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INTERPRETATION OF THE METAPHOR PROCESSES RELATED TO HUMAN ORGANISM AS (ARMED) FIGHT, WHICH APPEARS IN MODERN POLISH PHRASEOLOGY

UJMOWANIE PEWNYCH PROCESÓW DOTYCZĄCYCH ORGANIZMU LUDZKIEGO JAKO WALKI (ZBROJNEJ), UJAWNIAJĄCE SIĘ WE WSPÓŁCZESNEJ POLSKIEJ FRAZEOLOGII

Author(s): Dorota Połowniak-Wawrzonek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 15 (20)/2009

Keywords: metafora1; frazeologizm2; procesy dotyczące organizmu ludzkiego3; walka zbrojna4;

The metaphor PROCESSES RELATED TO HUMAN ORGANISM ARE AN ARMED STRUGGLE is clearly reflected in Polish phraseology (three types of phraseological units are conspicuous). The first group is created by expressions, which consist of a metaphorical component of the main part (e.g. to fight, fight) and also of components related to illness, death, life, etc. The second type comprises expressions, which are fixed phraseological units in descriptions, soldiery correlations, and in the texts, where the interpretation of PROCESSES RELATED TO HUMAN ORGANISM gets new, metaphorical meanings. The third group consists of expressions which in soldiery correlations became free associations; and their metaphorisation were only in the texts related to PROCESSES RELATED TO HUMAN ORGANISM. The descriptions remained more expressive and suggestive thanks to military metaphoricity. Sometimes this type of metaphoricity is abused and it is used inconsistently with the text needs. The topics characteristic to the medieval culture are reflected in descriptions which are reflected in military traditions.

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Jesus prayer as spiritual heritage of the Poles and the Ukrainians

Modlitwa Jezusowa jako dziedzictwo duchowe Polaków i Ukraińców

Author(s): Irena Mytnik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 7/2019

Keywords: Jesus’ prayer; Desert Fathers; Fathers of the Church; the Christian East; hezychazm; contemplation; common spiritual heritage

The article is an attempt to look at Jesus’ prayer as a common spiritual heritage of all Christians, including the Polish and the Ukrainian, and at the same time a synthesis of the current thoughts on this prayer tradition, which is one of the oldest forms of Christian contemplative prayer. It originates from the Holy Scriptures and meditations of the Word of God, it was practiced and developed by the Desert Fathers, Fathers of the Church, monks, clergy and laity, above all in the Churches of the Christian East. Today, the most widespread is in the Orthodox and Greek Catholic Church, but for many years has been experiencing a kind of revival in the Catholic Church. The article presents the teaching of the Church, its saints and contemporary spiritual masters on this subject.

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Corpora and Translation. Are Corpora Still an Academic Luxury?

Tekstynai ir vertimai. Tekstynų naudojimas verčiant – vis dar akademinė prabanga?

Author(s): Jonė Grigaliūnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 12/2019

Keywords: translation; corpora; surveys; Sketch Engine;

This paper aims to consider the impact corpora have made on language studies and to touch upon the interface between corpora use and translator training/practice. A small-scale survey conducted among the translation trainers/professionals and translation students, with the aim of finding out whether professional translators and students are aware of the existence of corpora and to what extent they use them in their work, revealed that both the trainers and the students are well aware of corpora, but they still prefer translation memory technology to using corpora when translating. They have also pointed out that they would be interested in a service which quickly provided domain-and-language specific corpora tailored to their needs and a tool for extracting terminology from a domain specific corpus. The paper presents a tool which is now widely available for academic institutions in Europe and which gives a chance to quickly and easily compile a specific corpus, extract keywords, provides concordances and gives a useful word sketch that could be of great help when translating. The paper concludes that corpora have yet to make an impact on translation studies and that this will depend on raising awareness of the usefulness of corpora for translation training and practice and the availability of corpora tools that could meet translator needs.

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Polish Institutional Repositories as a Place for Open Scientific and Educational Resources

Polskie repozytoria instytucjonalne jako miejsce dla otwartych zasobów naukowych i edukacyjnych

Author(s): Ewa Głowacka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1 (107)/2016

Keywords: Open Access; Polish institutional repositories; Polish domain repositories; Digital resources

Cel/teza: Otwarte repozytoria cyfrowe to obecnie bardzo dynamicznie rozwijający się rodzaj źródeł informacji naukowej. Celem artykułu jest omówienie wyników badań nad stanem funkcjonujących w Polsce naukowych repozytoriów tworzonych przez wyższe uczelnie i inne jednostki naukowe. Koncepcja/metody badań: Przedstawiono polskie repozytoria naukowe od strony ich rozwoju, liczebności, struktury zasobów oraz funkcji. Zdecydowano się na analizę jedynie takich inicjatyw, które gromadzą zasoby nowe, a nie – jak w przypadku licznie funkcjonujących w Polsce bibliotek cyfrowych – zdigitalizowane kolekcje dziedzictwa narodowego. Pomocą w wyborze serwisów były listy repozytoriów naukowych zawartych w portalu Uwolnij Naukę, EBIB oraz w bazie Agregator CEON. Każdy z serwisów przebadano oddzielnie. Dla przedstawienia liczby inicjatyw zagranicznych oraz funkcji repozytoriów polskich i obcych wykorzystano serwis OpenDOAR oraz literaturę przedmiotu. Wyniki i wnioski: Autorce udało się odnaleźć 33 aktualnie funkcjonujące polskie otwarte repozytoria naukowe. Ogółem zgromadziły one ok. 270 tys. różnorodnych zasobów, przede wszystkim prac dyplomowych i doktorskich, artykułów z czasopism oraz materiałów dydaktycznych. Projekty te rozwijają się bardzo aktywnie, zważywszy na to, że mają jeszcze bardzo krótką historię. Tworzenie repozytoriów przynosi wiele korzyści dla uczelni. Zaliczymy do nich wzrost jej prestiżu jako skutek wzrostu widoczności badań naukowych prowadzonych na wydziałach, promowanie kadry naukowej, wspieranie edukacji studentów poprzez ułatwienie im dostępu do materiałów dydaktycznych. Zastosowania praktyczne: Wyniki analizy polskich repozytoriów pokazują obraz ich obecnego stanu rozwoju oraz mogą stanowić zachętę do deponowania prac oraz korzystania z ich zasobów.

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TEACHING GRAMMAR AND LEXIS THROUGH ART: EKPHRASIS, INPHRASIS AND AUDIO DESCRIPTION DURING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSON

NAUCZANIE GRAMATYKI I LEKSYKI POPRZEZ SZTUKĘ. EKFRAZA, INFRAZA I AUDIODESKRYPCJA NA LEKCJI JĘZYKA OBCEGO

Author(s): Agnieszka Palion-Musioł / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2021

Keywords: literature; art; intersemiotic translation in a foreign language class; ekphrasis, inphrasis; audio description;

The correspondence between art and the intersemiotic dialogue in which literary texts and paintings are involved creates new possibilities for the teaching of foreign languages. Both ekphrasis and its contrastive inphrasis tend to subjectively represent paintings and literary texts, while trying to replace them and reveal their presence as a new symbol. Audio description plays a similar function – through an objective description of visual texts, it aims to make them livelier, more present, and more accessible to a blind person. Ekphrasis, inphrasis and audio description exist as a result of the creative transposition and interpretation which accompany the intersemiotic translation. This process is conducted by the student. Each of the representations mentioned, and every contact with art, offers many benefits during foreign language classes. Apart from linguistic benefits, such as gaining an additional opportunity to practice grammatical structures, introducing new vocabulary, and developing communication and intercultural skills, it is also important to note the neurodidactic aspect of art while conducting a foreign language lesson.

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Demonstrations and Protests in the Perspective of the Literary Community in Russia

Manifestacje i protest y w ujęciu środowiska literackiego w Rosji

Author(s): Monika Karwacka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 31/2021

Keywords: protest potential; protest readiness; Zakhar Prilepin; Lyudmila Ulitskaya; Marina Volkova

This article is an attempt to identify the protest potential of the literary community in Russia. Special attention is dedicated to writers and critics who, in their creative activity, implicitly and explicitly express their protest against particular phenomena, actions or ideas. In the literary community, there also appear voices commenting on public feelings. Writers who speak approvingly about social protests strengthen the protest potential, which is confirmed by the number of comments that refer to their speeches. In recent years, cyberspace has created conditions that intensely stimulate protest behavior, especially among the younger generation. It is also a place where popular writers and critics publish provocative speeches and texts which contain a strong emotional charge.

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HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA – THE POSSIBILITY OF AUTOMATIC DETECTION AND ELIMINATION

MOWA NIENAWIŚCI W MEDIACH SPOŁECZNOŚCIOWYCH – MOŻLIWOŚCI AUTOMATYCZNEJ DETEKCJI I ELIMINACJI

Author(s): Aleksandra Suwińska,Jędrzej Wieczorkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: hate speech; cyberbullying; social media; text mining; Twitter;

The article deals with the issues of hate speech and other forms of verbal aggression on the Internet as well as the possibility of their automatic detection. The paper discusses the studies confirming the partial effectiveness of text mining methods in the automatic detection of hate speech on social media. Hate speech is related to verbal aggression resulting from belonging to a group (national, racial, religious, etc.) and has become a significant problem in the social and economic context. Automatic detection significantly support the management of online news websites and social media due to the moderation of the received content. Moreover, eliminating online hate speech reduces its negative social and economic effects. The linguistic and cultural specificity of the hate speech are the problem, and the gap so far is solving the problem in Polish conditions. The study used the Tweeter database. Then, methods such as artificial neural networks, naïve Bayes classifier and support vector machine were used. The obtained results confirm the thesis about the possibility of using text mining methods in the process of reducing hate speech, but at the moment the described methods do not allow for full automation of the elimination of such content. The issue was presented in the article primarily in the context of the significance and scale of the problem and the possibility of solving it, and less from the point of view of the technical details.

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Bilingual Syntactic Hybrids in Scientific Texts

Dwujęzyczne hybrydy składniowe w tekstach naukowych

Author(s): Maksim Duszkin / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 45/2021

Keywords: syntax; quoting a foreign text; language user and language code; scientific text;

This article is devoted to the phenomenon of such quotation of foreign language lexemes whereby their form depends on the syntactic requirements of the language in which the main text is written, e.g. “dojść do соглашения”. Connections of this type can sometimes also be found in scientific publications, e.g. in articles in Polish describing the Russian language (lexical or grammatical issues, etc.) or Russian cultural and political realities. The study analyses this phenomenon on the basis of selected examples. In sentences quoting foreign language material in this way, the boundary between two languages (e.g. Ukrainian and Polish, Belarusian and Russian, etc.) and their respective syntactic systems is blurred.

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The Pocket Atlas of Warsaw Languages. Four Maries – Four Languages – Four Worlds (in Sylwia Chutnik’s Novel Women. Pocket Atlas)

Kieszonkowy atlas języków warszawskich. Cztery Marie – cztery języki – cztery Warszawy (w powieści Sylwii Chutnik,Kieszonkowy atlas kobiet)

Author(s): Kinga Siatkowska-Callebat / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 74/2019

Keywords: contemporary literature; Warsaw dialect; intertextuality; novel; Sylwia Chutnik

The article examines the language used by the characters and narrators of Sylwia Chutnik’s first novel. Divided into four parts, Chutnik’s “atlas” lists diff erent figures of social exclusion: poverty and madness, Jewish origins and old age, sexual otherness and immaturity, as they are represented by the four Maries (Czarna Mańka, Maria, Marian, and Marysia) living in the same pre-war building in one of Warsaw’s popular districts (Ochota). Each of the protagonists belongs to a different social environment, culture, and language.The present study focuses on the aspect of language, understood as a system of cultural references, superimposed on the „new dialect of Warsaw” of the beginning of the 21st century. This “language” is conveyed via different texts of cultures, integrated in the novel: Warsaw ballads of the pre-war period, popular love songs exploiting the post-romantic imaginary, maxims, sentences and epigrams, and finally, echoes of the politically engaged discourse of anarcho-feminists, this multitude of “languages” leading to deterioration of communication between the characters.

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Valency errors in the texts of non-native speakers learning Polish as a foreign language in the light of corpus PoLKo

Błędy walencyjne w tekstach obcokrajowców uczących się języka polskiego w świetle korpusu PoLKo

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaczmarska,Adrian Jan Zasina / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: valency; Polish as a foreign language; learner corpus;

The present article addresses valency errors in writings of non-native speakers learning Polish as a foreign language. Valency is a key element in a foreign language acquisition, and yet there are no studies on valency errors based on empirical data for Polish as a foreign language. Therefore, this study presents the first attempt to examine valency errors based on data from the Polish Learner Corpus PoLKo. The pilot analysis deals with different proficiency levels (A1–C1) and nationalities (Slavic and non-Slavic) of learners. The corpus material has shown that valency errors are present across all language levels and for different nationalities. Nevertheless, valency errors are more common in prepositional phrases among learners with uninflected mother tongue. Further investigation into the subject is obviously needed, and it may be expected that it will bring new results and new conclusions, along with the development of PoLKo.

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Modern IT solutions used in translation

Nowoczesne rozwiązania IT stosowane w translatoryce

Author(s): Katarzyna Łyżwa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 12/2022

Keywords: translation; IT sector; social inclusion;

Aim. The aim of the research was to analyze modern IT solutions for language translation, including the limitations of these technologies and their usefulness in preventing social exclusion. Materials and methods. The analysis was conducted using the document research method based on the literature on the subject, and professional articles available on the internet. Results. Thanks to the development of computers, the internet and artificial intelligence, machine translation has become possible, in which devices independently convert texts from the output language to the target language. These tools work on the basis of neural networks and databases consisting of billions of words and phrases. In addition to text translation, most of them also provide voice translation and text-to-speech conversion. In addition to online translators, we also have electronic devices dedicated to the translation of voice messages. However, despite their undoubted usefulness, in the case of content carrying an emotional message (poems, fairy tales, songs), the rendering of human feelings and emotions is not available to them. Nor are translations free of grammatical and stylistic errors. They therefore require human checking, if only in the form of so-called post-editing. Conclusions. Despite their limitations, these devices not only improve the work of translators, but also help the average user gain wide access to information and understanding of foreign language content.

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Zygmunt Mycielski and Michał Bristiger’s „Res Facta”: Intereditorial Dialogues and Soliloquies

Zygmunt Mycielski i „Res Facta” Michała Bristigera: międzyredaktorskie dialogi i solilokwia

Author(s): Beata Bolesławska-Lewandowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 21 (30)/2020

Keywords: Zygmunt Mycielski; Michał Bristiger; „Res Facta”; correspondence of twentieth-century Polish composer;

Throughout their lives Zygmunt Mycielski and Michał Bristiger were deeply interested in the development of musical life in Poland, under-stood in its wider perspective. Both were also editors-in-chief of the two most important music periodicals in Poland: „Ruch Muzyczny” (Mycielski) and „Res Facta” (Bristiger). In 1973 Mycielski also joined the Editorial Committee of „Res Facta”. What was his relationship with Michał Bristiger’s journal and with its editor himself ? The ar-ticle explores these relationships on the basis of published issues of „Res Facta” and „Res Facta Nova”, reminiscences of members of the editorial team, as well as preserved correspondence between Zygmunt Mycielski and Michał Bristiger.

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Reflections on the Legal Concept of Self-Employment in the Drafts of Labor Code

Refleksje na temat koncepcji prawnej regulacji pracy na własny rachunek w projektach kodeksu pracy

Author(s): Monika Gładoch / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 101/2022

Keywords: Labor Law Codification Commission; self-employment; false self-employment; civil law contracts; draft of labor code

The article concerns the projects of the labor code in the field of forms of securing the self-employed. In 2006 and 2018 were created two projects of the Labor Code. The authors of them tried to protect self-employed persons in the best possible way. The first Commission, which worked in the years 2002–2006, accepted in principle atypical forms of employment on the labor market. A completely different view in this regard was presented by the Commission from 2016– 2018, which perceived employment outside the employment contract as a way of circumventing the provisions of labor law, a symptom of a pathology of the labor market. However, the forms of securing self-employed workers presented by both Committees are in fact very similar.

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Józef Białynia Chołodecki – a guardian of memory and Lvov regionalist

Józef Białynia Chołodecki – strażnik pamięci i regionalista lwowski

Author(s): Jolanta Załęczny / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: memory; Lviv; historical awareness

Józef Białynia Chołodecki is an important figure in borderland regionalism. His views and actions are also a part of the contemporary understanding of regionalism. He cherished the memory of individuals who fought for independence and emphasisedall forms of service to homeland. He was an expert in local history and lover of Lvov. Hisachievements are worth analysing in the context of turn-of-the-century borderland regionalism as an example of commitment and service to the local community.

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The collection of funeral notices and funeral memorabilia in the resources of the Social Life Documents unit of the University Library in Poznań – funeral notices and commemorative images

Zbiory funeralne w zasobach Pracowni Dokumentów Życia Społecznego Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Poznaniu – nekrologi i obrazki komemoratywne

Author(s): AGNIESZKA URBAŃSKA / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 26/2022

Keywords: funeral notices; commemorative images; sympathy cards; funeral cards and images; devotional publications; iconography of mourning; culture of memory

This article focuses on the collection of funeral notices and memorabilia held in the resources of the Social Life Documents unit of the University Library in Poznań. The collection includes a large number of funeral notices and commemorative cards. Both types of texts can be distinguished by their function and characteristic features, though both are related components of the consituation of the contents of the text in terms of their approach to identifying the death of a specific person. Both funeral notices and funeral cards provide significant insights and constitute an important source in relevant social research that supports a deeper understanding of our communities.

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Sea water, sea will

Morska woda, morska wola

Author(s): Małgorzata Litwinowicz-Droździel / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Baltic Sea; colonies; Polish colonial thought; modernity; emigration; 19th century; 20th century

The text is a brief discussion of the process of “taming” the Baltic Sea in the Polish public discourse of the interwar period. The author recalls the absence of the sea in the imaginary of Polish modernity and follows the turn that took place after regaining independence: in the new Polish state, the short Polish coast tasked with fulfilling many expectations and carrying many meanings. The Polish Baltic Sea was expected to be industrialized and recreational, modern and natural, local and imperial. The text also deals with the topic of Polish colonial plans, which the author interprets primarily as an attempt to “export poverty” and solve social problems through their physical expedition overseas.

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Dubbing of animated films as a cultural message. On the contemporary approach to dubbing translation in Poland

Dubbing filmów animowanych jako przekaz kulturowy. O współczesnym podejściu do translacji dubbingowej w Polsce

Author(s): Gabriela Jędrusik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27 (34)/2022

Keywords: translation; dubbing; cultural message; animated films;

The process of dubbing a production does not end at the direct translation of the text into the target language, but involves adapting and localising the verbal and choral contents of the film. Moreover, the finished product has to stay intact with the represented visual layer. This analysis researches upon dubbing as a form of translation regarding its function as a channel of conveying culture. In this study some of the animated films released in the past 20 years have been analysed. The discourse is focused on the importance of translation in the reception of the mainstream films from the perspective of a Polish viewer. The main aim of the article is to bring attention to the way in which dubbing presents culture by detaching the viewer from the cultural source and conveying the message of the film by focusing on the familiar, target culture.

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How Do Politicians Speak? Analysis of the Readability of the Exposé with the Use of the Jasnopis Tool

Jakim językiem mówią politycy? Analiza poziomu czytelności exposé z wykorzystaniem Jasnopisu

Author(s): Mateusz Domagała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: readability; text; rhetoric; politics; persuasion; exposé;

Exposé is one of the most important political texts in Poland. The program speech contains key information regarding the plans of the new government for the term of office. With the development of political marketing and the role of the media in Poland, the exposé has become a form of communication not only as a message of programming, but also of image. The purpose of this article is to study the changes in the readability of the program speech in the 1989–2019 period. It is now possible thanks to the Jasnopis tool developed by Włodzimierz Gruszczyński’s team. It uses the experience of American and Polish researchers regarding the analysis of the level of text readability, including the formulas developed by Robert Gunning and Walery Pisarek. The evolution of the exposé, and above all the process of simplifying program speech, has not yet been described in the literature. This article is an attempt to describe the research on the readability of the text and to indicate the changes in the exposé and their reasons.

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Constructing Creative Popcultural Workshops for Youth: Intentions – Experience – Reflections

Tworząc kreatywne zajęcia popkulturowe dla młodzieży: intencje – doświadczenia – refleksje

Author(s): Piotr Prósinowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 63/2021

Keywords: education; upbringing; socialization; popular culture; creative activities;

Pop culture has its significant place in education. It is also a space within which social processes take place and experiences, beliefs and cultural archetypes are presented and discussed. This text is a kind of revisiting of thoughts collected during workshops for young people focusing on various creative processes, particularly writing texts, expression through words and body, introducing elements of theatrical exercises, discussions of popular culture and everyday experiences of workshop participants. The purpose of the text is not just to offer conclusions and reflections after conducting such workshops, but also to critically look at processes like socialization, education and upbringing.

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The target recipient in the intercultural training of mediation skills (based on examples of the translations of Chinese students of Polish language and culture)

Odbiorca tłumaczenia w międzykulturowym treningu mediacyjnym (na przykładzie prac chińskich studentów polonistyki)

Author(s): Filip Olkiewicz,Emilia Kubicka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: mediating a text; Chinese students of Polish language and culture; intercultural competence; target recipient;

The aim of this paper is to present and describe the development of textual mediation skills in the approach proposed by companion volume to Common European framework of reference for languages (CEFR CV) from 2018. The approach described in CEFR CV was applied during a translatology course for Chinese students of Polish language and culture, whose intersemiotic and intralingual translations are analyzed in this paper. According to Heinz Vater the ‘text’ is a linguistic (written or oral) phenomenon that comes into effect in a context and is understandable (complete) within a given situation. It should also be cohesive (grammatically correct) and coherent (semantically consistent). Examples of difficulty with all these indicators of textuality were found in the work of Chinese students, ranging from lack of cohesion, through lack of coherence, to the communicative dependence of the target text on the source text and not taking into account features of the target recipient. The authors focus on this last aspect and discuss the ways the students’ translations present the world and protagonists depicted in the source texts. Successful (i.e., target recipient-oriented) and unsuccessful translation solutions are indicated and potential causes of disruptions in the mediation process are identified.

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