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Metadiscourse patterns in academic prose by non-native English writers: a cross-disciplinary perspective

Author(s): Olga Boginskaya / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: academic prose; research article abstract; metadiscourse; Hyland’s taxonomy; interactional metadiscourse devices

This article scrutinizes metadiscourse in English-medium academic prose by Russian writers from two different discourse communities focusing on the ways they interact with the reader and present themselves and their research results. It is assumed that the distribution of interactional metadiscourse elements varies across disciplines. The theoretical basis of the study is Hyland’s (2005) model of interactional metadiscourse which offers a pragmatically-grounded method of studying metadiscourse in academic texts. The study was carried out on a corpus of 156 abstracts derived from two Russian journals in the field of linguistics and computer engineering. The study confirmed Hyland’s findings about research article abstracts in the humanities and hard sciences, though it revealed some distinctive features of English-medium research article abstracts by Russian writers. The findings can enhance English L2 novice academic writers’ familiarity with the academic writing conventions in the discipline.

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Information technology students’ involvement in in-class debates: speech acts and modification of the illocutionary force

Author(s): Eva Ellederová / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: in-class debates; ESP learners; pragmatic competence; speech acts; illocutionary force; boosters; hedges

Information technology (IT) professionals are a specific discourse community whose oral communication in English as a second language (ESL) predominates at all levels of workplace activities in the multinational IT sector. Since IT students’ pragmatic competence in performing communicative functions is essential for their effective communication in an academic setting and a global work environment, it is important to investigate this aspect of their language systematically and carefully. This paper focuses on IT students’ speech acts and the ways they modify the illocutionary force while participating in in-class debates. The analysis revealed that students used a wide range of speech acts and different metadiscourse markers for both increasing and reducing the illocutionary force. The ways IT students used boosters and hedges also reflect how they assume and share their professional knowledge and experience in their discourse community.

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Gender stereotypes in educational texts: a comparative study of Indonesian and international primary English textbooks

Author(s): Rahmah Fithriani / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: feminist critical discourse analysis; gender representation; gender stereotype; Indonesia; language textbook; visual grammar theory

Despite the claim that the world is progressing toward gender parity, gender stereotyping continues to be a challenge for many countries, including Indonesia. This critical discourse study sought to investigate if gender stereotypes (still) exist in English language textbooks (ELTs) utilized in international and local (Indonesian) contexts. To this end, this study analysed visual texts portraying male and female characters from the student books of English Chest 6 and Let’s Go 6 from a Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) perspective. In terms of gender representation and responsiveness, both quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed that both ELTs depict unequal portrayals. Furthermore, gender stereotypes were identified in both educational documents under investigation in two social settings, namely family and occupation/profession. This empirical research implies that, in order to achieve more equality in education, both textbook authors and schoolteachers around the world should be fully aware of gender issues encapsulated in educational documents.

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Modern Cognitive Approach to Learning Translation

Author(s): Nigar Ogtay Babayeva / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: translation; cognitive; translator; vocabulary; interpretation;

In the lingo-cultural environment, the language landscape of the world is a means of expression of cultural stereotypes, symbols and standards that shape society. The national mentality is one of the main aspects of language thinking. Therefore, studying the transmission of national-cultural characteristics of the original text in the translation process plays a crucial role in intercultural communication. The breadth of theoretical concepts and research methods characterises modern translation studies. Especially in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in translation. Traditional translation has long been influenced by structural linguistics. In modern times, new perspectives on translation creativity have emerged. Cognitive approaches, in particular, have gained popularity among researchers in recent years. The development of translation studies demonstrates that translation, like any form of transfer, can never be flawless. Consequently, no translation can be the same as the original. This indicates that the translator should be concerned with interpreting the source text and its creation in the translated language. Translators should not limit themselves to just familiarising themselves with the vocabulary of the target language but should also study the ethnocultural and psycholinguistic aspects of language carriers. In doing so, they will encounter fewer problems and avoid embarrassing situations. Usually, gross errors appear in machine translation, mainly when translating personal names as common nouns rather than anthroponyms.

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Typology of the Category of Case in Beowulf, The Book of Dede Korkut, The Song of the Nibelungs and The Tale of Igor's Campaign

Author(s): Sevinj Khabib Fataliyeva / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: case; category; turcology; Dede Korkut; Nibelungs; Igor Tale; Beowulf;

The paper aims to explore the typology of the category of case in the epics Beowulf, The Book of Dede Korkut, The Song of The Nibelungs and The Tale of Igor's Campaign. It draws certain universal features and their nature based on the contrastive study of all the mentioned epic texts. The contrastive analysis reveals similarities in how various morphological units express the case category in these texts, suggesting that they have a deep root rather than an occasional nature. On the other hand, the results of such typological studies provide essential arguments to researchers in psychology, cultural studies, history, sociology, and other disciplines within this context. Our research topic is related to studying the typological features of case categories in ancient epics of diverse, unrelated, and geographically dispersed language speakers. In this context, it connects us to the unity of human nature and directs us towards the unity of biological and cognitive organisation. In ancient epics, identifying typological characteristics by case category means increasing the volume of language universals in this context. In ancient epics, the type of cases, and their development directions, are almost similar.

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Governance and Economic Development in West Africa: Linking Governance with Economic Misery

Author(s): Ubong Edem Effiong,Lawrence Ekpenyong Udofia,Inuwa Hassan Garba / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: governance; economic development; economic misery; inflation; unemployment;

In this study, we explored how governance could influence economic misery. Consideration is made of 16 West African countries from 2005 through 2020. The governance indicators used in the study include voice and accountability; political stability and absence of violence/terrorism; government effectiveness; regulatory quality; the rule of law; and control of corruption. Barro's misery index was computed and used in this study. The analysis used the pooled ordinary least squares, fixed and random effect models, and the Granger causality test. The Granger causality test indicated that unidirectional causality runs from government effectiveness, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, and regulatory quality to economic misery. For the pooled OLS, only voice and accountability aided in reducing economic pain in a significant manner, while the rule of law aggravated financial distress. In the Fixed effect model, none of the governance indicators could significantly influence economic misery, while in the Random effect model, voice and accountability with regulatory quality significantly reduced financial discomfort. Government effectiveness has not in any way exerted a significant influence on economic misery within the study period. Other variables that substantially influenced economic distress within West Africa were trade liberalisation and credit to the private sector, as they both significantly reduced economic misery. The weak governance indicators show poor institutional quality intensifies economic pain within the West African region.

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Serological Qualitative Diagnoses of Helicobacter pylori in Patients Accessing Care at the Bingham University Teaching Hospital Jos, Nigeria

Author(s): Mamzhi Crown Seljul Ramyil,Timothy Olugbenga Ogundeko,Anko Anko,Miriam Silas,Oluwagbenga Adeola,Catherine Nadabo,John Bimba,George Chima,James Bitrus,Cornelius Bello,Paul Bass Amos / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: peptic ulcer; H. pylori; seropositivity; gastric cancer; test-and-treat;

The widespread Helicobacter pylori infection is a substantial global health problem affecting approximately 50% of the worldwide population, with 50% infection rates in developed countries and 80% in developing countries, mainly concentrating in resource-limited settings. The mode of transmission is through the faecal-oral route, contamination of food and water, where inadequate sanitation practices, low socioeconomic status and overcrowdedness seem to relate to the high prevalence of H. pylori infections. This study sought to serologically determine the prevalence of H. pylori and the disease-associated burden in patients accessing care in a Tertiary Hospital. This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the Bingham University Teaching Hospital, North-Central Nigeria, for four months (September to December 2022). There, 551 blood specimens were collected from the patients into plain tubes and spun to obtain serum for the serological qualitative analysis. Out of the 551 screened specimens for H. pylori, 79% (n=437) were 58.4% reactive female and 41.6% male. Ages 15-49 had 62%, 50-70 yrs had 26.5%, and less than 14 yrs had 11.4% respectively. Furthermore, 64.3% of female patients presented with burning pains, nausea/vomiting, and trouble breathing. In comparison, 35.5% of the male counterparts presented symptoms of dyspepsia, and 32.1% had either taken one of the Nonsteroidal-inflammatory drugs. 86.7% of the suspected patients were hand washed after using the toilet, 83.3% had a loss of appetite, 55.4% reported alcohol intake and 35.9% smoked instead. 47.7% ate from mama-put, 30.1% from street-vended foods and 22.2% from classified restaurants, while 94.7% got their drinking water from sachet, bottled, borehole or tap, and well water, respectively. Serum antibody detection of H. pylori infection was higher in female than male patients accessing care at the Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos. This revealed that gender could be considered a potential risk factor. Thus, early risk identification factors, such as other transmission routes, are urgently needed in defining clinical and epidemiological characteristics to facilitate appropriate supportive care and prompt treatment.

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Interactive metadiscourse in dentistry research articles: Iranian vs non-Iranian academic writers

Author(s): Mohsen Khedri,Elham Basirat / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: research articles; rhetorical variations; linguistic features; interactive metadiscourse markers; discourse functions

Linguistically, interactive metadiscourse devices are responsible for creating an unfolding and persuasive piece of writing. They help writers come up with a cohesive and reader- friendly text and highlight how they control the interactive meaning. This corpus-driven study is an attempt to explore the use of interactive metadiscourse markers in English dentistry research articles published in International ISI-indexed and Iranian local research-based journals. The aim was to see if interactive resources, as realized by rhetorical options, such as transitions, code glosses, endophoric markers, evidentials, and frame markers, are predisposed to discipline-specific rhetorical conventions. To this end, fourty dentistry research articles were analyzed using Hyland’s (2005) Interpersonal Model of Metadiscourse. The results disclosed similarities and differences in both the frequency and use of interactive resources between the two sets of research articles. The present results are expected to extend our understanding of authorial preferences for the use of metadiscourse markers in tandem with discourse functions in research articles in the selected discipline. The results of such studies may also improve different features of language pedagogy, such as teaching and learning academic writing, namely research articles.

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The function of scare quotes in hard news: metadiscoursal and generic perspectives

Author(s): Zuzana Nádraská / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: scare quotes; hard news; implicitness; reader-writer engagement; metadiscourse

This paper is concerned with the issue of scare quoting in British hard news reports. It examines two types of scare quotes distinguished by voice origin – scare quotes originating with the internal voice and scare quotes attributed to an external voice (Dillon 1988, Schneider 2002, Predelli 2003, Bednarek 2006, Meibauer 2015, Nacey 2012). Scare quotes originating with the internal voice are comparable to code glosses (Hyland 2005, 2007) and they reflect the writer’s assumptions about the reader’s expectations regarding various aspects of the enclosed words, including meaning, register and style. Such scare quotes tend to co-occur with explicit verbal metadiscourse, partial quotes and contextualising authorial discourse with which they create functionally homogenous sections. Scare quotes attributed to an external voice overlap with partial direct quotes but the former are overlayed with an authorial attitude towards the enclosed words or the reported speaker; attitude is induced by the interaction between scare quotes and context, especially generic/discourse patterns such as contrast and repetition. The authorial comment signalled by code glossing and attitudinal quotation marks is implicit and thus in line with hard news generic conventions. The functions of scare quotes bear relevance to the novelty and negativity of reported events and are also reflected in the distribution across the generic structure (Urbanová 2013).

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Assessment of Air and Water Quality in the Surroundings of School Environment: Its Relation to Mosquito Population and Environmental Health

Author(s): Dwi Sudiarto / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: assessment; air quality; water quality; surroundings; school environment; mosquito population; environmental health;

This article explores the importance of evaluating air and water quality in the vicinity of school environments and its relation to mosquito populations and environmental health. The author highlights that poorly maintained school environments can become breeding grounds for mosquitoes, including Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are carriers of serious diseases such as dengue fever. The impact can harm the health of students, school staff, and the surrounding community. This study utilises the Systematic Literature Review method to investigate relevant information from reliable sources such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Springer Link. The research provides a deeper understanding of the importance of monitoring and evaluating the air and water quality in school environments to prevent more severe health issues. In addition to addressing mosquito-related concerns, this article also highlights the significant role of climate change and human activities in exacerbating air and water quality issues in the vicinity of school environments. With climate change affecting rainfall patterns and human activities such as industry, intensive agriculture, and transportation contributing to pollution, attention to the conditions of school environments becomes increasingly crucial. The article emphasises the need for proactive actions and comprehensive policies involving various stakeholders, such as schools, government entities, environmental organisations, and the community, to address these issues. Furthermore, increased awareness and education regarding maintaining a healthy environment are crucial to implementing effective preventive measures and protection. We can create safe, healthy, and optimal school environments for students' development and the community's well-being through collaboration and strong commitment from all parties involved.

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A Bibliometric Analysis Performance Assessment of Science Education on Science Process Skills

Author(s): Sudirman Sudirman,Agus Ramdani,Aris Doyan,Yunita Arian Sani Anwar,Joni Rokhmat,Sukarso Sukarso / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: performance assessment; science education; scientific process skills;

This study aims to determine a comprehensive performance assessment of science education using peer assessment and self-assessment to measure scientific process skills. The method of writing article through a literature review that was published from 2010 to 2022, descriptive qualitative and bibliometric analysis was used by the Perish 8 and VOS Viewer software, from 1000 articles sourced from journals, books, conferences, proceedings, and other literature that have been screened on Google Scholar and Scopus databases by the Publish and Perish 8 software. Found 340 articles sourced from journals and only 127 articles indexed by Scopus, consisting of 64 articles on Q1, 47 articles on Q2, 12 Articles on Q3 and four articles on Q4 to be used as references for further analysis as a literature review to write this article. The results of the bibliometric study qualitatively found that a comprehensive assessment of performance on science process skills can be assessed through peer assessment and self-assessment. Further analysis with the VOS Viewer application found a relationship between peer assessment and self-assessment of student science process skills.

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Implementation of Manuscript-based History Learning on High School Students Learning Outcomes in Langsa City

Author(s): Bukhari Bukhari / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: historical learning; Abdurrauf As-Singkili Manuscript; learning outcomes;

The study investigates the impact of history learning based on the Abdurrauf As-Singkili manuscript on student learning outcomes. The research addresses the limitations of history education in schools, particularly regarding the lack of engaging and locally relevant content. By utilising the valuable historical resource of the manuscript, the study aims to provide an innovative approach to history education that enhances student motivation and learning outcomes. The experimental research methodology involved two groups: an experimental group that received history instruction using the manuscript and a control group that did not. The study was conducted in two high schools in Kota Langsa, Aceh, Indonesia, and the participants were X-grade students. A questionnaire assessed students' knowledge, and data analysis included hypothesis testing. The results indicate that the experimental group achieved higher average scores than the control group, suggesting the positive impact of utilising the manuscript in history education. The average score of students in SMA Negeri 1 Kota Langsa with the module was 85.54, while the average score of students in SMA Negeri 3 Kota Langsa without the module was 69.28. The statistical analysis showed that the distribution of post-test data for the experimental group can be considered normal. The findings contribute to developing innovative history teaching methods and highlight the significance of utilising local historical resources in enriching students' learning experiences.

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Reviews

Author(s): Marina Ivanova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: reviews;

This paper contains following book review: Mur-Dueñas, P. & Lorés, R. (2022) Scientific and Parascientific Communication. MDPI. 122 pp.

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Principles for Teaching Economics and Social Science Education Discourse

Author(s): Nazaruddin Ali Basyah,Irham Fahmi,Ruaida Abdul Majid,Sakdiyah Yunus / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: teaching economics; market economy; discourse; analysis; interviewing techniques;

The research employed critical discourse analysis of official social science documents and three prominent lines of social science textbooks. Despite the recent emphasis on incorporating real-world economic practices into school financial education, the findings reveal that new social science textbooks exhibit increased criticism toward the market economy. Furthermore, they tend to avoid addressing and analysing the socio-economic issues of the present day. The study concludes by emphasising the need for economic education in schools to focus on contemporary social and financial problems.

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Human Resources Management in Improving Employee Performance at the Employment Section of Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia

Author(s): Darmawati Darmawati,Yusrizal Yusrizal,Niswanto Niswanto / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: Human Resources; employee performance; development;

Human Resource Management is efficiently utilising several individuals and effectively used optimally to achieve organisational goals. This research aims to know human resource management in improving employee performance in the University of Syiah Kuala staffing section. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis with data reduction techniques, data presentation, and conclusion. Based on the research findings, it was found that: 1) Programs that have been planned and carried out to improve employee performance include: formal education and training for employees, providing work motivation, preparing employee career development plans, providing satisfaction for State Civil Apparatus, placement Employees, and apparatus performance evaluation. 2) The strategy for improving employee performance is using policies adjusted to several considerations and targets for the institution. These policies are a Recruitment system, human resource placement system, human resource training and development system, and work evaluation management system (evaluation). 3) Obstacles in improving employee performance, namely: incompatibility of employee abilities with duties and functions, lack of motivation to increase performance and discipline for an employee. 4) The solution is to develop development and training programs, participate in learning assignments, apply effective communication methods, appreciate employee achievements, and pay attention to employee welfare and creativity.

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Implementation of the Kayak Rowing Ability Test Instrument in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar City Podsi, Indonesia

Author(s): Araiko Rahmat,Syamsulrizal Syamsulrizal,Mansur Mansur,Yeni Marlina,Muhammad Iqbal,Amanda Sukriadi / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: Implementation; Instruments; Rowing Capabilities;

Instruments are necessary because they are essential in various contexts, such as research, evaluation, measurement, or other practical actions. Tools help in the collection of data needed for a particular purpose. For example, surveys use questionnaires as instruments to collect data from respondents. Mechanisms allow systematic and structured collection of information. This study aims to determine the value of validity, reliability, and objectivity. This study uses quantitative analysis. The population in this study was all rowing athletes in Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar Regency, totalling 48 people – data collection by directly measuring samples using test instruments and measuring the ability to row kayaks in 2019. Data analysis techniques using validity tests and reliability are analysed using the SPSS. Instrument Validity of the rowing speed test for kayaks in male athletes obtained a score of 0.726, and the ability to row kayaks in female athletes received a score of 0.805. The results of the statistical reliability test of the rowing speed test instrument in male athletes obtained a score of 0.884. In contrast, the statistical reliability of the kayak rowing speed test instrument in female athletes obtained a score of 0.948. The test is declared reliable because the results are more significant than 0.6. The test gets objective results in the Good category. Thus, it can be concluded that the test instrument measuring the ability to row kayaks in the Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar Podsi that has been modified or designed by previous researchers after being used in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar Districts has validity, reliability and objectivity values as well as percentages in the Good Category.

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State of the Art on Vehicular Engine Exhaust Emissions Standards and Regulations: a Review

Author(s): Abdulyakin Usman,Ibrahim Mohammed,Kabiru Alhassan Dawaki / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: emission standards; exhaust emissions; gasoline; diesel; greenhouse effect;

Burning fossil fuels introduced massive quantities of pollutants, leading to many adverse effects on human health. Therefore, regulations to reduce or eliminate exhaust gases and pollutants emissions from fossil fuels began to be issued worldwide in 1970. Automotive emissions issue has been strictly regulated since 1980. Therefore, this article reviewed some significant countries' vehicular emission standards for diesel and gasoline engines. The review began with an overview of considerable diesel and gasoline exhaust emissions, how they are generated, and their impact on the environment and human health, then surveyed the emission standards and regulations for motor vehicles in the United States, Europe, Japan, Australia, China, India and Nigeria. This section discovered that most countries have modelled their regulatory standards using the European and US regulatory models. Since Countries like Japan and Europe have already been following the worldwide harmonised test cycle to rectify the differences in present emission standards followed by different countries, more concerted research is needed for evolution to a shared universal emission standard implementable worldwide so that other countries may introduce the same shortly. Policies to discourage growth in personal automobile use are also potentially most significant. Thus, the review herein has been discussed to have better insight into the status of existing vehicular emission standards, which may be helpful for future improvisation and implementation of vehicular emission standards in Nigeria.

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Performance Evaluation of Tamarindus Indica Seeds Powder in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater

Author(s): Mohammed Abdu Nasara,Isa Zubairu,Adamu Umar Chinade,Abdurrahman Abubakar Adams,Dalhatu Sale,Yusuf Musa Yerima / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: Dye Wastewater; Tamarindus Indica Seeds; Agricultural Waste; Physio-Chemical Analysis;

A large amount of dye wastewater is generated after the local dyeing process. It contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants. Furthermore, the composition of the wastewater varies according to the type and number of textiles and the water requirements of the process. Hence, its treatment before discharge is necessary to protect the environment. This study investigated the use and effectiveness of Tamarindus indica seeds powder from agricultural waste for removing some recalcitrant target compounds in the dye wastewater. A batch test was performed to examine the use of this adsorbent as a potential replacement for the advanced treatment methods. Varying adsorbent dosages determined the maximum adsorption capacity at 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 g and at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hr reaction times. The optimum dosage, reaction time and percentage removal of various parameters were found to be; Turbidity (no significant effect), TDS (40 g/l, 72 hrs, 54.42%), EC (35 g/l, 72 hrs, 4.46%), Phosphate (35 g/l, 24 hrs, 38.49 %), Total suspended solid (no significant effect), Nitrate (30 g/l, 96 hrs, 15.26%), COD (no considerable impact) and BOD (30 g/l, 48 hrs, 63.38%) respectively. The results showed that adsorption efficiency increased with decreased adsorbent dosage, even at different reaction times. Hence, low-cost adsorbents such as Tamarindus indica seeds can treat dye waste water to a certain level for safe disposal.

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Embedded Way of Responsible Innovation in ChatGPT

Author(s): Xinyu Chen / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: responsible innovation; ChatGPT; ethical issues;

In the era of artificial intelligence, ChatGPT, as an advanced language model technology, has the potential for radical innovation. Despite its significant advantages, ChatGPT poses specific potential social and ethical issues. Therefore, we need responsible innovation to mitigate these risks and enable ChatGPT to benefit the global community truly. By embedding responsible innovation throughout the various stages of ChatGPT, we can ensure the practical realisation of public trust in governments and expectations from enterprises, thus achieving compliance and successful implementation. Through such a healthy development approach, we can ensure that ChatGPT positively impacts society and continues to foster its healthy growth.

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The Influence of Trust, Military Leadership and Organizational Environment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Mediator Organizational Commitment First Officers

Author(s): Muhadi Muhadi,Corry Yohana,Budi Santoso / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2023

Keywords: Trust; Military Leadership; Organisational Environment; Organisational Commitment; Organisational Citizenship Behavior;

This research delves into the analysis of various factors affecting the organisational citizenship behaviour of First Officers within Koarmada-I. Specifically, the study explores the impact of trust, leadership, environment, and organisational commitment on this behaviour. The research sample consists of 143 First Officers based in Jakarta's Koarmada-I. The study uses descriptive analysis, validity and reliability tests, and Structural Equation Modeling for hypothesis testing. The study findings indicate that trust significantly impacts Organizational Commitment, whereas its effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior is not statistically significant. Military leadership, on the other hand, does not demonstrate a substantial influence on Organizational Commitment, but it does have a considerable effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Additionally, the environment impacts Organizational Commitment but not Organizational Citizenship Behavior significantly. The study also reveals that Organizational Commitment influences Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Furthermore, there is an indirect effect of Trust on Organizational Citizenship Behavior through Organizational Commitment. However, no indirect effect of Military leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior through Organizational Commitment is observed. Finally, the environment indirectly impacts Organizational Citizenship Behavior through Organizational Commitment.

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