Keywords: identities; sex & gender; transgender; sexual orientation;
Identitet može biti definisan kao lična karakteristika bilo kojeg pojedinca, a koju dijele članovi_ice određene društvene grupe. Psiholozi najčešće koriste termin identiteta da opišu osobni identitet, dok ga sociolozi koriste da opišu društveni identitet. Termin pregovaranje identiteta u sociologiji označava proces u kojem osoba pregovara sa društvom o značenju svog identiteta. Društvo i kultura preko manje-više organizovanog sistema uloga i sistema značenja koje im pripusuje, daje mogućnost pojedincima da strukturiraju svoje aktivnosti, ali i značenja koje im pridaju. Međutim, društvo ne posjeduje jasan i konačan niz uloga, niti u društvu postoji apsolutni koncenzus oko normi i značenja koje uloge sa sobom nose. Da bismo razumjeli prakse koje pojedinci_ke imaju tokom svog života, neophodno je da razumijemo njihovo shvatanje sebe i značenje i značaj tih praksi u njihovom svakodnevnom životu. Drugim riječima, neophodno je da prihvatimo i razumijemo višestrukost ispoljavanja identiteta koji predstavljaju rezultat aktivnog odnosa individue i društva. Svaka osoba ima pravo definirati svoje tijelo i vlastite identitete, te zahtijevati od društva da to poštuje. To uključuje samodefiniranje i slobodno izražavanje vlastitog spolnog i rodnog identiteta i vlastite seksualne orijentacije. Međutim, rigidne društvene klasifikacije spola, roda i seksualne orijentacije ne prepoznaju i ne priznaju postojanje i ispoljavanje različitosti izvan definiranih okvira i njima imanentnih obrazaca ponašanja i djelovanja.
More...Keywords: Czechoslovakia; radio; VOA; RFE; government; broadcast; 1942; religion; sports; exile; state security;
Voice of America (VOA) and Radio Free Europe (RFE) were two of the most popular external radio stations prior to November 1989. The history of Voice of America’s Czechoslovak service and its past popularity in Czechoslovakia are unfortunately somewhat forgotten now.
More...Keywords: Czechoslovakia; communist regime; Operation "Tomis III"; ideological diversion; state security; 60s; Václav Havel; documents;
Václav Havel attracted the interest of the State Security (StB) at the age of 28 at the latest, remaining in their sights until the end of the existence of the Communist totalitarian regime in Czechoslovakia. The first phase of his “targeting”, which ran until March 1968 and was organised by the 6th department of the (culture) II/A section of the Regional Directorate of the Ministry of the Interior (National Security Corps) in Prague, under the codename “Tomis III”, is particularly richly documented. This makes it possible to reconstruct the efforts of the pillars of power to keep the regime going in the period of social crisis before the Prague Spring. Analysis of the file agenda and other archive materials allow us to cast light on the circumstances of the creation of a “candidate agent” file on Havel, which occurred at the start of August 1965, evidently as the result of poor coordination of individual StB headquarters – and which 20 years ago became the subject of media controversy.
More...Keywords: Czechoslovakia; communist regime; special forces; Ctirad Mašin; Josef Mašin; photographs; documents;
Many books and studies as well as hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles have been written about the Mašín brothers. With the exception of a few partial references, nothing substantial has been said about their activities in the United States Armed Forces. That is why this mosaic of facts, assembled from private correspondence and personal interviews has been put together. It is accompanied with a collection of unique photographs and documents from the archives of Ctirad and Josef Mašín, for the most part as yet unpublished.
More...Keywords: Europe; archeology; Pavo Anđelić; 20th century; culture history;
Archaeology as practiced in Europe since the eighteenth century has had three goals: To define social groups in space and time, to describe culture history, and to explain cultural processes. In terms of addressing these goals, Pavo Anđelić followed the trends of his own time in European archaeology at the same time coping with the geopolitical climate of the post-World War II period. He addressed mainly the first two goals of archaeology. Although he clearly had ideas about the nature of processes of culture change, he never elaborated them or adopted a specific model of cultural evolution. Anđelić’s enthusiasm for archaeology arose from his sense of place; he approached medieval archaeology from a historical perspective and integrated the use of documentary sources with his field research, especially his major excavation at Bobovac. He apparently did not make much use of publications from outside Yugoslavia, but he seems to have been aware of research trends in Eastern Europe, such as the interest in the archaeology of the Slavs. He may not have been aware of developments in Hungarian archaeology (and/or they post-dated him), but finds from Bobovac proved to be a critical cultural tie between Bosnia and Hungary. Pava Anđelić contributed to understanding the medieval history of Bosnia by refining the existing spatialchronological framework and adding political and economic content specific to Bosnia. He focused on reconstructing the medieval geo-political world of Bosnian history, exploring the interplay between elements of the material world and the world of the mind (the text).
More...Keywords: world geopoliticy; positioning; main political subjects; transformation; Basel II
The World situation in the past 100 yars and the geopolitical order in the beginning of the 21st century are subject of review.
More...Keywords: Slovakia; 2015; foreign policy; Europe; crisis; economy: Russia; Ukraine; sanctions; Brexit; migrations; energy; gas; North Stream 2;
Rok 2015 bol v Európskej únii poznačený krízami. Bolo ich hneď niekoľko naraz – menová, migračná, kríza solidarity, integračná kríza – a počas celého roka vytvárali nestabilné politické prostredie, v rámci ktorého členské štáty vrátane Slovenska museli pôsobiť. V tomto kontexte a pod tlakom okolností sa postoje členských štátov značne rôznili. V roku 2015 možno v prípade Slovenska hovoriť o zvýšenej asertivite krajiny v otázkach európskej politiky. V rámci takmer dvanásťročného pôsobenia ako členská krajina Slovensko nikdy nezohrávalo takú výraznú rolu vo formovaní opozície voči európskym iniciatívam. Išlo najmä o migračnú krízu, v rétorickej rovine to bola aj kritika reštriktívnych opatrení EÚ voči Rusku. Pri nemenej dôležitej situácii s hroziacim bankrotom Grécka a možnosťou jeho vystúpenia z eurozóny Slovensko zastávalo jedno z najstriktnejších stanovísk, tentoraz však v súlade s postojmi väčšiny členských štátov.
More...Keywords: post-communism;Slovakia;historiography;
Here the author discusses the rise of this polarization of contemporary Slovak historiography, which was institutionalized in the 1990s, and still remains in the academic debates, and also as one of the constitutive elements in the public representations of history. The efforts to enforce a certain canonical interpretation of the past are not just a matter of politics or professionals. Academics often give it legitimacy or even create it, and are a part of the institutional networks involved in the dissemination of knowledge and ideas. Shared representations of the past are not accidentally produced by social groups, but are a consequence of cultural meditation, primarily of textualization and visualization
More...Keywords: copyright and patent right;jews;Nazi Germany;
The following chapter examines the fate of intellectual property rights owned by Jews who lived in Nazi-occupied Europe. When the authors and inventors of creations protected by patent, trademark and copyright law were defined as “non-Aryan” and purged from society, what became of the rights to their innovations and the creations themselves? One of the few statements to be found relating to these aspects was by Göring in 1938:“Jewish patents are property values and as such are to be Aryanized as well.” However, what he and others considered “Jewish patents,” whether this call for “aryanization” (that is, the transfer to “Aryans”) was to extend to other types of intellectual property, and how it was put into practice has been largely unexplored.
More...Keywords: Totalitarianism;political radicalism
The main pillars of totalitarianism were the monopolistic party, the ideological utopian project, and the leader. Totalitarianism was also based on direct or indirect terror. The secret police was the instrument that maintained the population in a state of universal fear, distrust, and suspicion. Even if the concept has been criticized, sometimes justifiably, for its neglect of societal components and everyday life under ideocratic regimes, it still has an impressive descriptive force. Totalitarian regimes yearned for the establishment of “perfect societies” and engaged in endless campaigns to achieve their goals. In this chapter, I map out the main features of these new forms of political radicalism, looking for both similarities and differences.
More...Keywords: Stalin;totalitarianism;
Stalin’s macabre figure has long been a model for the interpretation of the phenomenon of totalitarianism, and of the role that its founders and leaders played in it. For quite some time, starting with the classic works of Hannah Arendt and the other seminal authors of the theory of totalitarianism, this interpretation matured within the confines of the totalitarian paradigm.
More...Keywords: Soviet Union;totalitarianism;
As his works prove, and as those who knew him remember, Victor Zaslavsky was sensitive with regard to the “national question” in the USSR. Nor could it have been otherwise, given the part this question played in his life. After the war, his mother, a medical officer in Leningrad during the Nazi siege, endured persecution in the dark season of Stalinist “anti-cosmopolitanism.” And he too was barred from carrying out the studies he loved because he was a Jew. Later, his deep knowledge of the country and its diversity—made possible by his work as a mining technician, which he had been forced to pursue because of the barriers placed on his desired path—strengthened his awareness of the importance of the “national question” in the USSR. At the time, a large part of Europe’s left, as well as many specialists of Soviet history and society, preferred to underestimate this issue, or to ignore it altogether.
More...Keywords: totalitarianism;fascism;communism;
A Blackshirt’s conversion to communism is the subject of these pages, which aim to follow the personal and political fate of Danilo Ferretti, a restless spirit of fascist Italy. Intensely antibourgeois and anticapitalist, Ferretti pursued politics as revolution, and wanted to build totalitarian popular democracy. His choice to turn his back on fascism and favor the opposite camp, communism, was determined by the time World War II broke out. This reversal was not as unusual as one might think. Many other young fascists found themselves at a crossroads after July 25, 1943, and particularly after the end of the war. Their decisions often diverged. Some remained faithful to fascism, and in 1946 became members of the neo-fascist party (the Italian Socialist Movement; MSI). Others joined the monarchic party, or the Christian Democracy (DC). Finally, many felt it was more consistent with their past to enroll in the political and union organizations of the left, including the Italian Communist Party (PCI), where they sometimes took on important positions.
More...Keywords: Germans; victims; perpetrator
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