un travail fondamental effectué par Samuil Micu, en collaboration avec Gheorghe Şincai – Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae –, est paru en 1780 à l’esprit des lumières. L’éclaircissement final de l’historisme de la théorie grammaticale a coïncidé avec la naissance de la linguistique comparée-historique et du romantisme. Ion Heliade-Rădulescu est devenu le „père de la langue roumaine littéraire”; les grammaires de la langue ukrainienne, qui ont été écrites (par Ivan Vaghylevytch, Jakiv Holovatsky etc.) dans l’Ukraine Occidentale dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, étaient rédigées en tenant compte (au plus haut degré) des particularités de la langue nationale.

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Al patrulea picior al mesei

Author(s): Alberto Madrona Fernández / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

El aprendizaje de idiomas de la misma familia lingüística puede convertirse fácilmente en un arma de doble filo; las similitudes, que nos pueden llevar a hacer hipótesis gramaticales o léxicas acertadas, pueden asimismo conducirnos al error por trasposición de una lengua a otra. Esto es lo que puede suceder entre el rumano y el español, lenguas ambas que forman parte de las patas de una imaginaria mesa de idiomas románicos, según la metáfora de Alf Lombard. El presente artículo no pretende más que ofrecer a los interesados en el conocimiento de las dos lenguas algunos ejemplos de gramática contrastiva que ayuden a evitar el error.

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Un Sadoveanu necunoscut

Author(s): Constantin Ciopraga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

Fouillant les pages de son journal inédit, l’auteur découvre un Sadoveanu qui surprend par un processus d’élaboration lent et minutieux (lui, qui était considéré comme le comble de la spontanéité créatrice!), par ses lectures vastes, appartenant à des horisons culturels et thématiques si diverses, par sa sensibilité poétique, capable à assimiler les miracles du monde, par l’examen attentif des documents qui fournissent le matérial pour l’arrière-plan de ses écritures historiques… En bref, la substance de l’ouvrage s’organise autour de la multiplicité des perspectives du créateur et de la plurivalence de l’homme Sadoveanu.

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O posibilă tipologie a autenticităţii

Author(s): Diana Vrabie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

L’article décrit synthétiquement le développement historique, dans la littérature universelle et roumaine, de la tendance à la pénétration toujours plus profonde dans l’intimité du réel et, implicitement, à un écart continuel des normes classiques de l’esthétique. Le concept de l’authencité, introduit dans la terminologie esthétique roumaine par Camil Petrescu et Mircea Eliade, est diamétralement opposé à celui de perfection, lequel, selon l’esthéticien Tudor Vianu, exprime l’ideal permanent de création artistique. L’aspiration à l’authencité inclut le rejet de l’artifice, des conventions, mais la création n’est pas possible en dehors de la structuration, et la structuration présuppose par définition un minimum d’ordre conventionnel. Certes, l’art de l’écrivain consiste à rendre fonctionel n’importe quel procédé, mais cette performance ne réussit pleinement qu’aux grands maîtres.

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O identitate difuză. Repertoriul narativ contemporan al românilor din Ungaria

Author(s): Mihaela Bucin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1+2 (01)/2005

The process of urbanization and the breaking up of the traditional, closed communities led to the acceleration of the assimilation process of the Romanian community from Hungary. The contemporary genres of the folkloric narrations (scraps of oral history, autobiographies, “true stories”) are lacking the specific identity elements. The ethnical self-defining of the studied groups are mostly composed by elements of religious belonging and local patriotism. An entire series of stories present the origin of the nicknames used to identify the individuals with similar names in the community. Such cases were quite often in the Romanian communities. But these nicknames also worked as marks of ethnic identity in the periods when Hungary led a strong policy of Magyarisation of the names of foreign origin. Some Romanian inhabited settlements have their own “story of origin” (Pusztaottlaka, Méhkerék). In these stories, local participants are presented as heroes with supernatural powers or holly aura. These heroes represent for the locals the Pantheon of Historical Heroes. In this way, in the collective memory of the Romanians from Hungary, none of the legendary heroes of the national culture were preserved, only their local heroes are perpetuated. There is only one exception: the case of Baba Novac, a captain in the army of the Romanian Prince Michael the Brave. The most specific difficulty the researcher is facing when studying the Romanian communities from Hungary is the usage of the local dialect, being a problem especially for those coming from Romania. In order to study the narrative repertoire of the Romanians from Hungary, bilingualism is necessary. Because of the complex social and historical background, in the case of Romanian communities from Hungary, bilingual members of the group usually regard as their own the Romanian culture, developed mainly from elements of folkloric tradition and Orthodox religion. After 1920, Romanians lived in small, isolated communities in the South-East of Hungary, being politically and administratively separated from the large masses of Romanian population from Banat and Transylvania. The prestige of the own national language decreased, especially as a result of the on-going urbanization process that ended the closed communities.

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