Innovative Development of Agricultural Business and Rural Areas : Fourth International Scientific Conference IDARA - 2024

Digitalization as a Tool for Risk Management in the Agricultural Sector

Digitalization as a Tool for Risk Management in the Agricultural Sector
(Digitalization as a Tool for Risk Management in the Agricultural Sector)

Author(s):Hristina Harizanova-Bartos
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Evaluation research, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:13-20
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:agriculture; risk; digitalization; management
Summary/Abstract:Risk management is an integral part of the management process of any organization, including in the agricultural sector. The increasing adoption of digital technologies is becoming an essential part of the sector's activities. The aim of this publication is to analyze the opportunities for risk management in the agricultural sector through the introduction of digital activities at both macro and micro levels. Digitalization in agriculture is crucial for managing risks and reducing the negative impact of agricultural activities. It can improve primary production, supply chain, logistics performance, and reduce food losses and waste. However, digitalization may pose risks due to significant investment in digital solutions and lags behind other sectors. Traditional methods often fail to reduce risks, but digital technologies can transform communication channels, build infrastructure, and reduce errors in data entry. By implementing risk management strategies, farmers can obtain more benefits and free up resources for other sectors. At the micro level, new technologies, access to digital markets, and improved risk management are being implemented at the individual farm level, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The publication includes the following main tasks: 1) a theoretical review of the key risks in the agricultural sector; 2) an analysis of micro and macro risks in the sector that can be managed through digital technologies; and 3) key findings and conclusions. The publication draws its information from both – theoretical sources and agricultural sector research.

Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy Funds on the Development of the Agricultural Sector, Case Study Romania – Bulgaria

Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy Funds on the Development of the Agricultural Sector, Case Study Romania – Bulgaria
(Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy Funds on the Development of the Agricultural Sector, Case Study Romania – Bulgaria)

Author(s):Georgiana-Raluca Ladaru, Mariarosaria Lombardi, Ionuţ Laurenţiu Petre
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, National Economy, Agriculture, Sociology, Economic policy, Evaluation research, Political Ecology, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:21-34
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:Common Agricultural Policy (CAP); impact; Romania; Bulgaria; subsidies; rural development
Summary/Abstract:Romania and Bulgaria are the only European Union member countries for which there was only one treaty upon accession. Thus, joining at the same time, we can consider that the starting point was common, since 2007 projects from European structural and investment funds have been attracted and implemented. The present research aims to identify the implications that European funds granted under the Common Agricultural Policy have had on the two agricultural sectors in the Romania- Bulgaria comparative analysis. or this purpose, data from European and international databases on European structural and investment funds attracted will be used, as well as result indicators that will measure the performance and competitiveness of the agricultural sectors.

Regional Differences of Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Activities in Bulgaria

Regional Differences of Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Activities in Bulgaria
(Regional Differences of Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Activities in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Marina Nikolova, Pavlin Bogomilov Pavlov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:35-46
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:agriculture; greenhouse gas emissions; planning areas; analysis
Summary/Abstract:The leading role in the implementation of environmental protection and climate change policies belongs to the European Union. In this regard, the European Green Pact includes measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and carbon emissions by 2050. Establishing trends and the intensity of ongoing processes are of particular importance in revealing differences in the development of regions, as well as the need to take adequate measures to reduce and limit them. In this sense, in the article, monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions from the implementation of agricultural activity was carried out. An analysis of the levels and rates of change in greenhouse gas emissions by individual components of Bulgaria's agriculture was carried out for the period 2018 – 2022. In addition, a comparative analysis was made compared to 1990 and compared to 2007. The positioning of the individual regions in Bulgaria regarding the reduction or increase in emissions. The main goal of the study is to analyze the main indicators – carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) for the statistical regions in Bulgaria (North – West, North – Central, North – East, South – East, South – West and South – Central planning regions), regarding the current picture of the state and trends in the levels of greenhouse gas emissions from the activity of economic units in the agrarian sector. The analysis of the dynamics regarding the levels of CO2, CH4 and N2O shows that for all six studied regions a significant decrease in values in 2007 compared to the base year 1990 is characteristic. The percentage decrease is greatest for the North-Central and North-East region (–83.48), followed by the North – West (–57.95). The reduction of methane emissions is more than 60% in different regions, and for N2O it is in the range of –58.99 to –62.03. For the period 2018 – 2022, an increasing trend of the CO2 and N2O indicator is established compared to both the base year 1990 and 2007 in all studied statistical regions. For the same 5-year period, different trends are observed in the methane emissions in the individual studied areas. For three of them NWPR, SEPR and the SCPR, a sustainable reduction in emissions is observed. Despite the decrease in emissions in 2007, for the rest of the 5-year period, an increase is reported for the NCPR and NEPR, especially for the last 3 years. The South –West region is characterized by a decrease that continues until 2019, and for the remaining 3 years emissions increase again.

Climate Adaptation Readiness of Bulgarian Rural Areas

Climate Adaptation Readiness of Bulgarian Rural Areas
(Climate Adaptation Readiness of Bulgarian Rural Areas)

Author(s):Yanka Kazakova-Mateva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Sociology, Environmental and Energy policy, Rural and urban sociology, Environmental interactions, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Green Transformation
Page Range:47-54
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:climate change governance; adaptation readiness; rural areas
Summary/Abstract:Adaptation to climate change has been raised on the political agenda since the Paris Agreement (2015). The European Climate Law (2021) recognizes that adaptation as a key component of the long-term response to climate change and requires from member states to enhance their adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability as well as maximize the co-benefits with other policies and legislation at both national and regional levels. Local governments thus became an increasing important actor to prepare and act on climate adaptation. The objective of this paper is to assess the climate adaptation readiness of Bulgarian rural municipalities. The study is based on ord and King’s conceptual model (2015) for assessing adaptation readiness at various governance levels based on factors without which adaptation is unlikely to occur. Four factors are assessed in the study: political leadership on adaptation, institutional organisation for adaptation, availability of usable science to inform decision-making, and funding for adaptation planning, implementation and evaluation. Criteria and scores for assessing the factors are developed to address the Bulgarian context. The analytical method applied is content analysis of municipal policy documents. The Municipal integrated development plans (PIRO) for the 2021 – 2027 programming period are required to address their climate mitigation and adaptation needs in a specific section of the plans. By June 2024, 218 rural municipalities have published their PIROs online and 14 were either not available online or not officially adopted. The results show an average adaptation readiness score across the 218 rural municipalities at 3.22, indicating a ‘fair’ level of readiness. No rural municipalities reached a ‘very good’ or ‘e cellent’ level of readiness; 34% scored ‘poor’ level of readiness, 43% – ‘far’ and 23% – ‘good’. The ‘good’ scores are the highest achieved in this assessment and result from several combinations – a priority is given to adaptation and/or a combination of adaptation measures and/or responsible unit(s) defined and/or budget is estimated. The ‘poor’ scores are achieved in PIRO which tick the bare minimum for the PIRO to be approved – only general discussion of climate issues. A comparison of the results for ‘intermediate’ and ‘predominantly rural’ areas indicate no significant differences between these two categories in the EU rural areas typology. Still, the mapped individual adaptation readiness scores indicate certain geographical clustering of ‘good’ and ‘poor’ scores which requires further assessment.

Ecological Risk Assessment in Bulgaria

Ecological Risk Assessment in Bulgaria
(Ecological Risk Assessment in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Zornitsa Stoyanova
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies, Sociology, Policy, planning, forecast and speculation, Environmental interactions
Page Range:55-64
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:ecological risk; assessment; environment
Summary/Abstract:The pollution of natural resources in Bulgaria and the pressure on ecosystems make environmental risk assessment a necessary tool to overcome or reduce the environmental challenges in the country. Many environmental challenges make the topic of ecological risk assessment in Bulgaria actual and of significant public importance. The causes of ecological risks are complex. With increasing environmental challenges, the assessment of these risks become more complicated and comprehensive and the assessment process in both global and regional contexts is dynamic, developing and changing. Risk assessment is a necessary tool for identifying environmental threats in order to be under-taken a response regarding them. The aim of the paper is to assess the ecological risk in Bulgaria, on this basis to identify the types of ecological risks and outline proposals for their prevention. The methodological framework of the article includes a theoretical review of ecological risk assessment, analysis of environmental indicators in Bulgaria for the period 2013 – 2022, assessment of environ-mental risks in Bulgaria based on a survey. The risk indicators that were assessed are contamination of land resources, contamination of water resources, air quality pollution, biodiversity damage, natural disaster, toxic waste contamination, radiation, pesticide contamination, extreme temperatures and climate change. On the basis of the analyses and assessments, generalized conclusions, proposals and recommendations for ecological risk reduction are prepared. Almost all environmental risks assessed are identified as critical, and the strategy that would be most appropriate to address critical risks is risk avoidance. The recommendations that are proposed are as follows: 1) at institutional level – implementation of systems for continuous monitoring of critical environmental indicators, developing early warning systems for natural disasters and climate change, supporting environmental projects and initiatives, and organizing educational campaigns to raise public awareness; 2)at business level – investment in fixed tangible assets with an environmental purpose, renewing facilities and equipment, investing in safe innovative green technologies, optimizing production processes and reducing production waste, building sustainable supply chains and incorporating sustain-ability into corporate social responsibility; 3) at community and the individual level – collective efforts involving education and awareness raising, sustainable urban planning, effective waste management, public participation and volunteering. These and other measures can help to promote environmental awareness among consumers, while at the same time to be supported policy decisions and initiatives that contribute to sustainable development. Implementing environmentally measures and activities at all levels – institutional, business and community in response to the threats would have asynergistic effect in terms of reducing ecological risk and overcoming environmental challenges.

Agricultural Productivity, Inflation and Farmers Income: A Granger Causality Analysis

Agricultural Productivity, Inflation and Farmers Income: A Granger Causality Analysis
(Agricultural Productivity, Inflation and Farmers Income: A Granger Causality Analysis)

Author(s):Zisis Mandanas, Dimitrios Petropoulos, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Evaluation research, Environmental interactions, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:65-72
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:agricultural productivity; producer price Index; farm income; causality
Summary/Abstract:This study aims to explore the relationships among agricultural productivity, inflation, and farmers' income in Greece over a period of 33 years. Data: The analysis utilizes annual time-series data sourced from the Food and Agriculture Data Net-work, focusing on Gross Value Added (GVA) in agricultural production, the Producer Price Index (PPI) for agricultural products, and annual average farm household income (AFI). Results: The Granger causality analysis reveals a bidirectional causal relationship between agricul-tural productivity and farmers' income. Additionally, a significant impact of productivity on inflation and inflation on income is observed, indicating that changes in agricultural production value precede variations in producer prices. Conclusions: These findings highlight the complex interactions within the agricultural sector, sug-gesting that enhancing productivity can improve farmers' income while mitigating inflationary pres-sures. The study emphasizes the importance of targeted policies to foster sustainable agricultural growth and economic stability in rural communities.

Competitiveness of Rural Areas: Methods and Approaches

Competitiveness of Rural Areas: Methods and Approaches
(Competitiveness of Rural Areas: Methods and Approaches)

Author(s):Yovka Bankova, Mariya Peneva
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Sociology, Methodology and research technology, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:73-83
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:rural regions; methods to assess regional competitiveness
Summary/Abstract:The study of rural areas’ development is a subject of extensive research and analyses. Globalization and the process of digitalization have significantly increased the intensity and changed the characteristics of competition at any level, starting from firms and moving to the level of regions and countries. Research interest and efforts towards understanding, conceptualizing and evaluating competitiveness at regional level are growing, but yet the number of studies on the topic of rural regions’ competitiveness are quite limited. The paper aims at specifying methods and approaches used so far by studies devoted to regional competitiveness and how they could be applied on the level of rural regions. Three are the main sections of the paper. The first one briefly discusses definitions of regional competitiveness, peculiarities of rural regions, and changes of policies for territorial development. A transformation of rural regions is also underlined. They shift from traditional industrial structure (agriculture and labor extensive manufacturing) towards diversification of economic activities, also through being an option for the location of companies that are digital manufacturers. The second section introduces a classification of methods applied to assess the regional competitiveness. They are divided into two groups regarding the approach on which are based. With the first approach the focus is on the output of the system through different indicators. To this group belong indexes developed by worldwide acknowledged organizations as World Economic Forum, International institute for management development, Food and Agriculture Organization, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, European Commission, and the World Bank, the Index for measuring regional variation and competitiveness (Huovari et al., 2001), Regional competitiveness index (Dijkstra et al, 2023), and DEA method. The second group of methods are more descriptive and they aim at comprehensive analysis to identify the key drivers of regional development, productivity and economic growth. Among them is the Diamond model of Michael Porter (Porter, 1990). The final section discusses the issue of the applicability of methods used on regional level to assess the competitiveness of the rural regions. Conclusions are derived about the appropriateness of the methods for the assessment of rural areas’ competitiveness and a recommendation is given for the benefits of their co-use. One of significant limitations to assess the competitiveness of rural regions is the provision of data. Also, we assume and give some arguments that using a combination of methods, belonging to both groups, would be more effective way to assess the competitiveness of rural regions. The main methods used for the purposes of the research presented in the paper are a desktop research to produce a comprehensive review of the literature, and the methods of analysis and synthesis.

Demographic Processes and their Impact on Rural Areas: The Example of the Southwest and South-Central Regions

Demographic Processes and their Impact on Rural Areas: The Example of the Southwest and South-Central Regions
(Demographic Processes and their Impact on Rural Areas: The Example of the Southwest and South-Central Regions)

Author(s):Julia Doitchinova, Albena Miteva
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Micro-Economics, Sociology, Policy, planning, forecast and speculation, Demography and human biology, Rural and urban sociology, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:84-95
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:demographic processes; economic activity; rural territories
Summary/Abstract:In a context of rapidly declining populations and deteriorating demographic characteristics, research on the development of implications and causes of spatial disparities is expanding to encompass more and more factors and characteristics of regions. The aim of this paper is to assess the demographic trends in the Southwest and South-Central statistical regions and their implications for rural development. The subject of the study are the territories of the two most populated regions in Bulgaria, which include diverse rural areas – mostly mountainous and semi-mountainous with natural re-sources and potential for economic diversification. They include the two largest cities with characteristics of agglomeration areas, but also the municipalities with the lowest population density. The object of the study are the demographic processes and characteristics and their impact on rural development. A complex methodological approach is applied, which uses and combines quantitative and qualitative methods and thus assesses the impact of the recorded demographic processes and changes. The study was carried out on the basis of information from the population censuses con-ducted in 2011 and 2021, current information of the National Statistical Institute and expert assessment of 57 surveyed specialists in the field of regional development, municipal administration and agrarian economy. The results are analyzed for the nine districts with rural areas in the Southwest and South-Central regions (NUTS3 level). The first part of the report presents and evaluates the changes in the number of the population, as well as some basic characteristics such as educational structure, coefficients of demographic dependence, economic activity, etc. A number of negative trends in the ongoing demo-graphic processes have been assessed, which are most pronounced in the remote and border areas of the territory. In the second part of the report, the expert assessments of the respondents, recruited through a survey conducted in the period September 2023 – April 2024, are presented. They are divided into several areas: assessment of the educational and health infrastructures; assessment of the effects of educational and age structures on the development of rural areas; the impact of migration processes in direction to cities and abroad, etc. A four-point Likert scale was used. The prevailing opinion of the experts is that the level of income, the deteriorating educational and health infrastructures are among the main reasons for the negative demographic processes. They adversely affect entrepreneurial activity, the administrative capacity of local authorities and, in general, the quality of the workforce in rural areas. At the same time, the impacts are more pronounced in remote and border sparsely populated rural areas in the districts of Kardzhali, Smolyan, Kyustendil, Pernik and Blagoevgrad.

Financial and Credit Support of Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Ukraine: Problems and Ways to Solve Them

Financial and Credit Support of Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Ukraine: Problems and Ways to Solve Them
(Financial and Credit Support of Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Ukraine: Problems and Ways to Solve Them)

Author(s):Lubov Moldavan, Olena Pimenowa, Igor Britchenko
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Economic policy, Geopolitics
Page Range:96-106
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:agriculture; small and medium sized agribusiness; cooperative banks; institutional and legal support; state support
Summary/Abstract:The paper studies financial and credit support mechanisms necessary for sustainable development of agriculture in Ukraine, with a focus on addressing the challenges faced by small and medium-sized agricultural producers. The study emphasizes the unique economic characteristics of agricultural sector, which make it highly dependent on external financing due to factors such as price volatility, climatic variability and the high cost of production inputs. Given these challenges, the aim of the article is to analyze the institutional and legal framework of financial and credit systems in Ukraine and to propose approaches for enhancing access to credit for small and medium-sized farms, drawing on successful experience of developed countries. The authors hypothesize that the financial sustainability and growth of small and medium-sized agricultural producers in Ukraine can be significantly improved through the establishment of cooperative financial institutions and targeted state support programs. The study uses a combination of methods, including monographic analysis to explore the role of state support of agriculture in both Ukraine and developed countries, comparative analysis to high-light differences in credit service structures between Ukraine and countries such as United States and European Union members and empirical methods to assess social and environmental benefits of establishing a specialized credit system for agriculture. The study also utilizes abstract-logical methods to synthesize findings and formulate recommendations for the development of Ukraine's financial and credit institutions. The results of the study reveal significant gaps in Ukraine's current financial infrastructure of agriculture, particularly the lack of specialized financial institutions capable to meet the needs of small and medium-sized farms. An analysis of the practice of commercial bank lending in Ukraine shows that these institutions are interested in working only with those who use 500 or more hectares of agricultural land. The article identifies cooperative banking systems in countries like France, the United States and Poland as models that could be adapted for Ukraine. The study concludes that the establishment of cooperative financial institutions, supported by legislative and regulatory reforms, is essential for fostering the sustainable development of agriculture in Ukraine. Additionally, state support is critical to ensure the financial viability of small and medium-sized farms, which contribute significantly to agricultural output but are often excluded from traditional credit markets. Authors recommend the introduction of targeted state programs, the restructuring of existing financial institutions and the creation of legal frameworks that would enable the formation of cooperative banks and credit unions tailored to the agricultural sector. Such measures would improve credit access, enhance the profitability of agricultural enterprises and promote rural economic development.

Steps Towards Sustainable Rural Development. A Comparison Between Bulgaria and Romania after 17 Years in the EU

Steps Towards Sustainable Rural Development. A Comparison Between Bulgaria and Romania after 17 Years in the EU
(Steps Towards Sustainable Rural Development. A Comparison Between Bulgaria and Romania after 17 Years in the EU)

Author(s):Maria-Claudia Diaconeasa
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Economic policy, Evaluation research, Rural and urban sociology, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:107-116
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:development; rural development; sustainable development; neighbor countries; evolution, SDG
Summary/Abstract:The two European neighbor countries, Bulgaria and Romania, have a tangled history and share more than the Danube boarder and their location in the Balkan area. They have shared part of their history, culture, religion and traditions. Even more, they constantly compare to one another in terms of development. This closeness has led to European political and strategical decisions to be made commonly for both countries, such as the adhesion to the European Union (EU) in 2007. After a considerable period of being full members of the European Union, Bulgaria and Romania still face similar challenges and are frequently seen as a whole by other members of the EU when important decisions, like adhering to the Schengen area, are made. Nevertheless, Bulgaria and Ro-mania have been full members of the EU for 17 years and need to contribute to the same goals as every member of the EU, including sustainable rural development, currently implemented through the Sustainable Development Agenda. This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the two neighboring countries in this regard by using statistical data from Eurostat bearing in mind the Sustainable Development Goals (such as Area under organic farming or Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion in rural areas) by using a multicriterial analysis. Some findings suggest that, while both countries have a small percentage of agricultural area converted to organic farming, Bulgaria currently shows a decrease in this area, while Romania is slowly increasing the organic cultivated area. Also, the rate of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion is decreasing for both countries, Bulgaria showing a more accelerated pace. Yet, these two countries are considerably behind the EU average for this social indicator. In Bulgaria being around 39%, in Romania around 45% and around 21% for the EU average. Therefore, these two countries have a difficult time in providing social improvements dedicated to the rural areas. Even more, this piece of research points out that little of the data regarding sustainability available on Eurostat is focused on the rural areas. Therefore, a clear differentiation between stages of development and possible strategies for the rural areas are impossible to make. This comes also as a limitation of this research. The paper points out the current state of sustainable development in the rural areas of the two countries and the weak spots regarding data gathering for enabling proper analysis and should be of interest to both scholars and public decision-makers for further analysis.

Population in Rural Areas – Twenty Years of Poland's Membership in the EU

Population in Rural Areas – Twenty Years of Poland's Membership in the EU
(Population in Rural Areas – Twenty Years of Poland's Membership in the EU)

Author(s):Agnieszka Wrzochalska
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Developing nations, Demography and human biology, Rural and urban sociology, Economic development, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:117-128
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:rural areas; demography; education; digitalization
Summary/Abstract:Since the beginning of the 21st century, a few positive changes have taken place in rural areas in Poland, including those concerning rural society. At the same time, the countryside has begun to become an attractive place to live, especially areas located near cities, well connected to them. The aspirations and needs of the rural population have begun to resemble the needs of city dwellers. The lifestyle of residents in cities and rural areas has begun to become more uniform. A smaller and smaller percentage of the population has begun to work in agriculture. Several non-agricultural jobs have been created in rural areas, and non-agricultural jobs are also available in nearby towns. Therefore, expanding the educational competences or the level of formal education of the rural population to increase its importance on the labor market in the city and in the countryside is very important. At the same time, both the average size of the farm and the scale of neighboring leases have increased (Karwat-Woźniak, 2015; Karwat-Woźniak and Buks, 2022) and, to put it simply, it can be noted that even in one village, only a few professionally trained farmers (Doichinova, Stoyanova, 2020) run a farm. A positive phenomenon is the increase in the life expectancy of Polish residents, but at the same time, the progressive process of population ageing has been noted. During the period of EU membership, the rural population realized its educational aspirations by increasing the level of education and reducing educational differences in relation to the population in cities. Activities to popularize adult education have become important, consisting both in improving accessibility and in raising awareness of the benefits of lifelong learning and acquiring civilizational competences, including improving digital skills. It should be noted that the course of demographic phenomena, starting from 2020, was greatly influenced by the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic, which contributed to a higher number of deaths than in previous years and thus deepening the unfavorable trends of population ageing that have appeared in the last dozen or so years in our country and Europe. The article is an attempt to make a social, and primarily demographic, characterization of rural residents in Poland at the threshold of the third decade of the 21st century and the changes that have taken place in this area over the last twenty years.

The Role of Smart Agriculture in Empowering Women Farmers for Rural Development: A Case Study of Prishtina Municipality, Kosovo

The Role of Smart Agriculture in Empowering Women Farmers for Rural Development: A Case Study of Prishtina Municipality, Kosovo
(The Role of Smart Agriculture in Empowering Women Farmers for Rural Development: A Case Study of Prishtina Municipality, Kosovo)

Author(s):Sokol Sallahu, Diana Kopeva, Ekrem Gjokaj
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:129-144
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:smart agriculture; empowerment; women farmers; rural development
Summary/Abstract:The Municipality of Prishtina, located in the heart of Kosovo, embodies significant agricultural potential that can be unlocked through innovative practices. Integrating smart agriculture technologies offer a unique opportunity to revolutionize traditional farming methods and empower women farmers as key stakeholders. Women farmers play a crucial role in food production and security but often face challenges such as limited access to resources, technology, and decision-making power. By leveraging smart agriculture solutions tailored to their needs, we can bridge these gaps and create a more inclusive and sustainable agricultural sector. Through precision farming techniques, IoT (Internet of Things) sensors, data analytics, and other cutting-edge technologies, women farmers in Prishtina can enhance productivity, optimize resource management, and reduce environmental impact. These advancements streamline farming operations and provide valuable insights, empowering women farmers to make informed decisions and adapt to changing market dynamics. The adoption of smart agriculture practices not only boosts agricultural productivity but also fosters economic growth, improves livelihoods, and strengthens the resilience of rural communities. Focusing on empowering women farmers through smart agriculture can catalyze a ripple effect, uplifting the entire agricultural ecosystem in Prishtina. This study highlights the transformative potential of smart agriculture in empowering women farmers, driving rural development, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices in the Municipality of Prishtina. It underscores the importance of gender-inclusive approaches in leveraging technology for the betterment of agricultural communities and broader society.

Exploring Rural Community Activism: Rural Women's Circles in Poland

Exploring Rural Community Activism: Rural Women's Circles in Poland
(Exploring Rural Community Activism: Rural Women's Circles in Poland)

Author(s):Barbara Kiełbasa
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Evaluation research, Rural and urban sociology, Economic development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:145-152
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:rural women; entrepreneurship; social activities; rural areas
Summary/Abstract:There is currently a debate in academic research and in the EU forum about the role of social entrepreneurship in rural development. The Rural Women's Circles has been emphasized for its contribution to positive change in the countryside and for preserving the customs and traditions of regions in Poland and Europe for more than 100 years. These organizations work for the benefit of local communities by providing various services, engaging in reintegration, and creating jobs for excluded people. Many of these organizations are active in promoting culture, tradition, tourism, and other social activities in rural areas. A new area of research is emerging, covering social and economic issues, including entrepreneurship and management. This article aims to highlight the significance of Rural Women's Circles in Poland and Europe and to analyze the changes in the number of these entities. The research was conducted in Poland in 2024 using an online survey method (CAWI) and a total of 304 respondents were obtained. They were women (100%), members of rural woman circles. The survey was anonymous and focused on activities undertaken by women in villages and their motivations. The article presents the most important areas of activities of these entities. The activities of village women's circles are usually dictated by an internal need and their action is usually “bottom-up”. Self-motivation, friendship, and the desire to help the neighborhood are the main drivers for the establishment of rural women's circles in Poland (and Europe). Today's rural women's circles are formed by young women who are active and united by common goals. This is not only to cultivate traditions but also to develop the region and self-career. KGWs apply for various projects, thus acquiring funds for the realization of various goals. Directions for further research and research hypotheses formulated based on the literature analysis are also presented. The conclusions presented in this thesis can also become a guideline for other European countries where the rural women's movement is still in its infancy.

Analysis of Foreign Trade with Cereals in The European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development

Analysis of Foreign Trade with Cereals in The European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development
(Analysis of Foreign Trade with Cereals in The European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development)

Author(s):Claudiu Tudorache
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Economic policy, International relations/trade, Evaluation research, Economic development, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:153-166
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:import; export; trade balance; sustainable development; cereals
Summary/Abstract:In the last period the grain market in the European Union has been tested, the invasion of Russia inUkraine has affected foreign grain trade in various ways. Ukraine is one of the largest producers ofcereals and oleaginous seeds, with the invasion of Russia, the ports of Ukraine on the Black Seawere blocked, it had to be a land alternative, being the majority of cereals produced by Ukraine,through the countries of Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania (all being EU member states withrelevant agricultural activity). In the study carried out, the foreign trade with cereals in the EuropeanUnion will be analyzed in the context of sustainable development, imports, exports and the tradebalance of cereals will be analyzed in the context of an agriculture that tends from year to year to bemore sustainable, more sustainable with environment. Recently, in the European Union, most agriculturalholdings have taken important steps to become more sustainable, they have made investmentsin the latest generation technologies to reduce the degree of chemistry as well as to reduce theconsumption of fossil fuels. Through the analysis carried out, it is desired to provide an overview offoreign grain trade in the wake of the emerging imbalances, but also in the context of sustainabledevelopment. Globally, in 2023 – 2024 world grain trade is forecast to decline by around 1.8% from2022 – 2023, with export forecasts increasing for Turkey and Ukraine, but weaker export prospectsfor the European Union. This paper aims to analyze the external trade in cereals in the EuropeanUnion in the period 2004 – 2023, a period of many legislative and operational changes in the agriculturalsector in the European Union. The external trade (which includes the value of imports, exportsand the trade balance) will be correlated with a number of agricultural indicators such as chemicalfertilizer consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and certified organic areas in order to observethe state of EU agriculture in the context of the transition towards sustainable agriculture by reducingthe use of chemical fertilizers.

The Competitiveness of Bakery Grain Market in Romania and Bulgaria – A Comparative Analysis

The Competitiveness of Bakery Grain Market in Romania and Bulgaria – A Comparative Analysis
(The Competitiveness of Bakery Grain Market in Romania and Bulgaria – A Comparative Analysis)

Author(s):Steliana Mocanu
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Evaluation research, Economic development, Marketing / Advertising
Page Range:167-178
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:competitiveness; bakery grain; comparative analysis; Romania; Bulgaria
Summary/Abstract:The bakery grain market is an important economic sector of the food industry in Romania and Bulgaria,this product has always been part of the country's traditions. Bread and bakery products arewidely consumed in both countries, based on flour obtained from bakery grains. In 2023, the areacultivated with cereals for the production of grain was 1,977.8 thousand hectares in Bulgaria and5,239.8 thousand hectares in Romania and the harvested production in EU standard humidity was10,343.5 thousand tons in Bulgaria and 24,007.9 thousand tons in Romania. Competitiveness is aconcept used often for the analysis of an agricultural sector, at the macroeconomic level, being in aclose relation with food security and international trading activity from that sector. The subject ofthis study is represented by the analyze of the competitiveness of two categories of bakery grains:wheat and rye, these two being considered the most used grains for the production of bakery products.In this study it was compared the bakery grain market competitiveness from Romania with theone from Bulgaria. The main indicators used for measuring competitiveness, and used also in thisstudy are: bread and bakery products consumption (from 2019 to 2029), sales volume per capita in2023, area harvested with wheat and rye (from 2018 to 2022), the production of wheat and rye (from2018 to 2022), indicators related to foreign trade (import, export and trade balance, for the period),and Balassa Index calculated for wheat, and meslin and rye, for the last 15 years. One of the keyfindings of the study is that the area harvested with wheat and rye remained constant in both countriesfrom 2018 to 2022. During this period, wheat production in Bulgaria increased by 8%, while itdecreased by 14% in Romania. Additionally, rye production rose by 0.1% in Bulgaria and by 23.6%in Romania. In the case of wheat and meslin, trade balance is positive for both countries, while inthe case of rye trade balance is positive only for 2021-2023 in Bulgaria, in rest being negative forboth countries. The export of wheat and meslin on the world market provides a comparative advantage,particularly for Bulgaria, with a Balassa index of 13.8 in 2023, and for Romania, with aBalassa index of 8.70 in the same year. However, the Balassa index for rye indicates that neitherRomania nor Bulgaria has a comparative advantage regarding rye.

Livestock Waste Management Practices

Livestock Waste Management Practices
(Livestock Waste Management Practices)

Author(s):Petia Branzova, Annie Dimitrova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:179-185
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:agriculture; environment; innovation; waste management
Summary/Abstract:The report focuses on livestock waste management, which is a key aspect of sustainable agricultural development. Animal waste, including excreta, bedding materials, waste feed, dead animals, and other by-products, represents a significant environmental pollutant. Proper management of this waste is essential not only for environmental protection but also for reducing farm costs, creating new market opportunities, and increasing the sector’s competitiveness. The adoption of innovative practices in livestock waste management is a modern solution aimed at transitioning towards a circular economy and supporting the European Union’s green policies. The main methods for effective waste management include anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis. An-aerobic digestion is a process that occurs in the absence of oxygen and allows for the conversion of organic waste into biogas. This biogas can be used as a renewable energy source, significantly reducing pollution and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. Another important by-product of the process is biosolids, which can be utilized as fertilizers to improve soil fertility. Pyrolysis, on the other hand, is a thermal decomposition process of biomass without oxygen, producing bio-oils and biochar, which also have applications fuels and soil conditioners. The report highlights the social, economic, and environmental benefits of proper livestock waste management. Effective waste utilization contributes to improving soil structure, reducing methane emissions, and limiting water pollution. One of the most common methods of waste management is the application of manure to agricultural lands, which enhances the organic content of the soil. How-ever, improper or excessive use of manure can lead to nutrient overload and environmental contamination, underscoring the need for precise management. Innovations such as the use of artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies provide new opportunities for process optimization. These technologies help farmers manage resources more efficiently and reduce the negative impacts on the environment. The report concludes that integrating technology, improving regulatory frameworks, and investing in farmer education are essential for sustainable livestock waste management. By adopting these measures, livestock waste can be trans-formed into a valuable resource, supporting both agricultural sustainability and the global circular economy.

Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027

Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027
(Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027)

Author(s):Ivelina Petkova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Green Transformation
Page Range:186-190
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:control; regional development program; EU funds; institutional framework; monitoring; expenditure control
Summary/Abstract:The Regional Development Program is a key European Union (EU) policy aimed at reducing regional disparities, fostering economic growth, and ensuring sustainable development in less-developed regions. The program provides substantial financial resources to improve infrastructure, stimulate business activity, and promote social inclusion. A complex institutional framework, involving numerous national and European bodies, ensures the effective and transparent use of these funds. Launching the Regional Development Program during the 2021 – 2027 programming period presented significant challenges. This report examines the program's management and control mechanisms and identifies problematic areas in the preparation of its strategic documents. A crucial aspect of program management is the institutional framework defined within the applicable European regulatory framework. The multi-tiered control framework involves various national and European bodies, with specific functions and responsibilities at European, national, and regional levels. The report also incorporates perspectives from various authors on monitoring and control procedures, informing the development of a conceptual model for managing Structural Funds. Effective control and monitoring, incorporating both internal and external verification mechanisms, are crucial for achieving program objectives and ensuring the efficient use of public funds. Challenges include bureaucratic procedures and inter-institutional coordination. Optimizing procedures and strengthening institutional cooperation are essential for enhancing control effectiveness.

Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove

Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove
(Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove)

Author(s):Arlinda Hoti, Mariya Peneva
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Sociology, Policy, planning, forecast and speculation, Economic development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:191-198
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:portfolio diversification; rural development; agriculture; livestock; rural tourism
Summary/Abstract:In the face of numerous economic and social challenges, rural communities in Albania, particularly in the municipalities of Dimal and Kuçovë, struggle with income instability and poverty. A key strategy to address these issues is diversifying the economic portfolio of households, which can serve to increase income and reduce vulnerability to external economic shocks. This study investigates the impact of diversifying income sources in rural areas on the economic growth of villagers. Our analysis focuses on sectors such as agriculture, livestock, rural tourism, and services, which together form the core of the rural economy. Using a mixed-method approach, the study combines theoretical frameworks on economic diversification with empirical evidence gathered through both quantitative and qualitative data collection. Quantitative data, such as income statistics and employment figures, are complemented by qualitative insights from interviews and focus group discussions with local farmers, business owners, and policymakers. This comprehensive approach enables us to assess how different forms of economic activity contribute to income growth and poverty alleviation in these communities. The results indicate that households with more diversified income sources, particularly those expanding into non-agricultural sectors like rural tourism and small-scale services, experience higher income growth and greater economic stability. Diversification also helps mitigate risks related to market fluctuations and climate variability, thus making families less vulnerable to poverty. However, the success of such diversification efforts heavily depends on the presence of institutional support, access to credit, training programs, and infrastructural development. Based on these findings, the study proposes several policy recommendations aimed at supporting economic development in rural areas. These include enhancing infrastructure, facilitating access to markets, and creating policies that encourage innovation and entrepreneurship in non-agricultural sectors. Institutional support, such as training and capacity-building programs for farmers, plays a critical role in fostering successful diversification strategies. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that economic portfolio diversification significantly contributes to income growth and poverty reduction, thereby promoting sustainable development in rural areas. By addressing both the opportunities and challenges of economic diversification, this research provides a roadmap for policymakers seeking to improve rural livelihoods and enhance the resilience of these communities in the face of ongoing economic and environmental challenges.

Digital Content on the Customer Journey in Agricultural Business

Digital Content on the Customer Journey in Agricultural Business
(Digital Content on the Customer Journey in Agricultural Business)

Author(s):Nikolay Koychev Vankov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Marketing / Advertising, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:199-210
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:marketing funnel; digital content; customer journey; marketing funnel components (before, during and after purchase)
Summary/Abstract:The report explores the pivotal role that digital content plays in shaping consumer behavior in the agricultural business sector. It underscores how digital content impacts the entire customer journey, from the initial exposure to a brand, through the decision-making process, to the eventual purchase and ongoing consumer engagement. The research delves into the marketing funnel, a key model for understanding how businesses can guide potential customers through various stages-awareness, interest, evaluation, decision, and loyalty-ultimately transforming them into loyal advocates of the brand. In agribusiness, where traditional practices have long dominated, the integration of digital strategies has become indispensable. The report identifies several strategic components of the marketing funnel that agricultural enterprises can leverage to optimize their digital presence. These components are essential not only for attracting new customers but also for maintaining long-term relationships with them. By utilizing various digital channels such as social media, content marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), and targeted advertising, agricultural businesses can engage their audience more effectively at different stages of the customer journey. One of the core findings of the research is the importance of creating a cohesive digital strategy tailored to the specific needs of agricultural businesses. This involves selecting the right mi of digital channels and tools to reach potential customers, raise awareness, and eventually drive conversions. The study emphasizes that, in today's fast-evolving digital environment, agricultural enterprises cannot rely solely on traditional marketing techniques. Instead, they must adopt digital tools that allow for better personalization and interaction with customers. This not only enhances customer satisfaction but also builds stronger brand loyalty. Furthermore, the report highlights the critical role that innovation and technology play in modern agribusiness. The adoption of cutting-edge technologies, such as data analytics and automation, can significantly enhance the effectiveness of digital marketing campaigns. Investing in analytical tools allows businesses to track consumer behavior and finetune their marketing strategies for maximum impact. In addition, training staff in digital technologies is key to ensuring that these strategies are implemented effectively. In conclusion, the report recommends that agribusinesses expand their digital presence by adopting innovative technologies and developing comprehensive digital marketing strategies. This includes investing in tools that provide insights into consumer behavior and offering training programs to build digital competency within the workforce. By doing so, agricultural enterprises can improve their competitiveness, foster customer loyalty, and thrive in the rapidly changing business environment.

Consumer Preferences for Dried Apples of Cultivar Florina

Consumer Preferences for Dried Apples of Cultivar Florina
(Consumer Preferences for Dried Apples of Cultivar Florina)

Author(s):Monika Kabadzhova, Nikolay Dimitrov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Agriculture, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:211-218
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:apple; drying methods; consumer behavior; willingness to pay
Summary/Abstract:Regarding the World Health Organization's prescription to consume more fruits and vegetables to make people healthier, the article gives particular consideration to consumers' preferences about fruit consumption. In the study, apple fruits of the cultivar Florina were chosen. The type of fruits that respondents should rate in the study were dried. Four apple drying methods were used: in sun, in shade, in dehydrator, and in lyophilizer. The study found that freeze-dried apples are the most preferred, followed by those in a dehydrator and sun. These types were also rated highest in taste, while shade-dried fruits were rated negatively. According to the respondents, dried apples of the cultivar Florina can be consumed year-round; they are healthy and suitable for young children and diabetics and do not have added sweeteners. In addition, freeze-dried apples resemble fruit chips, they are crunchy and have a nice, unchanged color. Regarding consumers' willingness to purchase dried Florina apples, it was found that consumers are willing to pay the most for dried apples between BGN 1 and BGN 2. In contrast, the apples dried in a lyophilizer were rated higher over BGN 5. As a result of the study, it can be summarized that each consumer's taste is different. Also, each type of dried fruit has different consumer groups. The most preferred types include dried apples in a lyophilizer, dehydrator, and sun.

Scenario Analysis to Investigate the Effect of Implementing Compensatory Payments for Reducing Water Erosion in Bulgaria

Scenario Analysis to Investigate the Effect of Implementing Compensatory Payments for Reducing Water Erosion in Bulgaria
(Scenario Analysis to Investigate the Effect of Implementing Compensatory Payments for Reducing Water Erosion in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Svetozar Ivanov, Dimitar Nikolov
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Sociology, Policy, planning, forecast and speculation, Environmental interactions
Page Range:219-229
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:agriculture; agri-environmental payments; water erosion; scenario analysis
Summary/Abstract:Soil degradation due to water erosion presents a critical challenge with far-reaching economic and environmental implications. This article focuses on strategies to enhance the efficacy of agro-ecological interventions aimed at mitigating water erosion. The Strategic Plan for Agriculture and Rural Development in the Republic of Bulgaria for the 2023 – 2027 period outlines specific measures, including the “Eco Scheme for Preservation and Restoration of Soil Potential” and the “Eco Scheme for Ecological Maintenance of Permanent Plantations,” to address this issue. For the purposes of this analysis, in addition to the size of compensatory payments, an indicator of the economic value of reduced water erosion is introduced. Three scenarios are simulated, each varying the size of agroecological payments. They are contingent upon specific outcomes achieved in reducing water erosion. The agri-environmental payments from the CAP 2023 – 2027 are tied to agricultural practices and are influenced by both the compensatory payment amount and the agricultural area. In the three scenarios considered, additional indicators include the economic value of reduced soil erosion and the extent of soil erosion reduction attributable to agro-ecological payments. For the purposes of this analysis, seven distinct crop farms located in the Blagoevgrad district were selected. The analysis revealed the necessity for differentiating compensatory payments based on the size of the farms and the specific outcomes achieved. Land degradation is a significant threat to sustainable development, particularly in Southern European countries (Barbayiannis et al., 2011). Farmers, primarily focused on their business operations and profit maximization, often lack awareness or concern for various environmental issues (Taguas and Gómez, 2015). Through their agricultural practices, farmers exert both positive and negative impacts on various processes that not only affect their own farms but also have broader implications for society and ecosystems. The adoption of effective management practices and investments in soil health protection plays a significant role in achieving balance in these processes. This approach leads to a reduction in soil erosion and degradation, enhances water retention, and helps prevent or mitigate the effects of natural disasters: landslides and floods etc. As a result of their activities, farmers have developed various protective systems in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas, where agricultural conditions are more challenging. The construction of stone walls, terracing, and other such elements by engaged farmers provides essential measures for reducing surface erosion and preventing landslides (Agnoletti et al., 2011). Soil erosion is a phenomenon, associated with a series of natural and/or anthropogenic processes of detachment and transfer of soil particles by wind, rain and irrigation waters ( Rousseva, 2008).

Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Agriculture

Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Agriculture
(Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Agriculture)

Author(s):Iliyana Krasteva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture
Page Range:230-238
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:sustainable agricultural practices; Common Agricultural Policy; environment; sustain-ability; benefits
Summary/Abstract:Modern agriculture faces many opportunities and challenges. In the future, the world population is expected to rise dramatically. This growing population places a demand for increased food production, which will lead to significant damage to the environment and natural ecosystems. For many years, conventional farming practices have been used in agriculture. As a consequence of a number of environmental risks, such as erosion, compaction, salinization, pollution, loss of biological bio-diversity, the quality of agricultural soils is increasingly deteriorating. In this regard, one of the possible solutions to overcome the negative consequences is to implement sustainable farming practices in agriculture. The new Common Agricultural Policy provides a number of instruments and measures aimed at supporting the agricultural sector. The main idea is to invest funds in promoting the implementation of sustainable practices, with the aim of limiting the use of pesticides and chemicals, while at the same time preserving the necessary nutrients, improving soil fertility, leading to efficient and sustainable management of agricultural lands and natural re-sources. This report mainly aims to present some good sustainable agricultural practices implemented by farmers in agriculture. In connection with this, the following tasks are set: outline the role of the Common Agricultural Policy in the context of sustainable agriculture, present good examples of sustainable agricultural practices and, on this basis, derive the main benefits of their application in agriculture. The application of sustainable agricultural practices in agriculture leads to the mitigation of climate change impacts, stabilizes agro-ecosystems and increases their resilience. The protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources are of priority importance for the production of healthy and safe food in order to improve living conditions in rural areas. As a result of the conducted research, it is established that nature-saving practices provide a number of diverse ecological, social and economic benefits necessary to minimize the negative impacts on the environment. The new CAP lays the foundation for fairer and more sustainable agricultural farming models. Undoubtedly, the application of sustainable agricultural practices is one of the possibilities to achieve long-term sustainability of agriculture and contribute to stimulating the development of the rural economy on a regional, national and global scale.

Agricultural Dynamics in The EU and the Raw Material Super Cycle

Agricultural Dynamics in The EU and the Raw Material Super Cycle
(Agricultural Dynamics in The EU and the Raw Material Super Cycle)

Author(s):George Guerov, Nadezhda Blagoeva, Vanya Georgieva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:239-253
No. of Pages:15
Keywords:EU agriculture; Raw Material Super Cycle (RMSC); commodity crops; comparative analysis; regression models; policy impact; production yields; export value
Summary/Abstract:This study aims to explore the impact of the Raw Material Supercycle (RMSC) on agricultural dynamics in the European Union (EU), focusing on key commodity crops such as wheat, maize, barley, sunflower, and the unorthodox but strategic choice of potatoes. The inclusion of potatoes is particularly relevant due to their dietary significance, adaptability to diverse growing conditions, and their potential as a substitute crop during periods of raw material volatility. The research investigates how global raw material trends influence crop production, e port values, and market structures within the EU. Moreover, it seeks to identify key domestic and policy-driven factors that moderate the RMSC’s effects on the agricultural sector. Methodology: Utilizing a multi-method research approach, the study combines regression models with comparative analysis and trend analysis. Regression models are applied to assess the influence of the RMSC on production volumes and e port values of wheat, maize, barley, sunflower, and potatoes. The study contrasts the performance of these crops during different phases of the super cycle, identifying key dependencies and divergent trends across the EU. Furthermore, the study tracks changes in the areas under harvest, yields, and production levels for each crop, providing a nuanced understanding of agricultural dynamics in light of global raw material fluctuations. Key Findings: The study reveals significant correlation between the RMSC and the performance of EU commodity crops. or instance, while France and Italy continue to dominate the e port market for wheat, Bulgaria has emerged as a rising producer, with strong potential for future dominance in this sector. The choice of potatoes, often overlooked in traditional studies, proved insightful, as their unique growing flexibility and substitutive value contributes to mitigating the impact of raw material price volatility. Moreover, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) plays important, but limited in effects role in moderating the global super cycle’s effects by providing subsidies that buffer internal market dynamics. Originality/Scientific Novelty: This research provides an in-depth analysis of how global raw material cycles influence regional agricultural systems, specifically addressing the unorthodox yet strategic role of potatoes. By integrating crop-specific performance during different RMSC phases, it contributes a new understanding of localized agricultural vulnerabilities and resilience. Practical Value/Implications: The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, particularly in crafting agricultural strategies that can anticipate and mitigate the effects of future super cycle phases. Recommendations include targeted investments in crop diversity and substitutable crops, with implications for strengthening agricultural resilience across the EU.

The Evolution of Associative Forms in Agriculture/Fruit Growing Culture in Romania

The Evolution of Associative Forms in Agriculture/Fruit Growing Culture in Romania
(The Evolution of Associative Forms in Agriculture/Fruit Growing Culture in Romania)

Author(s):Nicoleta Marin, Raluca Mitulescu, Iulia Alexandra OPREA, Eliza Gheorghe, Alexandra Rusu
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Agriculture, Economic policy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:254-269
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:rural development; sustainability; association in agriculture; fruit-growing farms
Summary/Abstract:In Romania, there is a significant diversity of forms of association that operate in various fields, both based on the activities carried out and on the specifics of the economic branches, at county, regional and national level. This diversity includes, but is not limited to, producer associations, producer groups, cooperatives, branch unions, etc. Over time, the activity of these associative entities has been subject to a legislative framework that has evolved to respond to the specific needs and challenges faced by these organizations. The present study aims to provide a detailed analysis of the evolution of the forms of association in Romania, focusing on identifying the essential similarities and differences between cooperatives and producer groups. This analysis will include an in-depth examination of the organizational structure of cooperatives and producer groups, based on the latest available data on this sector of the economy. In assessing the current state of fruit farms in Romania, a detailed analysis of data from 2005 – 2020 was carried out, considered the most recent source of information at farm level. This assessment was carried out using an approach that considered the legal form of the farms, their physical and economic size, and the development regions in which they are located. Thus, the study will not only bring to the fore relevant information about the fruit sector, but will also contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics and diversity of the forms of association in Romania, providing a solid basis for future research and development in this field. In addition, the analysis will also include aspects related to the impact of climate change on production, as well as consumption trends influencing the fruit market. These elements are essential to outline an overview of the challenges faced by farmers and to identify opportunities for growth and adaptation in the face of global change. We will also examine the role of agricultural policies and subsidies in supporting the sector, highlighting how they can stimulate innovation and sustainability, but also the vocational training of farmers, which has contributed to increasing the number of plantations, the quality of products and their diversification. The importance of European grants thus becomes obvious, as they have not only stimulated the increase in the number of fruit farms, but have also contributed to the development of a more competitive and innovative agricultural economy in Romania.

Family Farms – A Sustainable Model for the Development of Rural Areas

Family Farms – A Sustainable Model for the Development of Rural Areas
(Family Farms – A Sustainable Model for the Development of Rural Areas)

Author(s):Daniela Tsvyatkova
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Rural and urban sociology, Economic development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:270-281
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:family farms; rural regions; vitality; sustainable development
Summary/Abstract:The family farm is a unique organizational form that holds significant economic and social importance in rural areas. These farms preserve traditions, customs, history, and authentic folklore and are symbolic of Bulgarian heritage in rural regions. They provide employment for rural households, enhance production efficiency, ensure food security, and contribute to the preservation of biodiversity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of family farms in promoting sustainable rural development. Motivation for agricultural and non-agricultural activities in rural areas is influenced by various factors, including natural and labor resources, financial support through the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) and state assistance, market conditions, infrastructure, and more. To achieve the research goal, both quantitative and qualitative methods are employed, using representative data and results from comprehensive agricultural censuses, empirical sociological studies, desk research, and internet sources. The involvement of the younger generation in farm ownership and the continued development of small businesses is essential for rural areas, serving as the backbone for economic activity and social structure. Targeted development of family farms will also contribute to the sustainable environmental growth of agriculture in Bulgaria and ensure greater attention to environmental preservation. Additionally, increasing the competitiveness of family farms can, beyond raising employment levels, lead to various secondary effects in rural areas, such as the development of related industries, income growth, risk reduction in agricultural activities, and workforce skill enhancement through experience and knowledge acquisition, as well as the implementation of innovations in production. Family farms possess all the qualities needed to strengthen the economic vitality of rural Bulgaria and to be a significant factor in alleviating rural poverty, both by creating jobs and as consumers of various services provided by other rural residents.

Status and Trends in the Development of the Beekeeping Sector in Bulgaria

Status and Trends in the Development of the Beekeeping Sector in Bulgaria
(Status and Trends in the Development of the Beekeeping Sector in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Georgi Angelov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture
Page Range:282-290
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:beekeeping sector; beekeeping; negative trends; honey
Summary/Abstract:The present study is aimed at the state and trends in the development of beekeeping in Bulgaria. There are not many studies devoted to the problems in the sector, but their importance for the development of beekeeping in Bulgaria is great, therefore clarifying them will improve the development of the sector. The need for the research stems from the fact that, despite the great opportunity for the development of beekeeping available to the country in recent years, the sector is not only not developing, but is facing a catastrophe. The main hypothesis is that beekeeping in Bulgaria, despite the good natural conditions for development, is too far from its potential. This stagnation of the sector has a certain reason. This is where the main goal of the study comes from. To identify the main reason or factor stopping the development of beekeeping in Bulgaria. or this purpose, the main indicators of the state of beekeeping were analyzed. The main channels for the sale of bee honey and the quantities of production realized through them have been tracked. The largest buyers and sellers in the country have been identified and a comparison of the prices offered by them has been made. The external factors affecting the price and demand for Bulgarian honey have been analyzed. As a result, the reasons and circumstances leading to the negative trends in the sector have been established. From the conducted research, we have reason to claim that the most significant factor affecting the development of beekeeping is the profitability of a bee colony. As the low profitability, in this case, stems from the adoption of bad legislative policies by the State and the EU, to the detriment of beekeeping. Which have led to price and quality dumping. As a result, local production is forced to sell at unrealistically low prices and the sector finds itself in great difficulty and on the verge of bankruptcy. Interventions are proposed that would help transform the sector into an attractive and profitable business. But a decisive role for the development of beekeeping remains in the hands of the state and European administration and their legal and financial policies aimed at the sector.

Some Aspects of Changing the Purpose of Municipal Pastures in The Republic of Bulgaria

Some Aspects of Changing the Purpose of Municipal Pastures in The Republic of Bulgaria
(Some Aspects of Changing the Purpose of Municipal Pastures in The Republic of Bulgaria)

Author(s):Valeri Velkovski
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Economic policy, Developing nations
Page Range:291-300
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:municipal pastures; change of use; agricultural lands; easements; commissions; laws;
Summary/Abstract:According to the norm of Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands, agricultural land that does not belong to citizens, legal entities or the state is municipal property. Municipal ownership of municipal pastures is public and may be declared private municipal property when the purpose of municipal pastures is changed in accordance with the Law on Municipal Property. Changing the purpose of municipal pastures for the needs of a legal entity and an individual is allowed, according to the regulation of Article 25, Paragraph 7 of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands, after limited property rights have been established in favor of the person. The change in the purpose of the municipal pastures is carried out in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Law on the Protection of Agricultural Lands. According to the norm of Art. 25, Para. 3 of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands, a change in the purpose of municipal pastures is permitted as an exception for: construction of technical infrastructure objects, creation of new ones or expansion of construction boundaries of urbanized territories and other cases defined by law. According to the norm of Article 25, Paragraph 4 of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands, limited property rights and servitudes may be established on municipal pastures, upon change of purpose. The conditions and procedure for changing the way of permanent use of municipal pastures for other agricultural needs are defined as a legal technology in the Regulations for the Implementation of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands and the Law on the Protection of Agricultural Lands. The bodies that carry out the procedure for changing the purpose are: committees of the regional directorates “Agriculture” and the Commission for Agricultural Lands, according to the regulation of Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Law on the Protection of Agricultural Lands. The Minister of Agriculture and Food determines the nominal composition of the commissions to the “Agriculture” regional directorates. These commissions include representatives of the regional structures of the Ministry of Environment and Water, the Ministry of Health, the Directorate for National Construction Control under the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Works, regional administrations, interested agricultural and economic-industrial branch organizations. The Commission for Agricultural Lands supervises the work of the commissions under the regional directorates “Agriculture”.

Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy – From a Global Framework to a National Context

Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy – From a Global Framework to a National Context
(Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy – From a Global Framework to a National Context)

Author(s):Atanaska Nikolova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, Sociology, Economic policy, Political Ecology, Economic development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:301-313
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:sustainable development; blue economy; governance
Summary/Abstract:The sustainable use of ocean and marine resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and the sustainable health of ocean and marine ecosystems is the leading theme of the decade declared by the United Nations General Assembly as the Decade of Ocean Science (Ocean Decade 2021 – 2030). Global challenges related to climate change, overexploitation of natural resources, environmental pollution, as well as intensive urbanization of coastal areas determine the importance and relevance of the transition to a sustainable blue economy. The topic is particularly relevant for Bulgaria, because the sectors of the blue economy make a significant contribution to the socio-economic development of the country, but due to the vulnerability of the Black Sea ecosystem, the economic potential of the Bulgarian coastal and marine ecosystem is exposed to the risk of anthropogenic and climatic pressure. Despite the challenges, Bulgaria has the potential to transform the Bulgarian Black Sea coast not only into a center of sustainable economic growth, but also into a model for applying the principles of the blue economy. The publication presents the results of a study whose main objective is to analyze the development of policies related to the transition to a sustainable blue economy in an international, European, regional and national context and to provide an analytical basis for the formation of a recommendations for a policy framework for an effective transition to a sustainable blue economy in Bulgaria. The analytical method applied is a critical review of the framework “external” to the country, which to a large extent regulates the process of transformation of the blue economy sectors, and of key national policies leading the process of transition to the blue economy. Conclusions are drawn for the policy development process for a sustainable blue economy, and key catalysts for accelerating the transition to a sustainable blue economy are identified, such as improved governance, monitoring and control; changing production and consumption patterns ensuring a transition to a low-carbon economy and society, zero pollution and a circular economy; focus on technological innovations and science-based ocean solutions; and involving stakeholders in the process. Recommendations are also formulated for making a transition to a sustainable blue economy at the national level, including changing the models of isolated sector management and investment and developing a national policy framework to provide a platform for improved governance and coordination between institutions and stakeholders in blue economy sectors.

Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Bulgaria – Waste or Resource

Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Bulgaria – Waste or Resource
(Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Bulgaria – Waste or Resource)

Author(s):Liliya Ananieva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Sociology, Evaluation research, Environmental interactions
Page Range:314-324
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants; agriculture; utilization; recycling; waste management
Summary/Abstract:Environmental pollution leads to significant economic losses, which arise from the costs of waste treatment and management. The need for sustainable management and effective prevention and control measures is essential to reduce these negative impacts and ensure long-term economic growth and social well-being. At the same time, waste represents an opportunity to generate economic value through recycling, composting and the use of waste as raw materials. The management of waste streams and the market for secondary raw materials presents both significant challenges and many opportunities for the modern world. Proper understanding, sustainable management and appropriate utilization of these resources can initiate a new model of interaction with the environment, which in turn can contribute to achieving significant economic and environmental benefits. The object of this study is the sludge from wastewater treatment plants as part of specific waste streams, as well as their management activities and reporting values presented for a 10-year period within Bulgaria. The aggregates related to the sludge generation and recovery activities of the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Bulgaria have been subject to a dynamic development during the last decade. The focus is on their recovery as a resource and not only as a waste. The thesis that by proper treatment, sludge can be transformed into a resource that can in turn be used appropriately in various processes is discussed. This can reduce the need for primary resources and contribute to the sustainable development of particular economic sectors by, for example, favoring intensive farming/agriculture activities and the implications this brings. The main objective of this paper is to classify the main types of waste streams and to look at the current status of sewage sludge and the opportunities for its reuse in the economic cycle. The main challenges and opportunities in the sector will be identified, as well as current effective management strategies and policies. An overview is also given of the legislative framework for sludge management in Bulgaria and the European Union, which plays a key role in regulating sludge recovery. It is essential to note that, under European legislation, sludge is safe where proper management is in place. With that being said, and in the light of the ongoing trends towards sustainable development, there is an increasing need to focus attention on this direction by applying specific sustainable methods for their recovery. The report highlights the importance of sustainable sludge management, with a strong emphasis on the need to continue efforts for sustainable sludge management in Bulgaria and in general.

Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Limitations of Action-Based and Performance-Based Agri -Environment Schemes

Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Limitations of Action-Based and Performance-Based Agri -Environment Schemes
(Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Limitations of Action-Based and Performance-Based Agri -Environment Schemes)

Author(s):Stanimira Dudova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:325-334
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:agri-environment schemes; agri-environment payments; result-based schemes; action-based schemes; biodiversity
Summary/Abstract:The majority of agri-environment payments (AEPs) in the European Union (EU) are action-based payment schemes that impose specific agricultural management requirements on farmers. These schemes offer clear and specific instructions for farmers, making them easier to understand and implement. They also provide stable and predictable income which helps farmers with handling the financial risks. However, they do not always deliver the desired environmental outcomes and their effectiveness in protecting biodiversity is limited. This paper outlines some of the limitations of the action-based ecological schemes including their lack of flexibility when it comes to addressing the specific needs and conditions of the farmland and their economic inefficiency as in some cases re-sources are being spend on actions that do not always lead to significant environmental benefits. To increase their effectiveness, it may be useful to integrate result-based schemes that link payments to specific ecological results. Result-based ecological schemes give freedom to farmers to adapt their farming practices to the specific conditions of their land. They provide financial incentives for farmers to achieve measurable environmental benefits such as improved biodiversity, water quality, soil health and other ecosystem services. Existing result-based payments are mainly aimed at maintaining threatened habitats or priority species for conservation. This type of payments give freedom to farmers to adapt their farming practices to the specific conditions of their land. In general, result-based agri-environmental schemes are successful when the cause-effect relationships between farming practices and environmental objectives are well established and can be represented by single or combined indicators. Despite the distinct advantages, results-based schemes face certain challenges – not all biodiversity targets can be measured by indicators; isolation and fragmentation of species and habitats; increased economic risk for farmers; need for appropriate advisory support. To overcome the specific limitations of the two types of environmental schemes, it would be useful to consider a hybrid approach that combines payments for actions and payments for results. The current report provides examples for the implementation of result-based schemes in Germany, Switzerland and Ireland. These countries were selected as they have one of the longest running and best designed result-based payment schemes in Europe. They can be used as a basis for the further development and application of result-based schemes. The aim of this report is to discuss the advantages and limitations of action-based and result-based agri environment schemes. A comparative analysis of the two types of agri-environmental schemes was carried out based on the existing scientific literature.

Contribution of European Programs to Development – Competitiveness – Innovation and Generally to The Economy for The Region of Peloponnese Over the Last 20 Years in The Field of Manufacturing

Contribution of European Programs to Development – Competitiveness – Innovation and Generally to The Economy for The Region of Peloponnese Over the Last 20 Years in The Field of Manufacturing
(Contribution of European Programs to Development – Competitiveness – Innovation and Generally to The Economy for The Region of Peloponnese Over the Last 20 Years in The Field of Manufacturing)

Author(s):Georgius Kyriakopoulos, Dimitrios Petropoulos
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:335-340
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:European programs; competitiveness
Summary/Abstract:This research analyzes the contribution of European programs regarding the enhancement of innovation and competitiveness for manufacturing in the Peloponnese Region for the last 20 years. It touches on the relationship between NSR programs and the funding provided to local manufacturing businesses, as well as the impact of changes on sustainability and development. Particular emphasis is placed on assessing how these programs contribute to improving production, promoting technological innovation and enhancing competitiveness at international level. The research focuses on strategies adopted by companies to utilize financial tools to modernize as well as the challenges they face in applying new technologies for sustainable development requirements. In this context, the role of the Structural funds in reforming industrial production and their contribution to the long-term development of the region is examined. The results of the survey aim to continue the economic development of the Peloponnese Region and emphasize the need to enhance sustainability, growth and innovation, with the main objective of consolidating competitive dynamics in manufacturing industry. The European Union plays a very important role in promoting regional development, competitive-ness in the Member States, innovation and a number of strategic financing initiatives. Over the last 20 years, the Peloponnese region in Greece has benefited significantly from these programs, particularly in the manufacturing sector. This paper aims to e amine the contribution of European pro-grams to the economic transformation and development of the Peloponnese, focusing on the manufacturing industry of the region.

Exploring Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Analyzing Structural Changes in Agriculture: A Focus On Bulgaria

Exploring Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Analyzing Structural Changes in Agriculture: A Focus On Bulgaria
(Exploring Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Analyzing Structural Changes in Agriculture: A Focus On Bulgaria)

Author(s):Khulan Khurelbaatar
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Methodology and research technology, Policy, planning, forecast and speculation, Economic development
Page Range:341-351
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:structural changes; specialization pattern; EU Accession; agricultural policy
Summary/Abstract:This paper presents a comprehensive framework for analyzing structural changes in Bulgaria's agri-cultural sector, focusing on the period following the country’s accession to the European Union (EU). The integration into the EU has brought major transformation in the country, especially in the agricultural sector, as the country implemented the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and adapted its regulatory and economic governance. The framework developed in this study is based on an extensive literature review and uses analysis and synthesis as the main scientific methods to explore the multifaceted evolution of the sector. The study presents an initial assessment of the current changes and identifies key drivers utilizing statistical and comparative analysis. The index, structural and correlation assessments revealed key trends including a decline in the number of agricultural holdings and a simultaneous increase in the average size of farms. These structural changes indicate a process of land consolidation and resulted in a dualistic structure, driven by the market forces and policy incentives. Furthermore, there have been significant shifts in production specialization, including increased specialization in certain crop types and a decline in livestock production which led to imbalanced crop and animal output, mainly due to the direct payments. These shifts are ac companied by ongoing challenges in competitiveness, particularly in smaller farms that struggle to integrate into the market, and financial support distribution remains uneven. Moreover, the lack of young skilled workers led to demographic changes and declined agricultural employment. Thus, important key drivers and their effect on the productivity, size of the farms, and the economic development are identified. The analysis conducted in this study offers valuable insights and a comprehensive understanding of these complex and multifaceted changes. It is suitable to support the foundation for informed policy-making and strategic planning and signify the importance of targeted policies directed at ensuring fair distribution of financial support, enhancing competitiveness, and addressing inequalities to achieve balanced economic development.

Innovative Development of Agricultural Business and Rural Areas : Fourth International Scientific Conference IDARA - 2024 Innovative Development of Agricultural Business and Rural Areas : Fourth International Scientific Conference IDARA - 2024

Digitalization as a Tool for Risk Management in the Agricultural Sector

Digitalization as a Tool for Risk Management in the Agricultural Sector (Digitalization as a Tool for Risk Management in the Agricultural Sector)

Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy Funds on the Development of the Agricultural Sector, Case Study Romania – Bulgaria

Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy Funds on the Development of the Agricultural Sector, Case Study Romania – Bulgaria (Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy Funds on the Development of the Agricultural Sector, Case Study Romania – Bulgaria)

Regional Differences of Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Activities in Bulgaria

Regional Differences of Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Activities in Bulgaria (Regional Differences of Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Activities in Bulgaria)

Climate Adaptation Readiness of Bulgarian Rural Areas

Climate Adaptation Readiness of Bulgarian Rural Areas (Climate Adaptation Readiness of Bulgarian Rural Areas)

Ecological Risk Assessment in Bulgaria

Ecological Risk Assessment in Bulgaria (Ecological Risk Assessment in Bulgaria)

Agricultural Productivity, Inflation and Farmers Income: A Granger Causality Analysis

Agricultural Productivity, Inflation and Farmers Income: A Granger Causality Analysis (Agricultural Productivity, Inflation and Farmers Income: A Granger Causality Analysis)

Competitiveness of Rural Areas: Methods and Approaches

Competitiveness of Rural Areas: Methods and Approaches (Competitiveness of Rural Areas: Methods and Approaches)

Demographic Processes and their Impact on Rural Areas: The Example of the Southwest and South-Central Regions

Demographic Processes and their Impact on Rural Areas: The Example of the Southwest and South-Central Regions (Demographic Processes and their Impact on Rural Areas: The Example of the Southwest and South-Central Regions)

Financial and Credit Support of Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Ukraine: Problems and Ways to Solve Them

Financial and Credit Support of Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Ukraine: Problems and Ways to Solve Them (Financial and Credit Support of Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Ukraine: Problems and Ways to Solve Them)

Steps Towards Sustainable Rural Development. A Comparison Between Bulgaria and Romania after 17 Years in the EU

Steps Towards Sustainable Rural Development. A Comparison Between Bulgaria and Romania after 17 Years in the EU (Steps Towards Sustainable Rural Development. A Comparison Between Bulgaria and Romania after 17 Years in the EU)

Population in Rural Areas – Twenty Years of Poland's Membership in the EU

Population in Rural Areas – Twenty Years of Poland's Membership in the EU (Population in Rural Areas – Twenty Years of Poland's Membership in the EU)

The Role of Smart Agriculture in Empowering Women Farmers for Rural Development: A Case Study of Prishtina Municipality, Kosovo

The Role of Smart Agriculture in Empowering Women Farmers for Rural Development: A Case Study of Prishtina Municipality, Kosovo (The Role of Smart Agriculture in Empowering Women Farmers for Rural Development: A Case Study of Prishtina Municipality, Kosovo)

Exploring Rural Community Activism: Rural Women's Circles in Poland

Exploring Rural Community Activism: Rural Women's Circles in Poland (Exploring Rural Community Activism: Rural Women's Circles in Poland)

Analysis of Foreign Trade with Cereals in The European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development

Analysis of Foreign Trade with Cereals in The European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development (Analysis of Foreign Trade with Cereals in The European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development)

The Competitiveness of Bakery Grain Market in Romania and Bulgaria – A Comparative Analysis

The Competitiveness of Bakery Grain Market in Romania and Bulgaria – A Comparative Analysis (The Competitiveness of Bakery Grain Market in Romania and Bulgaria – A Comparative Analysis)

Livestock Waste Management Practices

Livestock Waste Management Practices (Livestock Waste Management Practices)

Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027

Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027 (Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027)

Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove

Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove (Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove)

Digital Content on the Customer Journey in Agricultural Business

Digital Content on the Customer Journey in Agricultural Business (Digital Content on the Customer Journey in Agricultural Business)

Consumer Preferences for Dried Apples of Cultivar Florina

Consumer Preferences for Dried Apples of Cultivar Florina (Consumer Preferences for Dried Apples of Cultivar Florina)

Scenario Analysis to Investigate the Effect of Implementing Compensatory Payments for Reducing Water Erosion in Bulgaria

Scenario Analysis to Investigate the Effect of Implementing Compensatory Payments for Reducing Water Erosion in Bulgaria (Scenario Analysis to Investigate the Effect of Implementing Compensatory Payments for Reducing Water Erosion in Bulgaria)

Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Agriculture

Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Agriculture (Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Agriculture)

Agricultural Dynamics in The EU and the Raw Material Super Cycle

Agricultural Dynamics in The EU and the Raw Material Super Cycle (Agricultural Dynamics in The EU and the Raw Material Super Cycle)

The Evolution of Associative Forms in Agriculture/Fruit Growing Culture in Romania

The Evolution of Associative Forms in Agriculture/Fruit Growing Culture in Romania (The Evolution of Associative Forms in Agriculture/Fruit Growing Culture in Romania)

Family Farms – A Sustainable Model for the Development of Rural Areas

Family Farms – A Sustainable Model for the Development of Rural Areas (Family Farms – A Sustainable Model for the Development of Rural Areas)

Status and Trends in the Development of the Beekeeping Sector in Bulgaria

Status and Trends in the Development of the Beekeeping Sector in Bulgaria (Status and Trends in the Development of the Beekeeping Sector in Bulgaria)

Some Aspects of Changing the Purpose of Municipal Pastures in The Republic of Bulgaria

Some Aspects of Changing the Purpose of Municipal Pastures in The Republic of Bulgaria (Some Aspects of Changing the Purpose of Municipal Pastures in The Republic of Bulgaria)

Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy – From a Global Framework to a National Context

Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy – From a Global Framework to a National Context (Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy – From a Global Framework to a National Context)

Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Bulgaria – Waste or Resource

Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Bulgaria – Waste or Resource (Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Bulgaria – Waste or Resource)

Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Limitations of Action-Based and Performance-Based Agri -Environment Schemes

Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Limitations of Action-Based and Performance-Based Agri -Environment Schemes (Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Limitations of Action-Based and Performance-Based Agri -Environment Schemes)

Contribution of European Programs to Development – Competitiveness – Innovation and Generally to The Economy for The Region of Peloponnese Over the Last 20 Years in The Field of Manufacturing

Exploring Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Analyzing Structural Changes in Agriculture: A Focus On Bulgaria

Exploring Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Analyzing Structural Changes in Agriculture: A Focus On Bulgaria (Exploring Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Analyzing Structural Changes in Agriculture: A Focus On Bulgaria)

Innovative Development of Agricultural Business and Rural Areas : Fourth International Scientific Conference IDARA - 2024
Innovative Development of Agricultural Business and Rural Areas : Fourth International Scientific Conference IDARA - 2024

Digitalization as a Tool for Risk Management in the Agricultural Sector
(Digitalization as a Tool for Risk Management in the Agricultural Sector)

Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy Funds on the Development of the Agricultural Sector, Case Study Romania – Bulgaria
(Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy Funds on the Development of the Agricultural Sector, Case Study Romania – Bulgaria)

Regional Differences of Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Activities in Bulgaria
(Regional Differences of Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Activities in Bulgaria)

Climate Adaptation Readiness of Bulgarian Rural Areas
(Climate Adaptation Readiness of Bulgarian Rural Areas)

Ecological Risk Assessment in Bulgaria
(Ecological Risk Assessment in Bulgaria)

Agricultural Productivity, Inflation and Farmers Income: A Granger Causality Analysis
(Agricultural Productivity, Inflation and Farmers Income: A Granger Causality Analysis)

Competitiveness of Rural Areas: Methods and Approaches
(Competitiveness of Rural Areas: Methods and Approaches)

Demographic Processes and their Impact on Rural Areas: The Example of the Southwest and South-Central Regions
(Demographic Processes and their Impact on Rural Areas: The Example of the Southwest and South-Central Regions)

Financial and Credit Support of Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Ukraine: Problems and Ways to Solve Them
(Financial and Credit Support of Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Ukraine: Problems and Ways to Solve Them)

Steps Towards Sustainable Rural Development. A Comparison Between Bulgaria and Romania after 17 Years in the EU
(Steps Towards Sustainable Rural Development. A Comparison Between Bulgaria and Romania after 17 Years in the EU)

Population in Rural Areas – Twenty Years of Poland's Membership in the EU
(Population in Rural Areas – Twenty Years of Poland's Membership in the EU)

The Role of Smart Agriculture in Empowering Women Farmers for Rural Development: A Case Study of Prishtina Municipality, Kosovo
(The Role of Smart Agriculture in Empowering Women Farmers for Rural Development: A Case Study of Prishtina Municipality, Kosovo)

Exploring Rural Community Activism: Rural Women's Circles in Poland
(Exploring Rural Community Activism: Rural Women's Circles in Poland)

Analysis of Foreign Trade with Cereals in The European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development
(Analysis of Foreign Trade with Cereals in The European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development)

The Competitiveness of Bakery Grain Market in Romania and Bulgaria – A Comparative Analysis
(The Competitiveness of Bakery Grain Market in Romania and Bulgaria – A Comparative Analysis)

Livestock Waste Management Practices
(Livestock Waste Management Practices)

Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027
(Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027)

Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove
(Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove)

Digital Content on the Customer Journey in Agricultural Business
(Digital Content on the Customer Journey in Agricultural Business)

Consumer Preferences for Dried Apples of Cultivar Florina
(Consumer Preferences for Dried Apples of Cultivar Florina)

Scenario Analysis to Investigate the Effect of Implementing Compensatory Payments for Reducing Water Erosion in Bulgaria
(Scenario Analysis to Investigate the Effect of Implementing Compensatory Payments for Reducing Water Erosion in Bulgaria)

Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Agriculture
(Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Agriculture)

Agricultural Dynamics in The EU and the Raw Material Super Cycle
(Agricultural Dynamics in The EU and the Raw Material Super Cycle)

The Evolution of Associative Forms in Agriculture/Fruit Growing Culture in Romania
(The Evolution of Associative Forms in Agriculture/Fruit Growing Culture in Romania)

Family Farms – A Sustainable Model for the Development of Rural Areas
(Family Farms – A Sustainable Model for the Development of Rural Areas)

Status and Trends in the Development of the Beekeeping Sector in Bulgaria
(Status and Trends in the Development of the Beekeeping Sector in Bulgaria)

Some Aspects of Changing the Purpose of Municipal Pastures in The Republic of Bulgaria
(Some Aspects of Changing the Purpose of Municipal Pastures in The Republic of Bulgaria)

Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy – From a Global Framework to a National Context
(Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy – From a Global Framework to a National Context)

Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Bulgaria – Waste or Resource
(Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Bulgaria – Waste or Resource)

Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Limitations of Action-Based and Performance-Based Agri -Environment Schemes
(Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Limitations of Action-Based and Performance-Based Agri -Environment Schemes)

Exploring Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Analyzing Structural Changes in Agriculture: A Focus On Bulgaria
(Exploring Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Analyzing Structural Changes in Agriculture: A Focus On Bulgaria)