Search results for: Türk Ocak in All Content

Turkey’s Regional Approach in Afghanistan: A Civilian Power in Action

Turkey’s Regional Approach in Afghanistan: A Civilian Power in Action

Author(s): Şaban Kardaş / Language(s): English

This policy brief studies Turkey’s contributions to the resolution of the Afghan conflict by focusing on its regional approach. The brief puts forth the argument that Afghanistan pro-vides a good show-case to demonstrate the elements of a new security culture Turkey has adopted in its post-Cold War transformation. Reflecting the growing power of civilians in the making of foreign policy, Turkey’s security culture has evolved in ways that it has em-braced many liberal elements, which can be grouped under the concept of cooperative se-curity. After a review of Turkey’s involvement in Afghanistan in the post-2001 period, the brief traces how the notions of Afghan ownership and regional participation, products of Turkey’s civilian power security culture, have shaped its response to this conflict-ridden country. A special attention is placed on various e orts Turkey has undertaken to regional-ize its objective of political stabilization, and social and economic reconstruction of Af-ghanistan, as well as the question of how its Afghanistan policy figured in Ankara’s rela-tionship with the United States.

“Niki botanik dojde iz Nimačke”. Bavarian botanist Otto Sendtner and his stay in Travnik in 1847

“Niki botanik dojde iz Nimačke”. Bavarski botaničar Otto Sendtner i njegov boravak u Travniku 1847. godine

Author(s): Jozo Džambo / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Travnik; Otto Sendtner; botany; 1847; yearbook; Jako Baltić; Franciscans;

Iza kratkog kroničarskog zapisa u Godišnjaku fra Jake Baltića “Niki botanik dojde iz Nimačke ...” krije se bavarski botaničar i sveučilišni profesor u Münchenu Otto Sendtner (1813–1859). Baltić je registrirao djelatnost ovog stručnjaka i njegovu tragičnu sudbinu u Travniku, ali ni izbliza nije mogao uočiti opseg i sadržaj njegova rada koji je ne samo u onovremenim relacijama bio od visoke sustavnosti i strukovne promišljenosti. Sendtner je po nalogu i uz financijsku potporu Bavarske akademije nauka za vrijeme višemjesečnog boravka u Bosni 1847. godine vršio prirodoznanstvena, u prvome redu botanička istraživanja i rezultate toga posla objavio u opširnom putopisu u časopisu Das Ausland. Da je pri tome pored stručnih zapažanja bilježio i mnoge druge pojedinosti izvan svoje prvotne zauzetosti čini njegov putopis još zanimljivijim, sadržajnijim i čitljivijim. Sendtnerove političke, etnološke, antropološke i povijesne reminiscencije upotpunjuju našu sliku Bosne sredinom 19. stoljeća. Sendtner je iz praktičnih razloga kao polazište za svoja istraživanja izabrao Travnik, ondašnje upravno mjesto bosanskog ejaleta, i u tome mjestu i njegovoj bližoj okolini proveo najveći dio vremena i istraživanja. Tim dijelom putopisa bavi se i ovaj prilog, pri čemu se strogo prirodoznanstveni aspekti ostavljaju po strani i pažnja usredotočuje na “usputne” autorove bilješke i zapise o Travniku i travničkom kraju.

The Winner takes It All. Election of UN Secretary-General 2016

Vítěz bere vše. Volba generálního tajemníka OSN 2016

Author(s): Veronika Bílková / Language(s): Czech

Keywords: UN Secretary-General; António Guterres;

The next UN Secretary-General will be António Guterres of Portugal. On Thursday 13 October, on a recommendation by the Security Council, the UN General Assembly decided to oppose the nomination of a Portuguese candidate. Despite this consensus, the outcome of the elections is a great surprise for many. Since Guterres has had strong support from the beginning, it has long been expected to elect a candidate with a different profile and from another geographic area. So why did he become the winner? What can be expected of it? And what is the role of the Secretary-General within the World Organization?

Research of the Trypillia Settlement Rusanovtsy in the Upper Southern Bug River in 2010—2012

Исследования трипольского поселения Русановцы в Верхнем Побужье в 2010—2012 гг.

Author(s): Eduard V. Ovchinnikov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Cucuteni-Trypillia; Upper Southern Bug region; ground structure; painted ceramics; flint tools

In 2010—2012, excavations were carried out at the Trypillia settlement of Rusanovtsy 1, located in the upper reaches of the Upper Southern Bug River. The remains of three ground structures, which could have one and two chambers were studied. The living quarters were located at the level of the lower tier, as indicated by details of the interior — hearths and permanently installed pithos. Among the finds, ceramics with bichromic paintings predominate — a pattern made with dark brown paint, supplemented with white edging or small patterns. Products made from flint from local Bug or imported Volhynian raw materials were manufactured directly at the settlement. The settlement belongs to post-Zaleshchiki sites and dates to the beginning of stage BII.

Late Eneolithic Painted Pottery at the Settlement of Orlovka-Kartal on the Lower Danube

Расписная керамика позднего энеолита на поселении Орловка-Картал на Нижнем Дунае

Author(s): Igor V. Manzura / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Southeastern Europe; Lower Danube; Late Eneolithic; Cucuteni-Tripolye culture; Cernavodă I culture; Usatovo culture; painted pottery

Fragmented painted pottery is uncovered predominately in the layer and structures of the Cernavodă I culture (the 2nd quarter of the 4th mill. BC). Part of fragments derives from complexes of the Early Iron Age cut into the late Eneolithic layer or is represented by stray finds. According to technological traits the pottery corresponds to painted ceramics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture. Several morphological types can be distinguished: cylindrical-conical bowls, relatively large pots with conical or cylindrical neck, jugs with high cylindrical neck, small widely open pots with globular body and small amphora with vertical handles on shoulders. The painting consists of two main kinds. The first kind embraces geometric or curvilinear ornaments composed from broad crossing or complementary bands which find best parallels mainly in the ornamentation of the Cucuteni B2-Tripolye C1 pottery. The second kind of the painting includes net-like ornament or compositions made of narrow crossing diagonal bands (“sparse net”). This kind of painted design is related only to the small vessels with globular body and amphora. Such morphological and stylistic types can be considered as manifestations of particular ceramic tradition of the Cernavodă I culture probably emerged under influence of the Cucuteni B-Tripolye C1 culture. They are broadly distributed in late Eneolithic graves of the Northwest Pontic region and can be regarded as additional evidence for attributing this territory to the area of the late Eneolithic Cernavodă I culture.

The Early Bronze Age Complex with a Stone Figurine from the North-East Azov Sea Region

Комплекс раннего бронзового века с каменной фигуркой из Северо-Восточного Приазовья

Author(s): Sergey N. Razumov,Anatolii N. Usachuk / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: North Black Sea region; the Early Bronze Age; Pit Graves cultural and historical community; barrow; funerary rite; sculpture; flint items

The grave goods contained in the main burial complex of Zintseva Balka 2/17 (North-Eastern Azov Sea Region), a Pit Grave Cultural and Historical Community site, were very expressive, including a damaged flint biface and a stylized sandstone figurine, which was morphologically similar to the stele from the Early Bronze Age barrows. Analysis of existing analogies showed that use of small stylized stone sculptures, often in combination with cutting tools, was a part of the funerary rite of the cattle-breeding population of the steppe zone of the Early and Middle Bronze Age, reflecting its ideological representations. Presence of such figurines in graves may indicate a special social and/or sacral status of the buried.

Pins with a Plate Head of the Late Bronze Age from the Territory of Ukraine

Булавки с пластинчатой головкой эпохи поздней бронзы с территории Украины

Author(s): Svetlana S. Lysenko / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Ukraine; late Bronze Age; the Trzciniec cultural circle; Komarov culture; Sabatinovka culture; adornments; pins with a plate head

Eight pins with a plate-shaped rhombic head, one mould for making such pins and one pin with a head in the form of a triangular flap were found on the territory of modern Ukraine. The distribution area of these types of pins does not go beyond the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Dnieper Right Bank and the North-Western Black Sea region. The earliest finds of such pins are connected with the funerary complexes of the early and early classical stages of the Komarov culture of the Trzciniec cultural circle (the second quarter — the middle of the 2nd millennium BC). Later they spread to the area of the Sabatinovka-Noua-Coslogeni cultural circle (Dnieper Right Bank steppe, Moldova, Romania), where they are known in settlements and hoards of the third quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. This publication provides a detailed description of all the pins of these types, originating from the territory of Ukraine.

Novocherkassk Hoard of 1939 — an Eponymous Site of the Pre-Scythian Period

Новочеркасский клад 1939 г. — эпонимный памятник предскифского периода

Author(s): Sergey B. Valchak / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: south of Eastern Europe; pre-Scythian period; Novocherkassk hoard; horse harness; weaponry

The article publishes a set of bronze items from the Novocherkassk hoard found in 1939 in the basin of the Lower Don. This hoard is one of the main archaeological complexes, which served as the basis for chronology of the pre-Scythian period. The finds are examined against a broad background of analogies related to the characteristic articles of the North Caucasus production centers in the second half of the 8th — the first half of the 7th cc. BC.

Countermarks on Staters of King Pharzoius as Sources of Historical Information

Надчеканки на статерах царя Фарзоя как источники исторической информации

Author(s): Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Olbia; Roman period; Sarmatians; Pharzoius; numismatics

The study addresses such rare coins as King Pharzoius's staters, whose emissions are diverse and long-lasting. Countermarks on them stir special interest: two types of monograms and the image of dolphin. While the countermarks have not been studied and the abbreviations still not decoded, the author makes an attempt to shed light into these issues. As a result, he managed to identify Nero's and Galba's names' abbreviations. Countermarks with their names were struck on light-weight Pharzoius's staters, while dolphin could be struck on his full-weight gold coins, as ordered by the Olbian authorities.

Birch Bark Decoration of Scabbard of an Early Medieval Sword from Yablunya

Берестяная отделка ножен раннесредневекового меча из Яблони

Author(s): Oleksii V. Komar / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Northern Black Sea region; Early Middle Ages; nomads; Sivashovka type grave; sword; scabbard; birch bark; decoration

The paper examines materials of the early medieval nomadic burial from Yablunya (grave 11, barrow 11) in the Berezan river basin (North-West Black Sea region). The grave was discovered in 1974 by the Ingul expedition led by O. G. Shaposhnikova and published later by R. S. Orlov with contradictory chronological, cultural and ethnic attribution.The fact that some fragments of scabbard and hilt made of organic materials have been preserved makes it an exceptional case. Thus, it is possible to reconstruct the outlook of weapons of ordinary nomads, to study the technology of birch bark lining, stylistic details of ornament and its links with the decoration of synchronous weapons from internments of nomadic nobility. Peculiarities of this funerary rite, as a whole, and analogies to the grave goods allow us to reconsider its attribution as an early Pecheneg site of the last quarter of the 9th century and qualify grave 11 of barrow 11 near Yablunya as Sivashovka type grave dated by the 2nd half of the 7th — early 8th centuries.

To Study the Regularities of Formation of the Russian-Nomadic Frontier in the Middle Don Region in the 9th —17th Centuries

К изучению закономерностей формирования русско-кочевнического пограничья в Среднем Подонье в IX—XVII вв.

Author(s): Mikhail V. Tcybin / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Middle Don region; Middle Ages; Russian-nomadic frontier; Slavic-Russian population; Saltovo-Mayaki culture; Kipchaks; Golden Horde

The article is devoted to revealing regularities of formation of the Russian-nomadic frontier in the Middle Don region based on the analysis of the geographical location of the archaeological sites of the 9th—17th cc. The sites of Slavic Borshevskaya culture (the end of the I Millennium AD) are located in the lower reaches of the Voronezh river and on the right Bank of the Middle Don (Central Russian upland). The sites of the Saltov culture are located on the right bank of the Middle Don, to the North of the Tikhaya Sosna river. The left bank of the Middle Don (the Oka-Don plain, Kalacska hill) was not an area of active colonization by the bearers of the Borshevskaya and Saltov cultures.In 12th — first half 13th centurie, the Russian population is documented in the lower reaches of the Voronezh river, Semiluki area reaches of the Don. Polovtsian nomads used to camp on the right bank of the Middle Don and do not spread beyond the South of the Tikhaya Sosna river and on the left bank of the Middle Don to the Bityug river.In the Golden Horde period, the Russian population colonized the left bank of the Middle Don. There is archaeological evidence of the coexistence of different ethnic groups. Nomadic sites do not extend to the North of the Tikhaya Sosna river, on the right bank of the Don river, and the mouth of the Voronezh river, on the left bank.Belgorod defensive line reproduces the line formed by the fortified settlements of Slavic Borshevskaya cultures on the rivers Don and Voronezh, and fortified settlements of the Saltov-Mayaki culture on the Tikhaya Sosna river. The left bank of the Middle Don in the 17th century, just like in the time before that, was still the region of the original colonization by the Russian population.

On the Shape and Decoration of Belt Mounts in the Early Medieval Bulgaria

О форме и декоре ременных бляшек в раннесредневековой Болгарии

Author(s): Stela Doncheva / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Bulgaria; Preslav; Early Middle Age; art metalwork; production centers; typology

The production of art metal in the early medieval Bulgaria became known after the discovery of three metal-plating centers in the vicinity of the capital of the First Bulgarian Kingdom — Preslav, from the beginning and middle of the 10th century. Along with technology and jewelry, the origin of raw materials and the chemical composition of the metal, necessary to fully comprehend the extremely numerous material found so far, there are some issues related to the shape, proportions, elements of the ornament and the method of manufacturing individual decorative details. Combination of all these components leads to one exceptionally rich palette of various belt jewelry, at the same time reflecting the fashion trends of the era, the individual approach of the craftsman and traditions in the art of artistic metal.The original combinations of shapes and ornaments found on the belt adornments of metal-plastic manufacturing centers are nowhere to be found in such a variety during this period, neither in the country nor abroad. In the various settlements and fortresses of medieval Bulgaria in the early period, only a few representatives of certain types are known, and not in such great diversity. A similar picture exists outside the country: numerous finds from various places in Hungary, Serbia, Russia and Southeastern Europe cannot be compare with the richness of shapes and ornaments originating from the one place near Preslav. This is somewhat explainable by the place of production, but it seems to be not the only reason. There are many industries outside the country, which do not show this diversity of products.

Oriental and Byzantine Traditions in a Complex of Ornaments for Women’s Costume in Rus’ (by Materials of Medieval Towns of Belarus)

Восточные и византийские традиции в комплексе украшений женского костюма Руси (по материалам средневековых городов Беларуси)

Author(s): Kristina A. Lavysh / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Rus’; Byzantium; women’s costume; ornaments; diadems; temple pendants (kolty); suspension chains (ryasny); three-bead temple rings; hinged bracelets (consisting of two semicircular sections);cloisonné;

The development of a complex of ornaments for women’s costume in Rus’ in the 11th — 13th centuries was taking place under the significant influence of samples from the Oriental and Byzantine world. Many types of ornaments, the way of wearing them, motifs, as well as the techniques of their manufacturing (cloisonné enamel, filigree, granulation, niello) were borrowed from there. Temple pendants (kolty) with enamel and niello, suspension chains (ryasny), three-bead temple rings, princes’ diadems, neckpieces-humerals, hinged bracelets (consisting of two semicircular sections), twisted and plaited bracelets with terminals decorated with filigree and granulation refer to the remaking of the Byzantine samples in the Old Russian ceremonial attire. Archaeological finds from the excavations of medieval towns оf Belarus related to the Byzantine and Eastern traditions are not as numerous and diverse as finds from the South Rus’, Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod lands, but they demonstrate the same process of adaptation and elaboration of the Byzantine and Eastern artistic and cultural traditions. This process can be traced both in the items of ceremonial attire, and in the ordinary ornaments of urban women.

Finger Rings, Temple Rings, Bracelets, Earrings, Torcs: rare accessories of burial dress of the Chernyakhov — Sântana de Mureș Culture

Кольца, височные кольца, браслеты, серьги, гривны — редкие аксессуары погребального убора культуры Черняхов — Сынтана-де-Муреш

Author(s): Oxana V. Gopkalo / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Northern Black Sea region; Carpathian-Danube region; Late Roman time; Chernyakhov — Sântana de Mureș Culture; costume;dress accessories;

The burial dress of Chernyakhov — Sântana de Mureș Culture is represented by the following categories of finds: fibulae, belt details, beads, pendants, rings, temple rings, bracelets, earrings, torcs. The latter five categories of finds are not numerous and do not form series. Their inclusion in Chernyakhov costume is supposed to be a manifestation of foreign cultural traditions and rules. The aim of this work is to find analogies to Chernyakhov’s finds of rare categories, to determine their origin and to interpret the reason why they are found in the Chernyakhov area. The study allowed to conclude that, in fact, it is impossible to establish the one reason why those rare categories of dress accessories could be found in the Chernyakhov culture area. Some of them are trophies of Scythian wars, some are items popular with the Late Scythian, Sarmatian population of Northern Black Sea region, and most of them are jewelry articles popular over a wide territory.

“Relic” Forms of Jewelry from Elshino Hoard of the 7th Century AD

«Реликтовые» формы украшений из Елшинского клада VII в. н. э.

Author(s): Ilya R. Akhmedov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: the forest zone of Eastern Europe; early medieval period; decoration of female costume; local elements; origin; chronology

The article examines two categories of female ensemble from the hoard found at the Elshino hillfort. This hoard, like the small one from Kartavtsevo hillfort, is considered among the group of hoards of the late Moshchiny culture (7th cent.). The Elshino hoard is similar to the Dnieper hoards (1st group), however the first one has a plenty of specific adornments. Some of them can be clearly divided into two categories whose origin lies in antiquities of the 1st half of I mil. AD. They are plated temple rings and cylindrical pendants. Prototypes of temple rings were part of the ensemble used by the population on the Upper Oka in the first centuries AD (the antiquities of Novo-Kleymenovo type). In the 3rd — the 1st half of the 4th cent., these adornments were included as components of the ensemble worn by the population of the Middle Oka and Suzdal Opolye. Prototypes of cylindrical pendants were widespread throughout the European Barbaricum. Later versions of such pendants appeared in the Upper Oka region in the Hunnic epoch. They are known from Velegozh hoard (Moshchiny culture). Single pendants were also found in the graves of the Ryazan Finn of the 2nd half 5th cent. These relict adornments developed in the context of the female ensemble of the late Moshchiny culture in the 3rd quar. of the I mil. AD. The ensemble was synthesizing elements of various origins.

Some Jewelry and Costume Details of the Toretskoe Urban Settlement

Некоторые украшения и детали костюма Торецкого городского поселения

Author(s): Svetlana I. Valiulina / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Middle Volga region; Kazan Khanate; Southern and Central Europe; 15th century; intercultural interaction; jewelry; Hanseatic seals

The multi-ethnic population of the Toretskoe urban settlement of the 15th century on the southern borders of the Kazan Khanate is evidenced by the presence of the Russian and Finno-Ugric peoples’ cultural materials such as ceramics, items of personal piety, and traditional jewelry in the rich collection of the site.The items analyzed in the article do not have any ethno-cultural affiliation, but rather reflect all-European medieval fashion and reveal the contacts of the Middle Volga in the Late Middle Ages. Details of the belt set from the Toretskoe urban settlement find a wide range of analogies among the sites of Southern and Central Europe. A brass bell and waist pads are characterized by close geography of the main analogies. Obviously, the Siberian finds of such bells require further comparative-and-typological analysis and interdisciplinary approach. A silver ring illustrates a narrower direction, that is relations with the Crimea, which — judging by other finds — were traditional for Toretskoe.Thus, jewelry and costume details suggest the region’s involvement in the pan-European cultural and economic space, which is confirmed by the finds of Hanseatic trade seals.

Fragments of the Silver Frames of Liturgical Items from the Excavation of a Large Fortified Settlement near Shepetоvka

Фрагменты серебряных окладов богослужебных предметов из раскопок Большого Шепетовского городища

Author(s): Anna A. Peskova,Aleksandra Yu. Kononovich / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Byzantium; Old Rus; silver frames; icons; procession crosses

Fragments of plates of silver frames of liturgical objects with minted floral ornaments were found in the collection of archaeological materials stored in the State Hermitage Museum and among those originating from the excavations of the Large fortified settlement near Shepetоvka (second half of the 12th — first half of the 13th centuries). They differed stylistically and used to decorate once different objects. It was possible to reconstruct a large procession cross with a lush floral ornament and distinguish two crowns from the decoration of an icon, executed less luxuriantly, possibly by another master. The design and stylistic features of the cross find parallels among the Byzantine procession crosses of the 11th—12th centuries, covered with silver frames. At the same time, the reconstructed cross has significant differences, which allows it to be attributed to the first similar works of the ancient Russian masters of the 12th century (?) who followed Byzantine tradition.

Informational Value of Medieval Metal’s Chemical Composition Based on Two Groups of Copper-Alloy Jewelry

Информативность химического состава средневекового металла на примере двух групп украшений из медных сплавов

Author(s): Ksenia S. Chugunova / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: North-West Rus’; 11th—14th centuries; small jingle bells; round pendants; chemical composition of metal; copper-based alloys;analysis;

This paper addresses chemical composition of copper-based alloy in two groups of jewelry: round pendants and small (jingle) bells. Jewelry items were excavated in the burial complexes of the North-West part of Russia (11th—14th centuries). Their chemical composition was studied by XRF and SEM-EDX methods. The results of this analysis were shown to be informative for the purposes clarification of the date and the origin of the jewelry. There is a noticeable chronological trend in tin content in the alloys of round laced pendants. Certain dissimilarity existed in some components in the small bells from different regions (“Gdov” barrows and eastern periphery of the Izhora plateau).

Chemical Composition of Metal Used in Breast Crosses from Ustye 2, 3 Settlements on the Kulikovo Field

Химический состав металла нательных крестов из поселений Устье 2, 3 на Куликовом поле

Author(s): Mikhail I. Gonyanyi,Tatiana G. Saracheva / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Upper Don area; Kulikovo field; pre-Mongol period; Golden Horde period; underwear crosses; copper-base alloys

A study of chemical composition of metal used in 16 breast crosses found in Ustye 2,3 settlements (Kimovsky district of the Tula Oblast) helped to identify different types of copper-base alloys. It was found that the tin-lead bronze, typical for the non-ferrous metalworking of this territory in the 12th — first half of the 13th century, was still in use in production of crosses during the Golden Horde time. A breast cross of the 17th century was made from a different raw material — multicomponent bronze containing zinc. The sample included well-known and rarely found types of crosses. Planygraphic analysis of finds showed that Ustye 2, 3 settlements stand out among other sites of the Upper Don area by concentration of crosses.

Barrows with Inhumations from the Medieval Cemetery Kotorsk IX

Древнерусские курганы могильника Которск IX

Author(s): Elena Robertovna Mikhaylova / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Old Rus; 11th—12th centuries; funerary rite; funerary costume; barrows; inhumations

The article discusses the research results of a group of several barrows with inhumations of the 11th — beg. 12th centuries (Kotorsk IX), which is part of the archaeological complex near Kotorsk village in the north of the Pskov region. The barrows were built on the edge of the burial ground with scattered cremations of the 10th—11th centuries, probably the barrows were successively associated with it. Small objects found in burials are typical of medieval Russian inhumations of the 11th — beg. 12th centuries, some ceramic forms have their own features. A number of features in the internal structure of the studied barrows correlate with the funerary rituals of the Long Barrows Culture and, probably, provide new information about the specific participation of this culture’s bearers in the formation of medieval Russian culture in the Northwest.