Search results for: Gerhardt Csejka in All Content

Reviews

Besprechungen

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/1992

reviews of (among others): --------------------------------------- Peter Blickle (Hg.): Landgemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Mitteleuropa. Ein struktureller Vergleich(= Historische Zeitschrift, Beihefte N. F., Bd. 13). München: Oldenbourg Verlag 1991, 510 S. Georg Brunner (Hg.): Die Deutschen in Ungarn. München: Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft 1989, 132 S. (= Südosteuropa-Studien, Bd. 45) Etudes Historiques Hongroises 1990 publiées à l'occasion du XVIIIe Congres International des Sciences Historiques par le Comité National des Historiens Hongrois. 6 Vols., hg. von Ferenc Glatz. Budapest: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Seiences 1990. zus. 1638 s. Gabriel Silagi (Hg.): Die Gesta Hungarorum des Anonymen Notars. Die älteste Darstellung der ungarischen Geschichte. Unter Mitarbeit von Laszló Veszprémy. Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag 1991, VIII+ 190 S. Gh[eorghe] Iancu, G[eorge] Cipăianu: La consolidation de l'union de la Transylvanie et de la Roumanie (1918-1919). Temoignages français. Bucarest: Editura enciclopedică 1990, 337 S. Mads Ole Balling: Von Reval bis Bukarest. Statistisch-Biographisches Handbuch der Parlamentarier der deutschen Minderheiten in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa 1919-1945. 2 Bde., Kopenhagen: Dokumentation Verlag 1991, zus. 987 S. Armand Călinescu: Insemnări politice 1916-1939 (Politische Aufzeichnungen), Hg. u. Vorwort von Alexandru Gh. Savu. Bucureşti: Humanitas 1990, 432 S. Adolf Armbruster: Auf den Spuren der eigenen Identität. Bukarest: Editura Enciclopedică 1992, 320 S. Hans Vastag, György Mandics, Manfred Engelmann: Temeswar. Symbol der Freiheit. Wien-München: Amalthea Verlag 1992, 300 S. Helmuth Frauendorfer: Die Demokratie der Nomenklatura. Zur gegenwärtigen Lage in Rumänien. Köln: Menschenrechtskomitee Rumänien in der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung 1991, 167 S.

‘It Won’t Work without a Social Policy!’ Social Policy in Practice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

„Bez sociální politiky to nejde!“ K výzkumu sociálněpolitické praxe na území Protektorátu Čechy a Morava

Author(s): Radka Šustrová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 01-02/2013

Keywords: Social Policy; Practice

Social policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, from mid-March 1939 to early May 1945, is a key topic in contemporary research on the history of this brief period. The article is concerned with the possible approaches to research with regard to the latest trends in research on National Socialism. It begins with an outline of the historiography of social policy in the Protectorate, which is marked chiefl y by a predominant uniformity of argumentation, a lack of systematic approach to interpretation, and Czech and Czechoslovak historians’ limiting themselves to the ethnically Czech population. Research conducted so far has completely failed to put social policy into the context of social history. The author thus fi rst provides an outline of the social framework, which represents the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft (national/ethnic/racial community), in which ideas about the purpose and function of social policy were formed and implemented.

,Nach Jerusalem!‘ Eine böhmisch-österreichische Stiftungsinitiative für Palästina aus der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts

,Nach Jerusalem!‘ Eine böhmisch-österreichische Stiftungsinitiative für Palästina aus der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts

Author(s): Martina Niedhammer / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2010

Am 18. August 1855 richtete Elise Herz (1788–1868), die älteste Tochter des Prager Großhändlerehepaars Simon (1766–1845) und Babette Lämel (1770/71–1853), ein Schreiben an die Vorstände der Wiener und Prager Israelitischen Kultusgemeinden, in dem sie ihre Absicht erläuterte, eine Stiftung in Palästina ins Leben zu rufen. IhrenWunsch, eine Kinderbewahranstalt in Jerusalem zu errichten, begründete sie mit dem Hinweis auf kindliche Pietät, die sie dem Andenken ihrer Eltern, insbesondere ihres 1845 verstorbenen Vaters, schulde. Ausführlich schildert Elise Herz daher Charakter und Person Simon Lämels, wobei weniger dessen gesellschaftlicher oder gar ökonomischer Erfolg, als vielmehr seine religiöse Überzeugung im Vordergrund steht. Diese sei geprägt gewesen von einer innigen Verbundenheit mit dem Glauben seiner Vorfahren, was sich gleichermaßen in seinem Festhalten an der jüdischen Tradition wie auch in dem Bewusstsein der Zugehörigkeit zu einem ethnisch-religiösen Kollektiv widergespiegelt habe. Beide Ebenen, die alltägliche, auf der sich religiöses Selbstverständnis in Form einzelner Handlungen manifestiert, und die ideelle, die den dazu erforderlichen Deutungsrahmen schafft, dienen der Stifterin dazu, das Leben ihres Vaters in eine scheinbar ungebrochene Traditionskette jüdischer Existenz einzureihen. In ähnlicher Weise verortet sie ihre eigene Person, indem sie den Stiftungsakt als eine Erfüllung des vierten Gebots deutet, was über eine bürgerliche Trauer- und Gedächtniskultur hinaus in die Sphäre religiöser Praktiken verweist. Darüber hinaus begreift sie sich als Teil einer in Zeit und Raum erfahrbaren jüdischen Geschichte, die sie von „Stätten“ sprechen lässt, „die uns durch Religion und Geschichte unseres Volkes stets heilig, ehrwürdig und theuer bleiben werden“. Doch scheint kein mythischer Schauplatz evoziert, sondern ein realer Ort der Gegenwart, Jerusalem in Palästina, ein Teil des osmanischen Herrschaftsgebietes, in dem Elise Herz ihr philanthropisches Unternehmen umsetzen möchte.

Book reviews

Recenze

Author(s): Stanislav Holubec,Gregor Thum,Hana Kubátová,Marek Fapšo,Jan Mareš,Vítězslav Sommer / Language(s): Czech,German / Issue: 2/2015

To the publication of D. I. Chyzhevsky's letters to A. L. Bem

К публикации писем Д. И. Чижевского А. Л. Бему

Author(s): Marija Magidova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2007

Keywords: Dmytro Ivanovich Chyzhevsky; Al'fred Liudvigovich Bem; letters; Prague; interwar period;

Публикация писем Дмитрия Ивановича Чижевского (1894-1977) Альфреду Людвиговичу Бему (1886-1945?) ограничена нами пражским периодом их эпистолярного общения, т. е. отрезком времени в семь лет, с 1925 по 1932 год, когда место эмиграции - Прага и условия ее научной и культурной жизни в значительной мере определили направление деятельности обоих ученых, содержание и степень интенсивности их личного общения.

Translations of Biblical Texts into Kashubian Language

Przekłady tekstów biblijnych na kaszubski

Author(s): Adam Sikora / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3-4/2016

Keywords: Bible; Kashubian; translations; Pericops of Smoldzino; Biblical translation studies

This paper discusses translations of Biblical passages into Kashubian which originated in Evangelical circles between the 16th and 21st centuries. Although the tradition of translation dates back to the 16th century, translation of the entire Bible, or at least one complete Biblical book, which would have originated in this particular environment, has not been preserved. Presumably it never existed. The oldest translations of Biblical texts into Kashubian were generally based on the German language. The first printed book with texts in Kashubian included, among others, eleven works defined as Psalms and a range of short passages originating both from the Old Testament and the New Testament. This very book was the Simon Krofey’s Hymnal published in Gdańsk in 1586. Translation of The Small Catechism of Martin Luther came out approximately half a century later, and similarly to the Krofey’s Hymnal it included many Biblical passages. However, the biggest collection of Biblical texts which has survived is dated for the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. These texts are found in the so-called Smoldzinian Perikopes, containing lessons and Gospels for all Sundays and church holidays. Many smaller passages of the older translation of Biblical texts represent only occasional translations of Biblical passages incorporated in other religious texts. The first intended and methodical translation of texts from the Sacred Scripture into Kashubian was the collection of so-calle d Smoldzinian Perikopes. Research conducted on these translations allows to conclude that although authors of these translations did not translate from original texts, but in most cases from the German language, their translations of the Bible are characterised by a high degree of faithfulness to the thought of original texts. Moreover, accuracy and efforts to make the texts comprehensible and literary beautiful grant their authors the best testimony. Contemporary translations of Biblical texts into Kashubian language include translations coming from the second half of the 20th century which came into being in Catholic environment of Gdańsk Pomerania.

“It Will Not Work without a Social Policy!” Research on Social Practice on the Territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

“It Will Not Work without a Social Policy!” Research on Social Practice on the Territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

Author(s): Radka Šustrová / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2014

Keywords: social policy; hisotriography;

Social policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, from mid-March 1939 to early May 1945, is a key topic in contemporary research on the history of this brief period. The article is concerned with the possible approaches to research with regard to the latest trends in research on National Socialism. It begins with an outline of the historiography of social policy in the Protectorate, which is marked chiefly by a predominant uniformity of argumentation, a lack of systematic approach to interpretation, and Czech and Czechoslovak historians’ limiting themselves to the ethnically Czech population. Research conducted so far has completely failed to put social policy into the context of social history. The author thus first provides an outline of the social framework, which represents the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft (national/ethnic/racial community), in which ideas about the purpose and function of social policy were formed and implemented. In the next part, she focuses on the definition of the term “social policy” as understood by Nazi theorists after 1933. In the last part of the article, she seeks to define the new social relations in the Czech German environment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and suggests possibilities of its analysis in the area of the implementation of social policy. She believes that it will be fruitful to study the implementation of the relevant criteria in the Reich and the Protectorate at the level of discussions among experts, and to research social policy in practice. The author sees the most important aspects of the implementation of social policy as residing in the various motivations of the regime when implementing social policy in relation to different parts of the population,ranging from social exclusion to forms of social protectionism.

The Mediating Role of Leader-Member Exchange in the Effect of Transformational Leadership on Social Capital

Dönüşümsel Liderliğin Sosyal Sermayeye Etkisinde Lider-Üye Etkileşiminin Aracılık Rolü

Author(s): Metehan Tolon,Metin Söylemez / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: Transformational Leadership; Social Capital; Leader Member Exchange;

Purpose – The effect of transformational leadership on the shaping of social capital as an organizational resource and the mediating role of the leader-member exchange in this effect is presented based on the theory of social change. Design/methodology/approach – The field study data obtained by survey method were used for hypothesis testing. Linear regression and mediation with bootstrap tests are used to analyse the data obtained from 504 participants. Findings – The results show that transformational leadership affects social capital, and leader member exchange plays a partial mediator role between transformational leadership and social capital. These results support the hypothesis. Discussion – By emphasizing the relational aspect of transformational leadership, this study argues that it is an alternative force that influences important concepts such as social capital and leader-member exchange. Followers perceive transformational leaders as reliable and supportive. This perception creates a sense of psychological comfort and security that enables the followers to better adapt to the organization. Thus, in the framework of shared vision, followers work in cooperation with other followers in order to reach the common goals determined by the leader. This harmony, and working in collaboration around shared leadership lead to a strong social capital structure by causing positive social changes such as knowledge.

Individual and Institutional Dynamics of Innovative Entrepreneurship: A Multilevel Analysis

Yenilikçi Girişimciliğin Bireysel ve Kurumsal Dinamikleri: Çok-Düzeyli Analiz

Author(s): Tülin Köroğlu,Mehmet Nasih Tağ / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: Innovative entrepreneurship; Institutions; Individual differences; Multi-level analysis;

Purpose – Most researchers link entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviors to individual differences, and ignore effects related to the context surrounding the individual. This study examines the individual and country level determinants of innovative entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach – Based on extant literature, this study develops a multilevel framework that links individual level social-psychological determinants and country level institutional determinants to the likelihood that an early-stage entrepreneur is involved in an innovative entrepreneurial activity. To analyze this framework, a hierarchical data set that merges micro level entrepreneurial data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor with country-level institutional data from the Fraser Institute was used. The final data set consists of 87502 observations from 77 countries. The hypotheses were tested by utilizing multilevel (mixed-effects) logit regression estimation technique. Findings – The results indicate that at the individual level entrepreneurial self-efficacy, experience and fear of failure are strongly related to the likelihood that an individual entrepreneur is involved in an innovative entrepreneurial activity. We also find strong evidence that innovative entrepreneurial activity increases with both bureaucratic efficiency and government support for entrepreneurship. On the other hand, property rights protection does not seem to be related to the probability that an entrepreneurial activity is innovative. Discussion – Overall, the results suggest that not only the individual characteristics but also the institutional context matters for entrepreneurial activity. The results underscore the critical role that institutions play with respect to individual economic behavior and hence economic development.

From the Congress of Vienna to the First World War: Continuity versus Discontinuity in the History of International Relations during the Long 19th century

Od Vídeňského kongresu k první světové válce: kontinuita versus diskontinuita dějin mezinárodních vztahů dlouhého 19. století

Author(s): Miroslav Šedivý / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: History; International Relations; 19th Century; Congress of Vienna; First World War; Security; Geopolitics;

The article asserts that it is very difficult to understand the development of relations between European countries and nations from 1815 to 1914 without an appreciation of the strong but hitherto overlooked perception of diplomatic affairs by people who, regardless of their nationality, political affiliation, gender or social status, desired stability and fairness in Europe generally acknowledged asa common security space. It introduces a new thesis that the 19th century witnessed an important butas yet unknown process whereby the abuse of power by stronger states in as well as outside Europegradually eroded the Europeans’ faith in the international security ensured by treaties and launchedtheir search for greater security in material force. This transition from institutionalism to realism ininternational affairs between 1815 and 1914 was an important outcome as well as factor of the declineof the European states system during one hundred years, a process that began in the first half of thecentury and later resulted in a widespread security dilemma. The rise of Realpolitik, nationalism, imperialism and colonialism for example, much like a more normative approach in the peace movement,must thus be seen as the components of a complex process beyond simply the actions of the governingelites: they resulted from the people’s deep interest in and response to supranational affairs.

The European social model in decline: structural reasons

The European social model in decline: structural reasons

Author(s): Ľuboš Blaha / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2017

Keywords: Basic income; Economic democracy; Economy; European Union; Globalisation; Labour exploitation; Race to the bottom; Right; Social standards; Social rights; Neoliberalism;

The presented text draws attention to the structural causes, which make it extremely difficult to create a meaningful social dimension of the European Union. These include, for example, the ideological shift of social democratic parties to the right, the contractual adjustment of the European integration favouring the free market, and social nationalism of EU member states. Therefore, the factual validity Jürgen Habermas’s thesis that only a united Europe could face the neoliberal pressures of globalisation is also being questioned. Although this argument is normatively valid, the EU is in fact a neoliberal and elitist project. So the EU still has the potential to develop its social model, but this potential is not fulfilled — which can be demonstrated by the use of its soft power (or lack thereof ) to regulate global trends.

Post-Kantian Perfectionism. A Study in the Political Thought of German Idealism, from Leibniz to Marx.

Post-Kantian Perfectionism. A Study in the Political Thought of German Idealism, from Leibniz to Marx.

Author(s): Douglas Moggach / Language(s): English / Issue: 26/2022

Keywords: perfectionism; freedom; Kant; post-Kantians;

This paper summarizes the major themes of my current monograph project and my recent co-edited volume on post-Kantian perfectionism. The central thesis is that Kant’s critique of rational heteronomy in the Groundwork effectively ruled out certain types of perfectionist ethics and their corresponding political applications, notably the programmes of Christian Wolff and his school, which were dominant in the German territories in the mid- to late eighteenth century. Kant’s critiques did not, however, preclude the emergence of a new type of perfectionism, no longer based on the state-sponsored promotion of eudaimonia or material, intellectual, and spiritual thriving, but on the advancement of freedom and the conditions for its exercise. Predicated on the idea of right, post-Kantian perfectionism focuses on maintaining and enhancing the juridical, political, and economic conditions for rightful interaction among self-defining individuals. Humboldt, Schiller, Fichte, Hegel, and the Hegelian School exemplify this new approach in different ways. Marx’s problematic relation to this tradition is outlined.

Reconstructing Leibniz’s Educational Theory. Contribution to the Study of an Unresearched Part of Leibniz’s Philosophy

Rekonstruiranje Leibnizove obrazovne teorije. Prilog izučavanju jednog neistraženog dijela Leibnizove filozofije

Author(s): Saša Popović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04/164/2021

Keywords: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; education; educational reform; curricular reform; progress; perfectionism; the common good; respublica optima; theoria cum praxi;

In the introduction, I point out the exegetical problems involved in locating Leibniz’s “philosophy of education” within the broader corpus of his works and in uncovering an appropriate theoretical framework within which it is possible to contextualise and reconstruct Leibniz’s thought on education. It is then shown that this framework is provided by Leibniz’s practical philosophy, i.e. his ideas about the optimal state and the common good. I analyse the key theses of Leibniz’s ethics and political philosophy to uncover the background of the idea of the respublica optima and explain how education, in Leibniz’s view, should enable the perfection of the individual and society and contribute to the realisation of the common good. Finally, it is argued that in his educational project Leibniz articulated an idea of the Enlightenment that is far more progressive than the educational ideas of the philosophers we usually associate with the eighteenth-century Enlightenment.

The potential of rail infrastructure for freight transport in the area of the Szczecin Metropolitan Area

Potencjał infrastruktury kolejowej do przewozów towarowych na obszarze Szczecińskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego

Author(s): Tadeusz Bocheński,Mikołaj Paśko / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: freight transport; industry; rail; Szczecin Metropolitan Area;

The aim of the research was to identify the links between industrial and logistic activities with the railway network in the Szczecin metropolitan area (Poland). The research area covered communes belonging to the Szczecin Metropolitan Area Association and several adjacent communes, closely related to them due to the route of railway lines – 18 communes in total. The railway infrastructure and investment projects related to its expansion were analysed. The current status and development prospects for rail freight in the studied area are presented. The analysis used, inter alia, unpublished data of PKP PLK on the average daily train traffic. The railway network of the research area covered almost 360 km of railway lines and over 80 railway sidings. Freight trains were serviced at 17 stations, including 12 having generally accessible loading points. The main generators of rail freight were seaports and chemical plants in Police (Poland) – as evidenced by the traffic flows (number of freight trains) on railway lines leading to freight stations serving these entities.

Mutual correspondence between Antonín Škarka and Dmitrij Čyževský from the period 1 February 1965 - 21 April 1966

Vzájemná korespondence Antonína Škarky a Dmitrije Čyževského z období 1. 2. 1965 — 21. 4. 1966

Author(s): / Language(s): English / Issue: 41/2022

Vážený pane profesore, děkuji Vám za Váš dopis a poslední zprávy.1 Navazuji na ně a zároveň přicházím s návrhy. Pořád Vám dobře nerozumím, jak má ta barokní knihovna2 vypadat. Chcete v ní vydávat jenom přetisky (faksimilia?) dřívějších vydání anebo dokonce původních starých textů (např. ten Michna), anebo také zcela nové edice? Z Vašeho dopisu vyrozumívám, že aspoň ten Bridel bude z větší části nějaká fotografická reprodukce vydání Vašicových (aspoň některých).3 Jestliže pomýšlíte však na edice nové, na texty dosud nepublikované, mohl bych Vám např. nabídnout celého Michnu (tj. Česká mariánská muzika 1647, Loutna česká 1653 a Svatoroční muzika 1661), kterého mám textově (nikoli hudebně) už dávno připraveného pro tisk. Poněvadž u nás se sotva objeví zájem o takové texty, byl bych ochoten nabídnout Vám tuto edici. Bylo by to vůbec prvé vydání celého Michny básníka.

Exploring/Inventing East-European Noir. An Attempt to Modelling Historical Transformation

Exploring/Inventing East-European Noir. An Attempt to Modelling Historical Transformation

Author(s): Caius Dobrescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 43/2022

Keywords: East-Europe; Eastern Europe; Central Europe; Central and Eastern Europe; Communist Detective Fiction; Post- Communism; Area Noir;

The essay proposes a common spectrum of noir detective fictions emerging in the countries of the former Soviet Bloc. Accordingly, it substantiates the assumption that similar political, social, cultural, economic threats and opportunities contributed to the preservation of a certain air de famille among the genre productions of the countries of the area even after the fall of Communism. The common Communist heritage of genre fiction, cinema, and television is synthesised in three main categories: Cold War “noir” and Socialist “grey”, alternative noir, and popular noir. The crime & detection dimensions of the EU phase of the evolution of East-European countries are equally organised in three clusters, called retrospective noir, introspective noir, and prospective noir.

The use of smart contracts in consumer trade - selected problems

Stosowanie smart kontraktów w obrocie konsumenckim – wybrane problemy

Author(s): Małgorzata Krzemińska,Maciej Rzeszutek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2021

Keywords: smart kontrakty; smart contracts; łańcuch bloków; blockchain; ochrona konsumenta; token;

Postępujący rozwój nowych technologii przyczynia się do coraz częstszego wykorzystania smart kontraktu w obrocie konsumenckim. Wynika to z jego specyficznych cech, które wpływają na dostępność i łatwość korzystania z tego rozwiązania prawnego, lecz mogą również prowadzić do niekorzystnych dla konsumenta skutków. W kontekście potencjalnych zagrożeń, które mogą spotkać konsumentów, szczególnie istotna jest niezmienialność smart kontraktów. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono dlaczego należy poświęcić uwagę konsumentom korzystającym z inteli- gentnych kontraktów. Artykuł koncentruje się na możliwych rozwiązaniach problemów towarzyszą- cych konsumentom dokonującym czynności prawnych przy użyciu smart kontraktów na każdym etapie dokonywania transakcji, począwszy od etapu przedkontraktowego, przez zawarcie umowy, aż do jej wykonania.

Pictorial Grammar. Use of visualisations in grammar books for learners of the German language

Bildgrammatik. Gebrauch der Visualisierungen in den Lerner-Grammatiken der deutschen Sprache

Author(s): Lukáš Felbr / Language(s): German / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: grammar; German as a foreign language; visualization in education; visualization of grammar problems; pictorial grammar

This paper analyses the role of visualisations in grammar books for learners of German as a foreign language. It evaluates a sample of grammar books self-labelled as pictorial as well as other grammar books designated for non-native speakers of German. The analysis focuses not only on pictures, but on all the visual means that grammars use to convey grammatical rules. The aim of the study is to provide a better understanding of didactic and cognitive-linguistic aspects of the grammar transmission. In order to do so, it inquires into the usage of visual metaphors and mnemonic devices. Though the benefits of such types of visualisations have repeatedly been proven, they appear only seldom in the analysed grammar books as most of the visualisations depict only the semantics of example sentences. The article presents concrete cases to illustrate both problematic uses of visualisations and examples of good practice that can serve not only as a starting point for further didactic contributions in this field but also as suggestions for teachers of German or authors of teaching materials.

Central European Cultural Transfers in the Humanism and Baroque Periods: Three Examples from Literary History

Central European Cultural Transfers in the Humanism and Baroque Periods: Three Examples from Literary History

Author(s): Jan Malura / Language(s): English / Issue: 31/2022

Keywords: cultural transfers; parody; religious song; Christmas drama; Central European regions; early modern culture

This study investigates cultural transfer in Central Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It focuses on three different fields ( parody Protestant religious song, Christmas drama ) and explores the directions and mechanisms of cultural exchange and the role of mediators in the dissemination of selected literary phenomena. The observation of cultural transfers confirms to some extent the traditional idea of the journey of cultural work from the West to the East. However, the individual transfers are significantly influenced by specific cultural contexts. The social, ethnic and religious situation strongly connected cultural life in the Czech lands with the literary models available in the north-east and southern regions of Germany, while Polish cultural traffic, with a few exceptions, is rather distant from these areas, though. The conditions in Silesia were specific, because a significant share of the population was German and a strong multi-confessional situation prevailed there.

Kant’s Interpretations of Understanding “Family” as a Domestic Society

Interpretacje Kanta rozumienia „rodziny” jako wspólnoty domowej

Author(s): Zdzisław Kieliszek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 59/2022

Keywords: Immanuel Kant; Family; Domestic Society; Marriage Right (das Eherecht); Parental Right (das Elternrecht); Right of a Head of the Household (das Hausherrenrecht);

Kant understood “family” primarily as a domestic society and presented the basic foundations for regulating its life in The Metaphysics of Morals. Kant’s view of “family” was criticized shortly after its publication. Among the existing interpretations of Kant’s understanding of “family” three main directions can be distinguished. First, there are interpretations that argue with Kant (Friedrich L. Bouterwek, Christian G. Schütz, Georg W.F. Hegel, Carl A. Emge, Gerhard Buchda, Ernst Swoboda, Reinhard Brandt, Hariolf Oberer, Frank Kuhne). Secondly, there are interpretations showing that Kant’s view of “family” is congruent with other elements of his philosophy (Karl Vorländer, Adam Horn, Julius Ebbinghaus, Klaus Steigleder, Pärttyli Rinne). Thirdly, some researchers discover that Kant’s understanding of “family” was not only innovative for its time, but still contains inspiring research potential (Wolfgang Kersting, Bernd Ludwig, Barbara Herman, Sharon Byrd, Peter König, Francesca Di Donato). However, after analysing the existing interpretations of the concept of “family” contained in Kant’s philosophy, one can reach the following conclusions. Firstly, there is a noticeable lack of studies directly and extensively analysing Kant’s understanding of “family”. Secondly, the existing interpretations clearly focus on the question of the consistency of Kant’s thoughts on family life with other elements of his philosophy. Third, even critics of Kant’s thoughts point out that his view of family life was innovative for those times. Fourthly, Kant’s concept of “family” is considered an interesting research area, as it can be used to find interesting inspirations for the ongoing discussions, such as the protection and equality of women, children’s rights, the conditions of moral fairness and the legitimacy of social contracts, moral evaluation and the possibility of legally sanctioning homosexual relationships or understanding human sexuality.