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DE+INFINITIVO AS BALKAN CONTACT INFLUENCE IN JUDEO-SPANISH

Author(s): Iskra Dobreva / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/2021

Keywords: Keywords: Balkan infinitive; Judeo-Spanish; Balkan contact; Language Change; deísmo.

Abstract: This paper reveals the initial signs of loss of the infinitive in Judeo-Spanish, resulting from Balkan contact. They are numerous and range from infinitive’s replacement by que+subjunctive in same-subject purpose clauses to the preference for gerunds in immediative and accompaniative constructions, among others. Judeo-Spanish also tends to insert ungrammatical or expletive preposition de before infinitives (Spanish deísmo). Thus Judeo-Spanish approximates to Italian and to Balkan languages, distancing itself from Spanish and other Ibero-Romance languages. Beside Romance inheritance, the contentless de preceding Judeo-Spanish infinitives is also due to a Balkan influence, replicating earlier stages of infinitive loss, e.g. infinitive headed by da as detected in Old Bulgarian texts.

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The Role of Digital and Oral Mediation of Post Covid Syndrome Experiences: Narratives of Pain and Suffering

Author(s): Jelena Marković / Language(s): English / Issue: 84/2023

Keywords: post-COVID; digital mediation; oral mediation; pain; suffering

This paper analyzes the narrative reports and testimonies of people with the experience of post-COVID syndrome within the digital space (on Internet portals and social media), in everyday communication and ethnographic encounters. In everyday communication, the post-COVID syndrome is narratively shaped into a string of symptomatological personal narratives and narratives of personal experience about symptoms and is described, both among healthcare professionals and convalescents, as an “indescribable”, “surreal”, “bizarre”, “frightening” experience, an experience of long duration, unpredictable course, unknown causes, that evades language and the hitherto familiar symptomatology and descriptions of pain, weakness or suffering. The aim of this paper is to analyze the language used for communicating the so-called post-COVID syndrome in different agoras (Foley 2012) and genres, with the goal of showing that the antagonism between language and pain opens up a wide and varied range of expressions, pushing us toward language, which in turn makes possible the communication of an experience that is in the narrative and sensory sense unfamiliar to most people

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Media and Cultural Representation of Goranci Culture and Tradition

Author(s): Jadranka Đorđević Crnobrnja / Language(s): English / Issue: 84/2023

Keywords: Goranci community; Goranci culture; newspaper articles; cultural representations; confectioners; pastry shop

The paper represents some of the results of research into the influence of the media on creating cultural representations about the Goranci community, their culture and tradition. One of the often-displayed cultural elements is confectionery which can be viewed from multiple angles. Another element of culture is viewed in parallel – traditional wrestling (the wrestlers are called pelivani). It is a sporting activity practiced within the Goranci community for a long period of time and is considered Ottoman heritage in Gora. The research was conducted during 2022 and entailed reading and analysis of newspaper articles, and the contents of websites set up by members of the Goranci community, as well as keeping up with television documentaries filmed at the beginning of the 21st century. The objects of study were newspaper articles that were also published online as well as those that were available only in print, and were written in the early 21st century. The research did not focus on attitudes, but on social conceptions of the culture and tradition of Goranci people in the Republic of Serbia. The anthropological analysis is geared toward media content and media discourses with the intent of understanding their influence on creating cultural representations about the specifics of contemporary Goranci culture and tradition.

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The cemetery of the Cernavodă I culture at Orlovka-Kartal

Author(s): Igor V. Bruyako,Blagoje Govedarica,Igor V. Manzura / Language(s): English / Issue: 51/2022

Keywords: North-West Pontic region; prehistory; prehistoric archaeology; late Eneolithic; steppe Eneolithic; Cernavodă I culture; Usatovo culture; mortuary archaeology; cemetery; burial rite;

The article presents materials of the late Eneolithic cemetery related to the Cernavodă I culture. The cemetery is part of a very extensive archaeological complex with the name Kartal located in the vicinity of the village of Orlovka (the Reni district, the Odessa county) on the Lower Danube. About 40 late Eneolithic graves were uncovered in the cemetery for several years of excavations. The graves are represented by inhumations in oval and rectangular pits. The deceased are buried in a crouched position on the left side or on the back. Grave goods are quite rare and usually include single vessels. Burial rite in the cemetery has clear parallels in mortuary traditions of the Cernavodă I culture in the Balkans and steppe Eneolithic graves in the North-West Pontic region.

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Modelling the Subsistence Economy of the Settlement Rykan-3 in the Don Forest-Steppe

Author(s): Evgenii I. Gak,Ekaterina Ye. Antipina,Ekaterina Lebedeva,Elke Kaiser / Language(s): English / Issue: 51/2022

Keywords: Middle Bronze Age; Middle Don Catacomb Culture; forest-Steppe; economy; cattle breeding; seasonality; subsistence basis;

This article presents a reconstruction of a subsistence strategy at the Middle Bronze Age settlement Rykan-3. The settlement is located in the centre of the Don forest-steppe and dates to 26th–24th century BC; it was mostly excavated in 2009–2014. Rykan-3 is of particular interest because, unlike many other Bronze Age settlements in the South of Eastern Europe, it yielded only a single cultural layer, which was deposited during the existence of the settlement of the Middle Don Catacomb culture. Mainly for this reason, Evgenii Gak chose to conduct a systematic excavation, and to combine it with zooarchaeological, archaeobotanical, and pedological investigations. Additionally, radiocarbon dating was provided. Various proxy data were obtained during the excavation from various laboratories. Pottery fragments and animal bones formed the bulk of the finds. The assessment of the animal bones, the archaeobotanical and pedological information, and the interpretation of particular settlement features make it possible to create a model of a temporary settlement inhabited mainly in winter. Its inhabitants were mainly engaged in animal husbandry with special attention to cattle. The archaeobotanical survey could not reveal any evidence of agriculture during the period of occupation in the Middle Bronze Age. Radiocarbon dating proved that the isolated plant macro remains were clearly recent intrusions. Interdisciplinary research of the settlement Rykan-3 and the inclusion of various information from accompanying scientific investigations have made it possible, for the first time, to reconstruct a seasonal cattle breeding settlement, inhabited in winter, of the Catacomb Cultural Community in Eastern Europe.

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WHISTLEBLOWING AND WHISTLEBLOWERS: AN INTRAORGANIZATIONAL VIEW

Author(s): Amra Kožo / Language(s): English / Issue: 40/2022

Keywords: Whistleblowing; whistleblower; channels of whistleblowing;

This paper discusses the intra-organizational view on the phenomenon of whistleblowing. The study aims to provide insights into the perception of whistleblowing and whistleblowers, factors that encourage and discourage employees from reporting irregularities and explores preferred channels of whistleblowing. The study employs qualitative methods, and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted in a company from the finance sector. The results imply that even if employees perceive whistleblowing as a moral act and organizational duty, various factors influence their ethical dilemma and final ethical choice. In addition, the study suggests that employees favor internal over external channels when reporting wrongdoing.

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MANAGERS' EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE INFLUENCE ON JOB PERFORMANCE – IN THE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CONTEXT

Author(s): Azra Ahmić,Amra Čaušević / Language(s): English / Issue: 40/2022

Keywords: emotional intelligence; job performance; small and medium enterprises;

With the increasing complexity of organizational and individual relationships, having only an outstanding IQ (Intelligence Quotient – as cognitive ability) is simply not sufficient, but it is required involvement of other valuable personal characteristics, such as emotional intelligence. The aim of this study was to ascertain if managers' emotional intelligence influences their job performance – observed through task performance, contextual performance and counterproductive work behavior. This study encompassed totally 117 managers as respondents of small and medium enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the collected data were analyzed using multiple regression method. Outcomes of the research uncovered that managers' emotional intelligence impacts positively and significantly their task and contextual performance; and that emotional intelligence influences negatively and significantly on their counterproductive work behavior. This study brings a valuable contribution to enriching theory on emotional intelligence, as well as empirical evidence on its importance for boosting managerial job performance (viewed through contextual, task performance and counterproductive work behavior) in small and medium enterprises in emerging markets.

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CHALLENGES TO PRESERVING THE DIGNITY OF THE WORKER OR EMPLOYEE IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

Author(s): Nikoleta Lazarova,Georgi Mihaylov / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: labor rights; labor law dignity; discrimination

This article aims to analyze the labor law and regulations regarding the dignity of the worker or employee and the challenges to their protection in case of harassment by the employer. At its core, the entire labor legislation in the Republic of Bulgaria is based on the worker's or employee's dignity, since wage labor places the worker or employee in economic and legal dependence on the employer. The dominant figure of the employer gives rise to a number of trials and dangers for the protection of the worker's or employee's dignity. In Bulgaria, many cases of disrespect for the dignity of workers or employees by their employer within the framework of the labor process are known. The reason leading to the most frequent cases of trampling on the worker's or employee's dignity is harassment in the workplace. In this regard, realizing the importance of the problem, we chose a more unconventional approach to analyze the issue of protecting the dignity of the worker or employee through the lens of workplace harassment. Although the labor legislation in the Republic of Bulgaria traditionally aims to protect the dignity of the worker or employee, it makes an impression that it contains explicit legal regulations regarding harassment in the workplace, nor does it deal with the concept of “harassment in the workplace”. The specified gap in the Labor Code necessitates finding a way to legally protect the dignity of the worker or employee, in cases of harassment in the workplace, through the interpretation of several Bulgarian normative acts - the Labor Code (LC), the Protection Against Discrimination Act and the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA). Harassment in the workplace may be committed by the employer to the worker or employee (vertical harassment) or by a worker or employee to another worker or employee located at the same hierarchical level in the enterprise (horizontal harassment). There is a hypothesis in which the harassment can be carried out by a third party who is not in an employment relationship with the respective employer. For example, harassment from a customer to an employee serving the customer. The subject of this article will be harassment in the workplace, carried out by the employer, as one of the most frequent hypotheses observed in Bulgarian reality.

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SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS, AND COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF GOOD PRACTICES

Author(s): Ivona Shushak,Ice Ilijevski,Angelina Stanojoska / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: sexual harassment; law; discrimination; crime

Sexual harassment is a form of gender-based violence as well as a complex social issue that every society faces today. The United Nations and other international and regional organizations have recognized sexual harassment as a form of discrimination and violence against women. By adopting international documents and delegating principles, they provided an important starting point in the drafting of legislation that, at the national level, prohibits sexual harassment.This paper aims to analyze international legal standards on sexual harassment, as well as through a comparative analysis of legal practices, to point out the fact that although the domestic legal framework, in general, is in line with international standards, inconsistencies can still be determined in several areas, but also to point out certain good examples of incrimination of this phenomenon.

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A PRACTICAL AND ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE ALBANIAN MECHANISM FOR VIOLATION OF REASONABLE LENGTH REQUIREMENT IN JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS

Author(s): Jonida Rystemaj,Asim Vokshi / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: reform in the judiciary; protracted proceedings; effective remedy

In Albania, a major constitutional reform took place in 2016 that aimed at strengthening the independence and accountability of the judiciary and had, as its main pillar, the vetting process for judges and prosecutors. Other major interventions were ratified following the constitutional amendments that aimed at securing speedy procedures before the courts. Therefore, amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure were envisaged and introduced a mechanism to give impetus to accelerating the judicial proceedings.This article will mainly address the effectiveness of this instrument and the behavior of the courts towards claims based on that mechanism. This analysis will be conducted in the current setting of the Albanian judiciary which is facing a considerable backlog of cases. Through an analytical approach and examination of jurisprudence, the authors suggest that this mechanism is designed to work in a normal situation where courts are adequately equipped with human resources, both judges and aiding staff.

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LEGISLATIVE POWERS, GOVERNMENT OVERSIGHT, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION POLICY BY THE PARLIAMENT OF GEORGIA

Author(s): Malkhaz Nakashidze / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: European Union; Parliament; Oversight; Government; Committee; Georgia

National parliaments play an important role in the European integration process. Parliaments are the main law-making bodies in defining European integration policies, and on the other hand, the parliament oversights the implementation of these policies by the government. This article discusses the practice of the Georgian Parliament's legislative activity on EU issues, the main forms of government oversight on the European integration policy, the powers of the European Integration Committee of the Parliament, and the forms of reaching a multi-party consensus on the European integration affairs. The article shows that the Parliament of Georgia focuses more on legislative activities and is weak in the field of government oversight on the European integration issues. These findings increase our understanding of the role of parliaments in the EU candidate countries where often the executive power dominates the process of policy implementation on European affairs.

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ADAPTATION OF THE CIVIL LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE IN THE FIELD OF INHERITANCE WITH EU LAW

Author(s): Mariya Mykhayliv / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: inheritance; composition of inheritance; testator; heir; inheritance legal relations; last will and testament

This article studies the directions of adaptation of the civil legislation of Ukraine in the field of inheritance with EU law, as well as the institution of inheritance in Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to study and determine the main directions and conditions for adapting and approximating the Ukrainian civil legislation regulating inheritance in relation to the law of the European Union countries. The methods used to study this topic include: the dialectical method, legal recognition method, comparative legal method, formal legal method, historical method, hermeneutical method, structural and functional method. During the research, the concepts of "inheritance" and "adaptation" were defined; the history of the development of inheritance relations was studied, from the regulation of Roman law to the present; the characterization of the institute of inheritance law in Ukraine, including its main components; the directions of adaptation of national legislation in the field of inheritance to the legal standards of the European Union countries were determined. The practical significance of the results obtained is expressed in the possibility of applying the scientific provisions and conclusions of the article for further improvement of legislation in the field of inheritance, as well as effective adaptation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of inheritance to the standards of European Union law.

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PECULIARITIES AND PROBLEMS OF MEASURING THE LEVEL OF DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS

Author(s): Mykola Buchyn / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: elections, democracy; indexing; Index of democratic elections

Having analyzed the main approaches to measuring the level of democracy, the author convincingly shows that significant attention in such methods is paid to elections as one of the key attributes, indicators and catalysts of democracy, but there are no separate scientific tools for measuring the level of democratic elections. The author concludes that, by analogy, it is possible to develop a scientific toolkit for determining the level of democratic elections. The author introduces the concept of the "Index of democratic elections", which has a three-level structure: the first level – is democratic principles of elections; the second level – is indicators of democratic elections; and the third level – is components of indicators of democratic elections. The author's method of calculating the level of democratic elections is relative in nature and is defined as the ratio between the ideal model of democratic elections and the existing model of a specific election campaign. The author's proposed method of calculating the level of democratic elections involves taking into account both the state of electoral legislation and the features of electoral practice and can be effectively used to measure the level of democratic elections in transitional (transit) democracies.

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EQUAL CITIZENSHIP AND INCLUSIVE POLICY: LESSON FROM FEMALE FISHERMEN MOVEMENT IN COASTAL AREA, INDONESIA

Author(s): Ambar Widaningrum,Dimas Wahyudi / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: citizenship; gender equality; civic participation and representation; inclusive policy; Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the community movements of female fishermen, to obtain justice and fight discrimination for equal citizenship. Issuance of Indonesian Law concerning the protection of fishermen as a formal law to protect fishermen does not fully target female fishermen groups. One of the female fishermen movements in the coastal communities, which is joined by a community organization, was trying to request an adjustment of the occupation identity written in the National Identification Card (NIC) from housewife to fisherman to access the benefits of this law. Using four key dimensions of citizenship proposed by Stokke (2017), this paper seeks to fill a gap in the study of participatory and inclusive policy at the community level. We found that female fishermen experience unjust treatment in terms of recognition, welfare distribution, and political representation. They developed a shared identity based on their awareness of and encounters with unfair treatment, which is expressed in all four dimensions of citizenship, membership, legal status, rights, and participation. They learned a lot from this experience about how to identify each problem related to the four dimensions of citizenship, which serves as a strategy for developing and enhancing their sense of citizenship identity. Through a series of advocacy efforts and agreements, the recognition of female fishermen's citizenship is pursued to fulfill their requests. These female fishermen's initiatives to secure legal recognition of their identity employ transformative and affirmative strategies. This legal recognition will strengthen their access and other positive externalities, particularly on the welfare distribution programs and political representation.

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MIDDLE POWERS IN THE SPACE DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOUTH KOREA AND INDONESIA

Author(s): Kuang Ho-Yeh / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: Middle Powers; Space Middle Powers; Space Power Ladder; Space Law; Space Cooperation

“Middle powers” is an academic term that encompasses the external manifestations of a state actor, such as spatial scale, resource volume, economic strength, geostrategic position, and international influence. Research on middle powers has gradually progressed from area studies to governance research on specific development fields. This article begins by providing the theoretical definition of middle powers and reviewing the practices of state actors, then applies the concept of middle powers to the space field. By reviewing the new theoretical concept of “space middle powers” and designing the “Space Power Ladder” model in methodology, this article summarizes the development-related factors and analyzes comparative cases, highlighting the similarities and differences in the background and implementation paths of South Korea and Indonesia in the space field, which are middle powers in a general sense. By demonstrating the causal relationship between the space development of different middle powers and related influencing factors, this article proposes theoretical supplements and innovations for both typology and general research of global middle powers.

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WESTERN BALKANS GEOPOLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE: THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATE’S PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Adam Krzymowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: Western Balkans; United Arab Emirates; Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina

The subject of the study is the relationship between entities in the Western Balkans and the United Arab Emirates as a process of adaptation to a new international environment and, consequently, the adoption of new roles and positions. The research question adopted is: What are the new role and the Western Balkans position from the perspective of the dynamics of relations between the countries of this region and the United Arab Emirates? To find an answer to the research question, appropriate scientific measures and methods were adopted, based on the theory of adaptation and international roles, using quantitative and qualitative methods. The answer to the posed research question is the statement that the Western Balkans, from their relations with the United Arab Emirates perspective, achieve a stronger role and position as a connector of strategic North-South transport and energy routes. However, the condition for the long-term increase in the importance of the Western Balkans is anchoring in the membership of the European Union and the Three Seas Initiative (3SI). The answers and the results obtained are significant because the problem under consideration concerns the processes of shaping a new international order. In addition, the presented research paper is innovative and based on original data. Thus, the results of the completed research described in this article set future directions of research focusing on the interdependence of processes taking place in the Western Balkans-Middle East-Caucasus triangle.

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SOCIAL MEDIA ALGORITHMS AND DATA MANAGEMENT

Author(s): Ivana Stamenković,Dušan Aleksić,Tatjana Đukić Živadinović / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: social media; big data; algorithms; students

Although the audience in the digital media space has more power than in the traditional media environment, as indicated by their ability to create, reshape and share content, media users’ behavior is shaped by the use of algorithms and big data management. Taking into consideration the fact that students use the internet and social media platforms daily, this paper aims to examine their perceptions and viewpoints on the operation of algorithms and data management on the Internet. According to a survey conducted by the authors, which consists of 200 respondents, two-thirds of students notice the results of the algorithmic personalization, filtered selection of content and news, and the customized display of content on social media. Even though 70% of them realize that user activities are continually monitored and that control over personal data online is taken over by large companies and/or a third party, most respondents express only moderate concern for their data online (82%), which further confirms the fact that only a small percentage of students (18%) almost always read the terms of use on a website, application, or internet service.

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THE LANGUAGE OF RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION THROUGH THE LENS OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN ONLINE MEDIA

Author(s): Jonida Cungu,Heliona Miço / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: Racism language; Critical analysis; Political Communication; Media; European policies

The purpose of this article is to analyze the critical language of racism in political communication reflected through online media. The analysis is focused on the elements of meaning and content structure of political statements and the context in which they are used. The analysis highlights the use of words with an intensity of meaning toward negative connotation, which manages to produce the harsh language of racism. Political communication develops an interactive discourse, which is simultaneously related not only to linguistic behavior but also to human behavior. Various political statements regarding immigration issues, the intensity of news published by media on the statements of politicians, as well as the influence they have on public opinion will be at the center of the discussion. Through descriptive and analytical methods, the article will argue and highlight the hostile, racial, and discriminatory language used by politicians, which is contradictory to the international framework on human rights and policies of the European Parliament which are focused on eliminating this approach.

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REVISITING HALLIN AND MANCINI'S MEDIA MODEL: ALBANIA AND KOSOVO

Author(s): Hasan Saliu,Ardita Reçi,Gazmend Abrashi / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: media system; digital journalism; social media; Hallin and Mancini

This study aims to examine the professional standards of journalists in Albania and Kosovo to determine the relevance of Hallin and Mancini's media system in the age of digital journalism and social media. This is because the media system continues to be an important analytical tool for understanding the fundamental characteristics of national media and comparing media sectors across countries. A qualitative method was utilized to elucidate this, with semi-structured interviews performed with 22 television and digital journalism editors and journalists, as well as social media managers in Albania and Kosovo. The findings indicate that although television stations continue to target traditional audiences using professional journalism standards, journalists in digital journalism and social media compromise on professional standards to give the public what they want. Although Hallin and Mancini’s media system as an analytical framework for evaluating media models remains useful, the criteria for evaluating them should be changed in light of changes in the media environment over the last two decades.

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THE PROCESS OF DIGITALIZATION OF AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA IN ALBANIA. LEGAL LIMITATIONS OF OWNERSHIP AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES IN THE MARKET

Author(s): Endira Bushati,Zylyftar Bregu / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2023

Keywords: media; freedom; pluralism; ownership; beauty contest; digitalization; Albania

Digital transmissions in Albania began in July 2004. Despite developing outside of any legal framework, terrestrial digital television quickly became an important aspect of the Albanian media market. Albania ratified the 2006 Geneva Convention on the digitalization of terrestrial TV broadcasters, and efforts to regulate the digitalization of audiovisual media began in 2007 with the approval of the first law for digital transmissions. The process of digitalization faced strong opposition due to pressure from existing television operators and their political connections. These obstacles caused significant delays, so the June 2015 deadline for the switchover was missed, and the finalization of the process failed to address the issues of illegality and concentration that plagued the Albanian audiovisual media market. Despite the existence of simple and enforceable legal ownership restrictions under the 2013 media law, the close connections between audiovisual operators, politics, and the justice system, allowed the market to become concentrated in the hands of a few owners, damaging media pluralism in the country and hindering the development of democracy.

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