THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY AND STOCK INDEX RETURN: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY AND STOCK INDEX RETURN: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY

Author(s): Akile KILIÇ,Veysel Kula,Letife Özdemir / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Exchange Rate Volatility; Stock Returns; Granger Causality Test; Turkey;

Exchange rate fluctuations do not affect only the companies and individuals that engage in foreign currency-based transactions. As economic exposure features, even entities with no foreign currency assets and obligations are affected from the movements in exchange rates. Exchange rates, in fact, are closely related with several macroeconomic variables including stock prices and returns. Investigations into the relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and stock returns are widely observed among financial participants and academic circles. This study aims at exploring the link between exchange rate volatility and stock returns by investigating the US Dollar/Turkish Lira (USD/TRY) exchange rate volatility and Borsa Istanbul 100 Index (BIST-100) returns. In the study, 406 days of data for the period 11.03.2020-28.10.2021 were included in the analysis. Augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF) unit root test was used to analyze the stationarity of the variables. As a result of the test, it is seen that the series arestationary at the I(0) level. After performing the stationarity test, ARMA(2,2) from linear stationary stochastic models and EGARCH(2,2) from general autoregressive conditional variable variance models were estimated to model exchange rate volatility. Then, Granger causality test was used to see if there is a relationship between exchange rate volatility and stock returns. The findings put forward the existence of bidirectional causality relationship between the variables. As the time span of the data period overlaps with the pandemic period, it appears that causality relationship obtained by the study is like the ones that held in the studies in the pre-pandemic period.

BEHAVIOR OF STUDENTS IN USE OF SOCIAL NETWORK

BEHAVIOR OF STUDENTS IN USE OF SOCIAL NETWORK

Author(s): Samra JUSUFI,Edisa KORO / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Students; Behaviour; Social Media;

The purpose of this article is to examine how students use social media based on six factors: field of study, level of study, year of study, gender, age, and income. To collect the data for this study, we conducted an online survey with an appropriate sample. In this study, a single construct was used to assess students' social media usage habits. We investigated the link between students' social media behaviors and their academic orientation, degree of study, year of study, gender, age, and income. According to the results of this study, students' social media use varies by field of study, does not differ by level of study, differs by year of study, differs by gender, differs by age, and does not differ by income. The sample was restricted to survey respondents due to time and financial limitations. Consequently, the study findings cannot be generalized to the entire population.

THE ROLE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN CONSUMER TRUST AND PERCEPTION OF COMPANY IMAGE

THE ROLE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN CONSUMER TRUST AND PERCEPTION OF COMPANY IMAGE

Author(s): Edisa KORO,Samra JUSUFI / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Social Responsibility; Corporate Image; Customer Reliability;

Corporate social responsibility is an issue to which businesses attach great importance today. They coordinate their activities in such a way that they are useful for the environment and society. The purpose of this study is to research how corporate social responsibility influences business image and customer trustworthiness. Furthermore, the study intends to investigate the relationship between corporate image and consumer credibility. We used an online survey with the appropriate sample to obtain data for this topic. This study evaluated corporate social responsibility, business image, and consumer trust in Kosovar food firms across three instruments. According to the study's findings, social responsibility benefits both company image and consumer credibility, and there is a considerable positive association between corporate image and customer credibility. Due to time and cost restrictions, the sample was limited to survey participants. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that corporate executives pay more attention to the use of social responsibility, as this factor has a direct influence on corporate image and customer credibility, as well as managing the interplay between these two factors.

FAMILY SUPPORTIVE SUPERVISOR BEHAVIOR AND THRIVING AT WORK: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

FAMILY SUPPORTIVE SUPERVISOR BEHAVIOR AND THRIVING AT WORK: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

Author(s): Waliu Mulero ADEGBITE,Oluwatoyin Gbeng BAWALLA / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviour; Thriving at Work; Psychology Well-Being;

The study investigates the impact of encouraging supervisor behavior on enjoying success at work. Further, it examines the mediating role of psychological well-being on the relationship between family support supervisor behaviour and thriving among Nurses in a tertiary health institution in Nigeria. One hundred and fifty nurses participated in the study. The hypothesized model was used to test descriptive and structural equation modelling. Findings failed to support hypothesis one as no direct relationship exists between family support supervisor behaviour and thriving at work. The results supported hypotheses two and three, indicating a positive and significant relationship between family supportive supervisor behaviour, thriving and psychological well-being. Furthermore, psychological well-being successfully mediates the relationship between family support supervisor behaviour and thriving at work; thus, hypothesis four was supported. Family-support supervisor behaviour policies and programmes may not be sufficient to promote thriving at work as other intervening factors could enhance its effectiveness.

DYSLEXIA TYPEFACE: DOES IT AFFECT READING FLUENCY?

DYSLEXIA TYPEFACE: DOES IT AFFECT READING FLUENCY?

Author(s): Maja FILIPOVSKA,Goran Ajdinski,Aleksandra Karovska Ristovska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Dyslexia; Dyslexia Fonts; Oral Reading Fluency; Transparent Orthography;

There are different approaches used to reduce reading skills deficits. One such approach, which belongs to the group of visual adaptations, is to change the font used in the texts. The main research goal is to assess the level of reading success in people with dyslexia (reading difficulties) by using a specialized Cyrillic font - Dyslexic FZF. The research was conducted on 24 persons with dyslexia from North Macedonia and obtained data about oral reading fluency and reading lists of meaningful and meaningless words with the Dyslexic FZF font and the font Times New Roman. The data of the two consecutive readings were compared. Results suggest that when using the new dyslexia typeface, Dyslexic FZF, participants were able to read more words per minute than with the Times New Roman font. A statistically significant difference in the results occurs in the errors made while reading.

THE ROLE OF DIMENSIONS OF JOB ENGAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

THE ROLE OF DIMENSIONS OF JOB ENGAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Author(s): Chukuakadibia Eresia-Eke,Olippa NDLOVU,Taguma NYANGA / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Job Engagement; Employees; Organizational Performance; Public Sector; Municipalities;

Job engagement is about the degree of connection employees have with their work. Engagement theories suggest that employees experience engagement cognitively, emotionally, and physically. If and the extent to which this is the case, specifically within South African municipalities, remains largely indeterminate. This study therefore investigates the relationship between dimensions of job engagement and perceived organizational performance in South African municipalities. A quantitative research approach was followed, and data was collected through an online survey administered to a non-probability sample of municipal employees. The study reveals that of the three dimensions of job engagement, emotional and physical engagement demonstrated statistically significant relationships with perceived organizational performance although physical engagement turned out as a stronger predictor. Surprisingly, the relationship between cognitive engagement and perceived organizational performance was not statistically significant. Consequently, it is imperative for jobs in municipalities to be better designed with a clear intention to foster job engagement.

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON GDP AND AGRICULTURE IN KOSOVO: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON GDP AND AGRICULTURE IN KOSOVO: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Author(s): Fatjona PARALLANGAJ / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: FDI; Economic Growth; Agriculture;

This study examines the effect of FDI on economic growth and agriculture in Kosovo in the years 2010-2021. To quantify the effects of the explanatory variables on the explanatory variables, data was generated for the variables collected by the World Bank and the Kosovo Statistical Agency. The results of analysis (OLS robust) show is performed with two models. Two models, OLSR1 and OLSR2, were developed to analyze the impact of independent variables on GDP and agriculture. OLSR1 found agriculture_land and government expenditure positively affect GDP, while OLSR2 found GDP positively affects agriculture_land, while inflation has a negative impact. The negative coefficients for FDI, interest rate, and government expenditure in OLSR2 suggest they negatively impact agriculture_land but are not significant. The results have important implications for policymakers in Kosovo, who aiming to attract more FDI and boost economic development.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK AND COST OF QUALITY: THE CASE OF JESSE LANGFORD

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK AND COST OF QUALITY: THE CASE OF JESSE LANGFORD

Author(s): Süleyman Yükçü,Selda Korga / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Risk; Quality Cost; Jesse Langford Case;

Risk permeates every moment of life, impacting both individuals and businesses through their activities. While certain risks encountered have a minimal likelihood of materializing, others possess a considerable probability. Preventing risks in life entails averting failures. The most effective approach to preventing failures, both in business and all aspects of life, is through proactive measures that eliminate the underlying causes of failure before they occur. Engaging in prevention activities is invariably more cost-effective than dealing with the potential consequences and expenses associated with failures. In situations where the risk's realization probability is high, preventive measures can be implemented to mitigate or prevent it altogether. Consequently, by actively addressing risks, failures can be averted through risk prevention. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the concepts of risk and quality within the realm of costs while introducing the concept of risk-quality cost mapping to the existing body of literature. Within this framework, the study initially establishes a connection between the elements of the risk management process and quality costs. Subsequently, a real-life case is examined to assess its implications in terms of both risk and quality costs. As can be seen in the case of Jesse Langford, it is clear that the implementation of comprehensive prevention measures plays a crucial role in minimizing failure costs, ultimately reducing them to a negligible level during travel. As a result of preventive measures, the costs associated with failures can be avoided, the impact of risks can be reduced, and in some cases, the costs of failure can be substantially eliminated.

FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL COMMERCE INTENTION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS

FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL COMMERCE INTENTION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS

Author(s): Özlem Efiloğlu Kurt,Tuğrul AKTAŞ / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Social Commerce; Social Media; Trust; Social Support; S-vendor;

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of social media, especially among the new generation of users. In parallel with this increase, social media platforms have highlighted the concept of social commerce - an extension of e-commerce - and put it on the current agenda. In social commerce, social media platforms are used to share, create, and request product information, perceptions, and views, with customers also making purchases. The social commerce intention of the new generation via social media platforms is the focus of this study. This study investigates the social commerce intention of students at a public university in Yalova, Turkey, to purchase products via Instagram and the factors that affect this intention. 296 students participated in the study. Findings suggest that the price and reputation of social commerce vendors positively affect user trust. Also, habit, perceived ease of use, and hedonic motivation also positively affect social commerce intention. Trust in the social vendor positively affects social commerce intention. Other hypotheses are rejected. This study contributes to the literature by analysing the role of different factors in social commerce intention.

CHANGING HABITS: THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL CONSUMPTION ON RESTAURANT PREFERENCES

CHANGING HABITS: THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL CONSUMPTION ON RESTAURANT PREFERENCES

Author(s): Ismail Bozkurt,Arzu Kılıçlar,Gizem Sultan KAMAN,Ayşe Şahin / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Cultural Consumption; Food; Restaurant Choice; Restaurant Preferences; Cultural Omnivorousness;

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of cultural omnivorousness levels on restaurant preferences. Qualitative research approach was adopted in this study. At the same time, ethnographic interview method was used in order to examine the cultural consumption patterns of individuals in the study. As a result of the research, the findings are presented in two categories: cultural participation and the relationship between cultural participation and restaurant preferences. The result of the research shows that some people interviewed have a different and hierarchical judgment of taste in restaurant preferences. Cultural consumption, as a reflection of cultural omnivorousness, serves to make sense of people's tastes/likes. However, there has not been found such an examination of restaurant choice and its use in cultural omnivorousness studies. This article fills the identified gap, adding to the discussion about restaurant choice and cultural consumption.

IMPACT OF FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE ON THE OUTPUT, EXPORT AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN BEEF INDUSTRY

IMPACT OF FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE ON THE OUTPUT, EXPORT AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN BEEF INDUSTRY

Author(s): Tshephi Kingsley Thaba,Jan HLONGWANE,Mushoni BULAGI,Abenet Belete / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Floating Exchange Rate; South African Beef Industry; Total Production Output; Volume of Exports; Total Production;

he purpose of the study is to analyse the impact of floating exchange rate through the long-run and short-run changes or dynamic relations amongst total production, Volume of exports and total employment from 1995 to 2020, using a time-series analysis. The study adopts the secondary time series data for total production, volume of exports and total employment. Descriptive statistics was adopted to describe the features of the data quantitatively and to profile the beef industry. Unit root test was performed for the integration of variables where data exabits mixture of level and first integration. Bound test shows that variables are somehow associated in the long run due to their short run cointegration. The results from the cointegration test and the ARDL-ECM estimation suggest a long-run effect among total production, volume of exports and total employment. The adjustment term or coefficient of ECT of dependent variables suggests that the past year’s errors are corrected for the current year at a convergence speed of 0.93, 1.72 and 1.06 percentage points, respectively. Furthermore, Causal relation or effect results for beef industry shows that single directional causality effect exists between, or which runs from volume of exports total production output, exchange rate to volume of exports and lastly, causal effect run from volume of exports to total employment. The overall conclusion is that floating exchange rate impact on total production, volume of exports and total employment in the beef industry of the South African red meat industry.

REINVENTING QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION BOUNDARIES IN PANDEMIC DISPENSATIONS LIKE THE COVID-19

REINVENTING QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION BOUNDARIES IN PANDEMIC DISPENSATIONS LIKE THE COVID-19

Author(s): David Mhlanga,Emmanuel NDHLOVU / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: COVID-19; Information Communication Technology; Interview; Qualitative Research;

The newly discovered coronavirus (COVID-19) has changed the traditional methods of conducting qualitative research which, by nature, heavily relies on face-to-face interaction through interviews, field work, and focus group discussions for data collection. However, the various COVID-19 safety protocols, including physical distancing, mask wearing, quarantines, restrictions of national and international travels as well as the need to limits one’s movements to reduce exposure to the virus, have all disrupted traditional methods of qualitative data collection, thereby leaving researchers stranded. This article explores a number of other methods which researchers can utilize to achieve the same results released by face-to-face interactions. These methods include the use of digital voice, video, and text-based tools, online surveys, and content analysis. Drawing from a qualitative study conducted during a lockdown in Zimbabwe between May and June 2020, the article demonstrates how these tools can be used to generate data or to sample data that is already available to satisfy research questions and meet research objectives.

Theoretical Prerequisites For The Study Of Male And Female Discourse In The Context Of Masculine Cultural Pragmatics

Theoretical Prerequisites For The Study Of Male And Female Discourse In The Context Of Masculine Cultural Pragmatics

Author(s): Gunai Gumbat Babayeva / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: discourse; cognitive paradigm; intercultural pragmatics; feminism; gender; culture;

Gender linguistics is an essential part of gender discourse. The main reason is the fact that people understand and create the world through the language they speak. In this context, "masculinity" and "femininity" are formed and developed differently due to languages and cultures. Studying languages from the perspective of gender linguistics is essential for understanding the peculiarities of cultures and intercultural relations. Within the framework of cross-cultural pragmatics, we analysed the discourse of men and women at the theoretical level and studied the causes of gender differentiation in language. To study gender differentiation in language, we analysed male and female discourse within the framework of intercultural pragmatics at the theoretical level of the cognitive paradigm and pragmatic semiology. The article deals with the practical value of addressing from the point of view of the cultural code, that is, the semiotic expression of national cultural norms. The cognitive-discursive analysis is carried out based on gender representations. The author uses the type of discourse, which is reflected at the level of topics, communicative methods and tactics, and national concepts, to demonstrate the conditionality of the functioning of gender representations. The language society uses for men and women varies from society to society and culture to culture. The fact that the dominant ideology in society is determined mainly by men makes women passive and condemns them to live in a language defined by men. The article is based on studies from a feminist perspective on language and gender relations. It shows that women are more prone to inflectional sentences because of the sense of insecurity attributed to them.

Request strategies and modification devices as performed by Czech EFL learners: a focus on borrowing objects

Request strategies and modification devices as performed by Czech EFL learners: a focus on borrowing objects

Author(s): Věra Sládková,Marie Lahodová Vališová / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: request strategies; politeness; head acts; internal modification; external modification; pragmatic competence

This study presents an analysis of informal written requests from the national school-leaving exam and simulated spoken requests collected via Written Discourse Completion Task (WDCT) to describe pragmalinguistic features used by Czech EFL learners in requests for borrowing objects. In both types of data, the findings reveal strong preference for conventionally indirect strategies and external modification, but considerable underuse of softeners within head acts. The written requests show significant reiteration with a great deal of modification devices outside head acts and a higher proportion of face-threatening features, such as expectations and direct strategies realized by want statements and imperatives. The WDCT requests tend to employ more face-saving strategies but show less variability in request realization. Consequently, awareness raising activities, helping Czech EFL learners fully understand the face-threatening nature of requests, as well as explicit metapragmatic treatment, focusing on strategic use of requests constituents, are recommended.

New Regulatory Force of Cyberspace: The Case of Meta’s Oversight Board

New Regulatory Force of Cyberspace: The Case of Meta’s Oversight Board

Author(s): Ján Mazúr,Barbora Grambličková / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Social media platforms; regulation of cyberspace; Digital Services Act; Oversight Board; Meta; disinformation; fake news; purpose of the company; quasi-judicial power

It’s been a few years since Facebook (Meta) instituted its Oversight Board as a new quasi-judicial and regulatory body of one of the most important contemporary cyberspaces. It’s long established that social media platforms, such as Facebook, pose certain challenges to democracies as they, among other issues, allow for spread of fake news and hate speech, shift our perception of reality, or create echo chambers. In reaction to talks of regulating similar platforms, Meta’s self-regulatory attempt of instituting the Oversight Board appears to tackle the issue of content moderation by the platform itself. As the content moderation is one of the main sources of Meta’s problematic reputation (taking down posts, pages of various more or less known persons), the board is potentially significant. The paper analyses the board’s mandate, governance structure and procedures. We look at standard elements of independence of decision-making bodies (such as courts) to establish whether the Oversight Board is structured in a way conducive to independent decision making. We conclude that that structure of the Oversight Board fulfils some of the elements of the de jure judicial independence, however there is a room for improvement. Independence of the Oversight Board from Meta is a vital element of the institution, however we detect connections and dependencies on Meta (Meta needs to agree on changes of the Charter as well as the Bylaws, Meta was profoundly involved in the initial selection of the members, etc.). The whole structure of Oversight Board is heavily impacted by the private law institutes – trust, company, contracts – which might not be able to fully facilitate all the needs of an independent quasi-judicial body. The private structure, lacking necessary participatory mechanisms, does not permit the Oversight Board to gain necessary legitimacy. We also review the Oversight Board’s setup in light of the EU’s 2022 Digital Services Act (DSA), which represents one of the most comprehensive regulations of the social media platforms, including content moderation issues. We conclude that the Oversight Board would also not be compliant with requirements set forth in the DSA. After the adoption of the DSA, a question of compatibility of the Oversight Board with the out-of-court dispute settlement bodies opened.

On Sovereignty

On Sovereignty

Author(s): Dan Svantesson,Samuli Haataja,Ireland-Piper Danielle,Kuan-Wei Chen / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Sovereignty; Cyberspace; Cyberconflict; International law; Cyberwar

The concept of sovereignty is more important than ever in the Cyber context, yet it is poorly understood. With this article, we are seeking to contribute towards a shared understanding of the concept of sovereignty by succinctly addressing the following six, interrelated, questions: 1. Who can claim to have sovereignty; 2. Over what can one have sovereignty; 3. What are the consequences of having sovereignty over something; 4. Who can violate sovereignty; 5. What is the threshold for violating sovereignty; and 6. What are the consequences of violating sovereignty? However, this article is not limited to a descriptive account of the law as it stands today. A purely descriptive account would not provide a full picture of the complex concept of sovereignty, and we have felt it appropriate to enter the territory of law reform options in parts of the discussion. While sovereignty is a technology-neutral concept and the article addresses it as such, particular attention is directed at sovereignty in the cyber context.

The Unwanted Paradoxes Of the Right to Be Forgotten

The Unwanted Paradoxes Of the Right to Be Forgotten

Author(s): Lusine Vardanyan,Hovsep Kocharyan,Ondrej Hamuľák,Matúš Mesarčík,Tanel Kerikmäe,Kookmaa Tea / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: right to be forgotten; privacy; GDPR; technology; innovation

The dynamic development of digital and informational technologies raises the issue of proper and effective protection of human privacy, which, in turn, is gradually turning from a real fundamental right into a kind of illusion. Just a piece of information about an individual distributed on the Internet may leave its negative and often indelible mark on the life and reputation of the addressee of such information, regardless of the legality and reliability of such information. And even if such information is subsequently recognized as false and/or vicious and even removed from public access, the addressee of the information will still be associated with such information in the social consciousness. In this regard, each person is at risk on the Internet, where anyone can potentially become the victim of a single publication or a post of an Internet user. In this context the emergence of the phenomenon of the right to be forgotten in European legal reality may be considered as a step forward in the question of human privacy protection in the digital age. However, this right is not without drawbacks. The most significant of these drawbacks will be analyzed in this paper, such as the practical difficulties of thoroughly exercising this right and the difficulties posed by new technological developments.

Strengthening of EU regulatory intervention against data exploitations by online platforms with a zero-price business model

Strengthening of EU regulatory intervention against data exploitations by online platforms with a zero-price business model

Author(s): András Tóth / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Attention Market; Data Exploitation; Zero-Price Business Model; Online Platforms

The article aims to analyse the relationship between data protection and online platforms’ zero-price business model. This business model functions in a way that online platforms provide their services “free of charge”, but in exchange for personal data. This business model may not only come with competition problems, but also is detrimental to data protection principles, such as the principle of data minimisation. Users are unaware of the value of the personal data they provide, partly due to the false illusion of the service being free of charge. This market failure could be remedied by regulations that would ensure that users are able to use online services that are currently zero-price without providing personal data.

Playing the System: Content Recognition Technologies and the Creative Process of Sampling Musicians

Playing the System: Content Recognition Technologies and the Creative Process of Sampling Musicians

Author(s): David Ivan,Rudolf Leška / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Copyright; Bots; Technology; Sampling; Content Recognition

In the first part of the study, we summarize the existing types of copyright bots. In the second part, we present the current state of legal research on the implementation of copyright bots and our own analysis which focuses on the Czech Supreme Court’s decision concerning copyright bots. The core of this paper concerns the impact of copyright bots on the work of sampling musicians and how the creativity of musicians is shaped by their struggle to avoid detection of sampled music by bots in the online environment.

School Leadership

School Leadership

Author(s): Phil Budgell / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2023

In this paper, the principle of subsidiarity – that agency and choice should be delegated to the local level – is introduced. In education, it is proposed that: – far greater responsibility should be delegated to School Leadership Teams; and that; – successful Leadership in education requires a balance of principle (the moral basis of the school), purpose (the core business of the school) and people (social relationships in the school). A clear distinction is then drawn between leadership (complexity), management (clarity) and administration (consistency). This is followed by a discussion on distributed leadership, the idea that the leadership role is not confined to the Senior Leadership Team; but should, for example, involve subject leaders. Finally, the idea of Governance is introduced: a process whereby a legally constituted team of local partners support and challenge the School Leadership Team; helping them to fulfil their responsibility for the leadership and management of the school.