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Gibran Khalil Gibran's “The Prophet” and the American Counterculture of the 20th Century

Gibran Khalil Gibran's “The Prophet” and the American Counterculture of the 20th Century

Пророкът на Джубран Халил Джубран и американската контракултура на 20 в.

Author(s): Vesela Todorova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Gibran Khalil Gibran; American Counterculture; “The Prophet”

This paper discusses the reasons why Gibran Khalil Gibran’s book “The Prophet” has become a world literary phenomenon with more than 9,000,000 copies sold in America, as well as the influence of Al Mustafa’s messages on counterculture formation and New-Age movements in America in the 1960s. Although the work has not been well received by the academic community in America and was not highly rated by literary critics, because of its simple style, the short form of poetic essays and the symbolism used make the Prophet’s messages easily reach the heart of the American youth seeking the way to the spiritual without being obliged to obey the dogmas of organized religions.This paper discusses the reasons why Gibran Khalil Gibran’s book “The Prophet” has become a world literary phenomenon with more than 9,000,000 copies sold in America, as well as the influence of Al Mustafa’s messages on counterculture formation and New-Age movements in America in the 1960s. Although the work has not been well received by the academic community in America and was not highly rated by literary critics, because of its simple style, the short form of poetic essays and the symbolism used make the Prophet’s messages easily reach the heart of the American youth seeking the way to the spiritual without being obliged to obey the dogmas of organized religions.

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The Cross Triumphant over the Crescent Moon, or the End of the Arab Reign over the Iberian Peninsula

The Cross Triumphant over the Crescent Moon, or the End of the Arab Reign over the Iberian Peninsula

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров

Author(s): Ivona Karashtranova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Arabs; Christians; influence; Al-Andalus; Arab Caliphate

The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.

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The Traditional Chinese Family Institution. Organization of Traditional Family Relationships in China

The Traditional Chinese Family Institution. Organization of Traditional Family Relationships in China

Традиционната китайска семейна институция. Организация на традиционните семейни отношения в Китай

Author(s): Diana Maglova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Chinese; family; traditional; relationships; organization; concubines

The present work is devoted to Chinese traditional family institution and organization of traditional family relationships in China. The present paper analyzes the noble and rural family in imperial China. The relationships between spouses are described, and the social roles of men, women and children in the family group are clarified. Paper also reveals some interesting cultural practices related to important life events, family cults in China in the past and the institution of concubines.The present work is devoted to Chinese traditional family institution and organization of traditional family relationships in China. The present paper analyzes the noble and rural family in imperial China. The relationships between spouses are described, and the social roles of men, women and children in the family group are clarified. Paper also reveals some interesting cultural practices related to important life events, family cults in China in the past and the institution of concubines.

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Celebration of Traditional Bulgarian Holidays By Bulgarian Migrants Living in Beijing

Celebration of Traditional Bulgarian Holidays By Bulgarian Migrants Living in Beijing

Честване на традиционни календарни празници в живота на българските мигранти в Пекин

Author(s): Teodora Yonkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: cultural differences; Bulgarian traditional holidays; Beijing; food; family; circle of friends

This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.

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From Herodotus to Christian Authors: On the Widows of Thracians and Their Ritual Death

From Herodotus to Christian Authors: On the Widows of Thracians and Their Ritual Death

От Херодот до християнските автори: за вдовиците на траките и ритуалната им смърт

Author(s): Dobriela Kotova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: ancient texts; Thracians; ritual death

The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians. The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians.

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Ideology of Augustus Embodied by the Images in the Temple of Mars Ultor

Ideology of Augustus Embodied by the Images in the Temple of Mars Ultor

Августовата идеология, въплътена в образността на храма на Mars Ultor

Author(s): Lilia Kyurkchiyska / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Temple of Mars Ultor; Forum; Augustus; ideological; Roman

The purpose of the paper is to study the ideological messages sent by Augustus through architectural monuments, focusing its attention to the temple of Mars Ultor, seeing it as one monument with the forum of Augustus. The focus of this paper is set on the following questions – the long period of time between the oath of construction and the consecration of the temple. A lot of reasons of financial, political and ideological nature are considered. Special attention is drawn to Marcus Antonius’s relation to the monument as possible co-initiator and political adversary of Augustus. The second problem concerns concepts of the Roman mind, placed in the scheme of the temple and the forum. These concepts are given new ideological meaning by the one who order the construction. The study concludes that Augustus intentionally leaves the original idea so that he can draw the attention of the Roman society away from the civil wars to the secured presence which he guards.The purpose of the paper is to study the ideological messages sent by Augustus through architectural monuments, focusing its attention to the temple of Mars Ultor, seeing it as one monument with the forum of Augustus. The focus of this paper is set on the following questions – the long period of time between the oath of construction and the consecration of the temple. A lot of reasons of financial, political and ideological nature are considered. Special attention is drawn to Marcus Antonius’s relation to the monument as possible co-initiator and political adversary of Augustus. The second problem concerns concepts of the Roman mind, placed in the scheme of the temple and the forum. These concepts are given new ideological meaning by the one who order the construction. The study concludes that Augustus intentionally leaves the original idea so that he can draw the attention of the Roman society away from the civil wars to the secured presence which he guards.

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Bulgarian-Pashto Cognates. Analysis of Their Meaning and Origin

Bulgarian-Pashto Cognates. Analysis of Their Meaning and Origin

Българо-пущунски когнати. Анализ на тяхното значение и произход

Author(s): Ivan T. Ivanov,Mariana Minkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: cognate words; Old Bulgarian; Pashto; Proto-Bulgarians; Hephthalites

The article presents eight words from Pashto language, considered as cognates to words left by Proto-Bulgarians. This conclusion is supported by the fact that Proto-Bulgarians generally have East-Iranian origin, as do the Hephthalites, the ancestors of modern Pashtuns. Six modern Bulgarian words and eleven Old Bulgarian words and semantic roots of unspecified origin are shown as cognate to Pashto words, hence their Proto-Bulgarian origin is suggested. The ancient hydronym Gerdab “iron gate“ for a gorge on Danube river is shown to correspond to the Pashto phrase gird вb “stirred water“ and hence, it could also have Eastern origin. In conclusion, a significant number of examples are adduced evidencing for Eastern heritage in the languages of ancient and modern Bulgarians.The article presents eight words from Pashto language, considered as cognates to words left by Proto-Bulgarians. This conclusion is supported by the fact that Proto-Bulgarians generally have East-Iranian origin, as do the Hephthalites, the ancestors of modern Pashtuns. Six modern Bulgarian words and eleven Old Bulgarian words and semantic roots of unspecified origin are shown as cognate to Pashto words, hence their Proto-Bulgarian origin is suggested. The ancient hydronym Gerdab “iron gate“ for a gorge on Danube river is shown to correspond to the Pashto phrase gird вb “stirred water“ and hence, it could also have Eastern origin. In conclusion, a significant number of examples are adduced evidencing for Eastern heritage in the languages of ancient and modern Bulgarians.

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On the Origin of the Name Kazanlak and the Location of the Town of Kran

On the Origin of the Name Kazanlak and the Location of the Town of Kran

За произхода на името Казанлък и местоположението на град Крън

Author(s): Mariana Minkova,Ivan T. Ivanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Akça Kizinlik; etymology; rotacism; Kazanlik; location of Kran

The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.

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Diary of Economos Todor Penkov (1878–1959): A Forgotten Story about the History of the Diocese Brotherhood Home and the St. Panteleimon Church in the Village of Yagoda, Diocese of Stara Zagora

Diary of Economos Todor Penkov (1878–1959): A Forgotten Story about the History of the Diocese Brotherhood Home and the St. Panteleimon Church in the Village of Yagoda, Diocese of Stara Zagora

Дневникът на свещеноиконом Тодор Пенков (1878–1959) – един забравен разказ за „Св. Пантелеймон“ в старозагорското село Ягода

Author(s): Rumyana Lecheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Diary; Eparchial advisor; Union of the Priests; Orthodoxy

The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.

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Gypsies on the Balkans and their Place in the Restored Bulgarian State (Late 19th – Mid-20th Centuries)

Gypsies on the Balkans and their Place in the Restored Bulgarian State (Late 19th – Mid-20th Centuries)

Циганите на Балканите и мястото им във възстановената българска държава (края на XIX – средата на XX век)

Author(s): Evgenia I. Ivanova,Velcho Krastev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Romani community; Bulgarian; migration processes

With the restoration of Bulgarian statehood the various ethnic and religious communities, incl. and Gypsies, become full-fledged Bulgarian subjects. In the announcement, we are addressing only the specific moments outlining the place of the Gypsies in a Bulgarian state in the period from the end of the 19th century to the mid-twentieth century. We fix on the actions of the executive to them as regards of migration processes, nomadism and the territorial settlement of their neighborhoods. We look at the institution of cheribashiata – the proxy who presents the gypsies in front of the municipal administrative authorities as well as the place of the Gypsies in the institutions responsible for external and internal security and public order in Bulgaria.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.

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The Creative Reception of the Ancient Tradition in Walahfried Strabo’s “De Cultura Hortorum”

The Creative Reception of the Ancient Tradition in Walahfried Strabo’s “De Cultura Hortorum”

Творческа рецепция на античната традиция в „DE CULTURA HORTORUM“ на Валафрид Страбон

Author(s): Kalina Boseva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Walahfrid Strabo was a celebrated poet and theologian of the 9th century. He lived and studied mainly in Reichenau, a monastery in modern Germany, where he was monk and at some point abbot. His education covered the Scripture, the writings of the Holy Fathers, as well as Latin, Greek, geography, poetry and the liberal arts. Walahfrid’s many works, written in Latin, consist of theological treatises in prose and many poems on different subjects. Among them is a poem on gardening and the medicinal uses of the plants titled „De cultura hortorum” – „On the cultivation of gardens”. The poem has many scientific and poetical sources: Pliny the Elder, Collumela, Dioscorides, Celsus, Serenus Sammonicus, Pliny Valerianus, Apuleus Platonicus, Isidore of Seville, Virgil, Horace, Lucretius Carus. Strabo used his sources creatively, with a view to do more than just another compilation. He used the words and phrases he found as building blocks in order to come up with a new, contemporary concept for both aesthetics and utility. He is believed to have served as a monastery gardener himself, so likely fused his ideas and practical experience with the received literary tradition of his time. He thus created a unique snapshot of a real life cloister garden – his own garden – both authentic and ideal.

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Latin Idioms with an Onomastic Component in a Linguo-Culturological Context

Latin Idioms with an Onomastic Component in a Linguo-Culturological Context

Латински фразеологизми с ономастичен компонент в лингво-културологичен аспект

Author(s): Pepa Lungarova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: phraseological unit; onomastic component; anthroponyms; toponyms; antonomasia; concept; cultural-linguistic aspect

The present paper explores the phraseological meaning and linguistic-cultural aspects of the latin phraseological units, so called “”flying thoughts”, containing onomastic component. The material was selected from “Dictionary of the Latin flying thoughts” (1982), edited by N. Babichev and J. Borovskij. The attention is paid to the semantic of phraseologisms, to different approaches of their synchronic and diachronic description, and to cultural specificity. Reflecting the nature of the Roman conception of the world and the human relationships phraseological units proceed from the subjective human experience. Proper names are linguistic items fulfilling a referential function. The proper names in phraseological units are of great importance in communication where they are signs of cultural, linguistic, geographical, ethnic and social identity.

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Literature and Theology in “Commonitorium” of St. Vincent of Lerins

Literature and Theology in “Commonitorium” of St. Vincent of Lerins

Литература и богословие в „COMMONITORIUM“ на Св. Винценций Лерински

Author(s): Rosen Milanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

One of the saints of the Lérins islands (modern day France) is St. Vincent of Lérins († after 434). He is the author of the very significant work Commonitorium (in two books). Commonitorium is esteemed from Antiquity till today in the West as well as in the East. The reason for this is its theological value and the important thoughts therein concerning authority in the Church and the principles of development of the Christian doctrine. However, Commonitorium possesses other qualities as well – literary and especially spiritual. The language of Vincent of Lérins is not artificial; at the same time, there are many beautiful similes and antitheses in his essay. Furthermore, the subject-matter of Commonitorium is topical even now and it has special meaning for the life of each Christian today. Commonitorium is a testament to the possibility that the Christian church can express its truths in an exceptionally fascinating way.

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Intercultural Competence in Japanese Language Teaching

Intercultural Competence in Japanese Language Teaching

Интеркултурна компетентност в обучението по японски език в Япония

Author(s): Magdalena Vasileva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The paper sheds light on some contemporary methodologies of teaching Japanese as a second language at Japanese universities from the point of view of intercultural competence. In linguistics the terms intercultural and cross-cultural are often used synonymously, but we make a certain distinction between them. While crosscultural supposes a kind of meeting between different cultures without any special interferences, intercultural evokes an association of a „crash“ between different systems of values while trying to accept the „otherness“ and it also implies a process of retrospection of one’s own system of values. On the other hand, the development and cultivation of intercultural competence is a long and many sided process concerned both: 1) with the foreign language and culture, that are to be mastered and 2) with one’s own language and culture, too. Many of the practices described in the paper stress on two points that are important for the development of intercultural competence: 1) teaching language and culture as a whole and inseparable unit and 2) providing the proper medium for a communication at an individual level.

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Charon’s Obol and the “Dropped” Coins of the Thracian Tombs Which Were Robbed in Antiquity

Charon’s Obol and the “Dropped” Coins of the Thracian Tombs Which Were Robbed in Antiquity

Харонов обол и „изпуснатите“ монети в ограбени в Древността тракийски гробници

Author(s): Miroslav Izdimirski / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Obol; Charon; funerary practices; mounds; Ancient Thrace

In this article I examine the cases of setting of coin/s in funeral context in Ancient Thrace. This practice may be connected with Charon’s obol, but I thing that this practice is not valid for Thrace. These cases are an Hellenistic fashion because of different Thracian religious and posthumous concepts for Other world. There are examples for posthumous practices with coins in mound’s embankments after death of human bean. There are and examples for coin hoards in funerary mounds deposited like hoards because of relief of environment. All this cases are connected with levels of monetary exchange in Ancient Thrace in Hellenistic and Roman times

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The Sycophants in Ancient Athens: Origin and Evolution of the Term

The Sycophants in Ancient Athens: Origin and Evolution of the Term

Сикофантите в Древна Атина – възникване и развитие на термина

Author(s): Stela Moneva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: ancient Athens; fig; religion; sycophant; snitching; judiciary

In this research work, attention is paid to the unattractive term „sycophant“. The root of the work „fig“ is taken as a starting point in the study. Initially, this noun connected the term with the primitive agricultural cults and the rites of fertilization. The solving of the set out task goes through the tracing of the fate of the words „fig“ and „sycophant“ in ancient literature. On the basis of the studied source data, generally two semantic circles could be outlined: the one – when the word „sycophant“ is used in its religious meaning, and the other – when it bears a „judicial“ meaning. In the 30s of the 5th century BC, the meaning of the word shifted and sycophant already meant an „informant”, a „spy“. Ancient Athens judiciary incorporated this practice and during the next 4th century BC snitching thrived but in the atmosphere of total contempt on the side of the citizens of Athens.

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Perdika II and Athens in the Context of the Peloponnesian War

Perdika II and Athens in the Context of the Peloponnesian War

Пердика II и Атина в контекста на Пелопонеската война

Author(s): Zhivko Zhekov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Ancient Macedonia; Perdiccas II;' Peloponnesian War; Athens; Halkidiki Peninsula

The history of Ancient Macedonia and Athens in antiquity are closely related especially in the period V–IV BC. That their relationship is determined by several major factors including the first should be pointed out the need of the Athenians of wood for the production of military and commercial ships, which they imported mostly from Macedonia. No less important for Athens has a strategic location Macedonia right bank of the Thermaic Gulf, the control of which is of very great importance for the Athenians account their desire to master domination positions in the region of Halkidiki peninsula and along the lower reaches of the river Strimon. Macedonia immediately adjacent to these areas and can therefore be used as a base for their conquest, in case it was an ally of Athens. In their relationship during the Peloponnesian War is of particular interest. First, because of the relatively good condition of the source basis and secondly because in this period the contacts between them are especially intense and well reflected in the preserved ancient narrative tradition. The policy of Perdiccas II to Athens during the Peloponnesian War can be evaluated essentially as successful. Macedonai is facing a superior it in its military, political and economic force capabilities. He tried and largely managed to limit the Athenian influence in the region of Halkidiki. And because he has no powers skilfully using the resources of its allies.

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Prostitution in Ancient Rome

Prostitution in Ancient Rome

Проституцията в Древен Рим

Author(s): Ivanka Doncheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The practice of prostitution in ancient Rome reflected the ambivalent attitudes of Romans toward pleasure and sexuality. Prostitution was legal and licensed. Even Roman men of the highest social status were free to engage prostitutes of either sex without incurring moral disapproval, as long as they demonstrated self-control and moderation in the frequency and enjoyment of sex. At the same time, the prostitutes themselves were considered shameful: most were either slaves or former slaves, or if free by birth relegated to the infames, people utterly lacking in social standing and deprived of most protections accorded to citizens under Roman law, a status they shared with actors and gladiators, all of whom, however, exerted sexual allure. Latin literature makes frequent reference to prostitutes. Historians such as Livy and Tacitus mention prostitutes who had acquired some degree of respectability through patriotic, law-biding, or euergetic behavior. The highclass “call girl” (meretrix) is a stock character in Plautus’s comedies, which were influenced by Greek models. The poems of Catullus, Horace, Ovid, Martial, and Juvenal, as well the Satyricon of Petronius, offer fictional or satiric glimpses of prostitutes. Real-world practices are documented by provisions of Roman law that regulate prostitution, and by inscriptions, especially graffiti from Pompeii. Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum from sites presumed to be brothels has also contributed to scholarly views on prostitution.

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The Nature of Erotic Frescoes in Suburban Baths in Pompeii

The Nature of Erotic Frescoes in Suburban Baths in Pompeii

За характера на еротичните фрески в крайградските терми на Помпей

Author(s): Ivanka Doncheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The Suburban Baths in Pompeii were built around the end of the 1st century BC against the city walls north of the Porta Marina. They served as a public bath house to the residents of Pompeii They were originally discovered in 1958 and have since been excavated and restored. Excavation of the Suburban Baths have given historians a glimpse into an aspect of the social and cultural workings of Roman life in Pompeii. The entrance to the Baths is through a long corridor that leads into the dressing room. Excavation of the Baths revealed only one set of dressing rooms and has led to wonder by archaeologists that both men and women shared this facility. This dressing room (known as the apodyterium) is where archaeologists discovered erotic wall paintings in the 1980s. The dressing room then led to the tepidarium (lukewarm room), followed by the calidarium (hot room). The erotic wall paintings in the Suburban Baths are the only set of such art found in a public Roman bath house. Explicit sex scenes (such as group sex and oral sex) are depicted in these paintings that cannot be easily found in collections of erotic Roman art. The paintings are located in the apodyterium and each scene is located above a letterd. These boxes are thought to have functioned as lockers in which bathers put their clothes. It is speculated that the paintings possibly served as way for the bathers to remember the location of their box (in lieu with the numbering). The presence of these paintings in a public bath house shared by men and women gives some insight into Roman culture and suggests that people would not have found this offensive.

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Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259–1822)’s Policy in the Mediterranean

Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259–1822)’s Policy in the Mediterranean

Политиката на император Михаил VIII Палеолог (1259–1282 г.) в Средиземноморието

Author(s): Momchil Mladenov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The paper presents some aspects of the Byzantine policy in the Mediterranean during the second half of the 13th Century. Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259–1282) wants to restore the Byzantine fleet and for this purpose invested a lot of money. This fleet should become a rival of Venice and Genoa. The efforts of the emperor realized partially. Оnly part of the Greek Islands are exempt from Latin rule. But Byzantine diplomacy managed to restore its influence in Western Mediterranean. The Reign of Michael VIII was the last period when Byzantium again rise as a Mediterranean power.The paper presents some aspects of the Byzantine policy in the Mediterranean during the second half of the 13th Century. Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259–1282) wants to restore the Byzantine fleet and for this purpose invested a lot of money. This fleet should become a rival of Venice and Genoa. The efforts of the emperor realized partially. Оnly part of the Greek Islands are exempt from Latin rule. But Byzantine diplomacy managed to restore its influence in Western Mediterranean. The Reign of Michael VIII was the last period when Byzantium again rose as a Mediterranean power.

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