Films were shown as far back as 1896 in Budapest at the millennial celebrations of the Conquest of Hungary. The Lumière brothers filmed those celebrations and showed them in the special hotel auditorium to an audience that had been recruited for the occasion. The first Hungarian film, A tánc [The Dance], was made in 1901 and consisted of 27 very short episodes. Th e dances were shot with a rudimentary motionless camera, and featured some of the most popular actors of the day.
More...Ak chceme objasniť a teda aj pochopiť postoj USA k československému obrodnému procesu do augustovej invázie vojsk „päťky“ krajín Varšavskej zmluvy, musíme aspoň v krátkosti a v zjednodušenej podobe načrtnúť základné súvislosti predošlého medzinárodného vývoja. Hlavnú úlohu pri tvorbe medzinárodných vzťahov po druhej svetovej vojne hrali dve víťazné veľmoci, ZSSR a USA. Bipolárne rozdelenie sveta bolo dlhé desaťročia jednou z rozhodujúcich medzinárodných konštánt, ktoré malo svoje fázy. V polovici 50. rokov 20. storočia sa vo vzťahu dvoch veľmocí začala do popredia dostá- vať otázka politiky uvoľnenia (détente). Faktory, ktoré by sme mohli označiť za „spúš- ťače“ détente medzi Východom a Západom, resp. nukleárnymi veľmocami ZSSR a USA, sa dajú zjednodušene zhrnúť do obojstranného presvedčenia, že konfrontácia nie je cestou budúcnosti. Ak nemalo dôjsť k veľmocenskému „sebazničeniu“, musela nastúpiť cesta dialógu, obojstranne prijateľných kompromisov, politickej stability a mocenskej rovnováhy. Politika uvoľnenia teda neznamenala istotu svetového mieru, skôr ju treba vnímať ako proces. Aké motivácie k nemu superveľmoci viedli?
More...Keywords: England; France; Slovakia; foreign policy; political programs; nationalism; 19th century;
Slovenské politické myslenie je úzko späté so slovenskými politickými programami. V 19. storočí v súvislosti so šírením ideológie nacionalizmu bol politický program dominantný a politické myslenie bolo akýmsi sprievodným javom politického zápasu. Politický program formovala elita národa – jeho politickí a kultúrni predstavitelia – a tá istá elita sa pokúšala svoje idey formulovať v tlači i v samostatných publikáciách.
More...Keywords: Central Europe; Czechoslovakia; politics; foreign policy; US; USSR; WWII; postwar;
Počas druhej svetovej vojny a po nej prekonali Európa i celý svet závažné ideologické a politické zmeny, ktoré vážne narušili dovtedajšiu geopolitickú štruktúru. Novým rozhodujúcim fenoménom vývoja sa stali dve superveľmoci, USA a ZSSR. Ich vzťahy ovplyvňovali polarizáciu Európy ako celku a premietali sa aj do vnútorných záležitostí jej jednotlivých štátov. Vojnou, nemeckou okupáciou podstatnej časti kontinentálnej Európy a porážkou mocností Osi sa pretrhli aj tradičné hospodárske zväzky. Časť Európy oslobodila armáda Sovietskeho zväzu, časť vojská západných spojencov. Tým sa objektívne rozchádzali vonkajšie vplyvy na vnútorné usporiadanie jednotlivých európskych štátov. V oslobodených krajinách prevládala iluzórna predstava, že všetky problémy sa majú a dajú riešiť vo Washingtone a v Moskve.
More...Keywords: magic; occult; occult sciences; Hungary; early modern period; Central Europe;
When discussing this topic, it is worth starting with a brief overview of the historiography of the subject. This aspect is especially important because the cultural historical study of Western esotericism took a different course in Western and Eastern (ex-East Bloc) Europe.
More...Keywords: birth; women; medicine; middle ages; early modern period;
“Be gone Satan from the body of this woman and make room for the Holy Spirit!” commanded Hildegard of Bingen, and on her words “an unclean spirit left the woman in a disgusting way through her sexual organs and with excretion. She was free.” Although this event occurred sometime in the 12th century, it faithfully catches the level of women’s medicine in the Middle Ages and several later centuries. It is not surprising, since the protection of human health was generally on a very low level in this period. This unfavourable situation was further affected by the fact that women’s medicine and obstetrics were not only not regarded as a separate branch of medicine, it was also undervalued. This is not contradicted by the fact that the medical school at Salerno probably also educated women during the period of its flourishing from 1150 to 1180. The most important female graduate was a certain Trotta or Trotula, a famous obstetrician, to whom the work On the pains of women before, during and after childbirth is attributed. At the end of the 13th century, many woman doctors also worked in Paris, but the members of the faculty of medicine there opposed them, and excommunicated them for illegal practices. All the actions around the birth of a new person were an exclusively female affair, with the presence of men wanted only at the beginning – for conception. This is also shown by the case of the Hamburg doctor Veit, condemned to death by burning in 1522, because he had dressed in the clothes of a midwife and wanted to assist at childbirths. It was only possible to help women theoretically, as the Worms town doctor Eucharius Roesslin did. In 1513, he published the book Der Swangeren Frawen und hebammen Rosengarten [The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives]. In spite of the fact that the author did not draw from his own experience, but from ancient authors, it became one of the most frequently published books of the 16th century.
More...The paper deals with the so-called ”epic genitive” which in South Slavic epic decasyllable and long-verse poems often substitutes the accusative of inanimate objects, e.g. mača plamenoga ‘(he unsheathed) the fiery sword’ and of direction, e.g. u bijela grada ‘(he went) into the white town’. Such forms are ungrammatical and metrically conditioned, i.e. they fit into the second half-line of the decasyllable, which is not the case with the gramatically correct sentences, e.g. u b(ij)eli grad ‘to the white town’, at least after the loss of the final ”weak” semi-vowels shortly before 1000 A.D., for hitherto, in its original phonetic shape, the sequence *vъ(n) bělъjь gordъ, with six syllables, the penult long and the preceeding two short, perfectly matched the second hemistich of the Common Slavic epic decasyllable as reconstructed by Roman Jakobson; consequently, the pattern must be older than the 10th century and rooted in the prehistoric past. The substitution of genitive for accusative may be regarded as purely morphological process, inspired by the analogy of the category of animate nouns in which genitive is used to design the direct object, and/or by the phonetic coincidence of two Common Slavic prepositions, *vъ ‘in(to)’ with accusative and locative and *u ‘at’ with genitive, in Serbian. However, the starting point of the development may have been a phonetic phenomenon, the persistent pronunciation of final weak semivowels in the metrical speech long after their fall in the spoken language, not unlike the ”e muet” in French poetry, e.g. u Budimə gradə, which subsequently resulted in u Budima grada ‘into the town of Buda’ as the shwa reflecting Common Slavic ъ and ь in the strong position turned, in Shtokavian, into the full vowel a. It was supposedly only then, in the 14th–15th centuries, that the original accusative in those inherited formulas was reinterpreted as a genitive in a. In any case, the ”epic genitive” seems to be an archaism bearing a further testimony to the prehistoric roots of Serbian oral poetry. Additionaly, the occurence in the reconstructed formulas of the word *gordъ ‘town’, initially ‘enclosure, fortified place’, confirms that fortresses played in the epic world outlook of the ancient Slavs a role no less important than among other early Indo-Europeans.
More...Keywords: self-determination; international personality; secession; recognition
The present paper formulates some introductory remarks on a problem which has been discussed widely in the past, but remains current, as new states appear on the political map of the world. It seems that there are no areas which constitute terra nullius, i.e. are not subject to the jurisdiction of any State. New states can be created either by way of the uniting of alreadyexisting states, or through dismemberment of the existing state, or – as most frequently in recent times – by way of the secession of a part of the territory and population from the predecessor state. Secessionist movements base their claims on the right to self-determination. In that broad context, our intention is to present the international legal background to the Crimean events. While there is an obvious limit to the level of detail achieved, there can certainly be here a full sketching out of many important issues relating to Crimea’s secession and annexation.
More...Keywords: Corporate Governance (CG); Effects of CG on Performance; Federal Statutory Bodies; Malaysia
This study securitized the effects of corporate governance (CG) on performance of Federal Statutory Bodies (FSB) in Malaysia. Various static approaches have been used such as Pooled OLS, Fixed Effect and Random Effect to analyze cross sectional time series data over the year of 2009 to 2013 for 51 FSB. . The study found a strong evidence of significant positive effects of Corporate Governance, including Internal and External Governance mechanism on financial and non-financial performance: Key Result Areas (KRA); Accountability Index (AI) and Return On Equity (ROE). It is therefore recommended that the Malaysian public sector agencies should enhance good corporate governance practices in order to accelerate their performance.
More...The aim of the present article has been to present the media image on the example of three persons.Marek Edelman did not conceal his hatred of Jewish Military Union. This right-wing, revisionist organization (revisionism-zionism is a fraction within a zionism movement) operated and fought in the Warsaw ghetto. After fifty years, Edelman revealed the reason for his hatred of the Jewish Military Union. Nevertheless, we do not know the whole truth and surely we never will. Jerzy Urban has been a journalist his whole life, he also worked as a politician for nine years. He is notorious for vulgarisms and hate-speech. His main complex is anti-clericalism. He has been sentenced for offensive words about Pope John Paul II.Daniel Passent, similarly as Jerzy Urban, all his life has been a journalist connected with “Polityka”, a weekly newspaper. During the martial law, he published texts in the form of denunciations. The victims of such denunciations could not defend themselves, offer explanations, deny, or complain, since in the martial law there was a military dictatorship, censorship, and prosecution service subordinated to state power. After the opening of the archives it turned out that Daniel Passent had been a secret collaborator of communist forces. He had written denouncing letters. After many years he apologised to some persons, but he never apologised to Gustaw Holoubek, a prominent actor and director.
More...Keywords: Lansing–Ishii; USA; Japan; China
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More...Keywords: Trianon Syndrome; USA; Hungary; WWI
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More...Keywords: USA; Britain; Freedom of the Seas 1929
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More...Keywords: entrepreneurial ecosystem;entrepreneurship;business environment;start-ups;Bulgaria;
The theme of the article is related to the entrepreneurial ecosystem and its recent developments. The objectives of the communication are oriented towards the study of approaches of analysis of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and the discussion of the contemporary challenges to the entrepreneurship. Particular attention is paid to recent developments in the entrepreneurial ecosystem within the business environmental conditions of Bulgarian enterprises and the factors influencing them. On this basis, by applying descriptive quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study aims to establish a kind of up-to-date mapping of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Bulgaria.
More...Keywords: Spanish Civil War; Britain; Foreign Office; 1938–1939
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More...Keywords: Portuguese–Spanish Treaty; Portugal; Spain; 1939;
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More...Keywords: Red Army; Poland; Soviet Union; Hitler-Stalin Pact;
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