![Polish Initiative for Romanian Exit from the Union with the Third Reich; (1941–1944)](/api/image/getbookcoverimage?id=document_cover-page-image_685411.jpg)
Polish Initiative for Romanian Exit from the Union with the Third Reich; (1941–1944)
Polskie inicjatywy na rzecz wyprowadzenia Rumunii z sojuszu z III Rzeszą (1941–1944)
Keywords: Third Reich; Romania; Poland; 1941–1944
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More...Keywords: Third Reich; Romania; Poland; 1941–1944
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More...Keywords: Japan; Shōwa; USA;Britain;1945–1951
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More...Keywords: tax revenues; welfare state; direct taxes; indirect taxes; social contributions;
Captives of the mutation to a so-called intangible economy, the recent history, and the economic and social trends, shows that the competitive or the power differences between economies/societies derive, today, from the differences of intangible assets that each of them has. If this assertion remains a desideratum in the structure of the economic sciences, aiming at pragmatic consecration, the current economic landscape gives us a more realistic picture of the dynamics, welfare and competition of the world's economies. In the sense of the above mentioned, it is remarked that the international economic space, especially the one geographically delimited by the EU, still shows a clear focus on the ability of economies and political decision-makers to ensure the social well-being of different economic and social entities (population, companies, as well as of the state, per se) on the account of the ability to collect significant tax revenues from the population. Thus, the present paper was based on a comparative study at the level of the EU countries, referring to the size and dynamics of the public resources (the characteristics and particularities of some of the tax systems, the taxation and the collection methods, the relevant fiscal domains or charging new taxes) as the title, obviously, suggests.
More...Keywords: organization; management; labor market
Management activity is one of the most important factors of the functioning and development of enterprises in a market economy. Depending on the objective requirements of modern production, the conditions for doing business, such activities are constantly changed and improved. Specific type of management activities, the object of which is the labor collective of the organization, was called ‘personnel management’.
More...Keywords: Yugoslavia; communism; allies; The Second World War; international relations; USSR;
The fate of Yugoslavia was decided within the triangle of the „Great Allies”, and the global agreement between USA and the Soviet Union was of major importance. It is needles to ask if the Yugoslav Communists understood the nature of this agreement – they were just consequently following the instructions from Moscow. Revolutionary logic proved very effective in contact with American officers too: they reported that the partisans were fighting. The estimate as to against whom, in what degree and with which goal depended on experience and sagacity of individual officers, but the partisans always fulfilled the first requirement of the Allied coalition: they fought or they made an impression they were fighting. The American government created on purpose an illusion that Yugoslavia wasn’t handed over to the Soviets, but to an autonomous resistance movement of unclear political orientation. Later reports which testified to the Communist character of the People’s Liberation Movement, about the clear intention of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia to gain power by all means, about outright inimical attitude toward USA, about the reign of terror, about existence of aggressive mix of nationalism and Communism, about proofs that the new Yugoslav regime was a carbon copy of the Soviet system and that Tito was Moscow’s best pupil, didn’t cause any reaction on the part of the American administration. Yugoslavia was in the Soviet sphere of influence. Comparative analysis of British and American influence on the denouement of the civil war and the post-war social system of Yugoslavia shows that apparent disinterest is more nefarious and more important than excessive engagement. The American military establishment decided that the second front in Europe wouldn’t be opened in the Balkans, and Roosevelt drew political conclusions from this decision and left Yugoslavia to the Soviet Union. Churchill’s endeavors to exercise his own influence on Tito and to retain a modicum of political influence, must be seen in this context. USA had both military and political means of influencing the fate of Yugoslavia, whereas Britain hadn’t. USA cared exclusively about its interests and not about the proclaimed principles of foreign policy. Only the facade of democracy was to be preserved.
More...Keywords: Serbia; Army; Russian troops; Macedonian front; Historiography;
The author presents several unknown articles from the military press of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia referring to the activities of Russian troops on the Macedonian front during the period 1916 – 1918. These works also testify about great interest of Yugoslav officers regarding the issue and gratefulness of the Serbian Army members to its Russian comrades who fought together with them on Macedonian front. The articles include some details which could be used as an addition to the existing monographs and dissertations in the Russian language regarding the issue. On the basis of unused records from the Serbian military archives, the author concludes that the idea of sending the Russian troops to the Macedonian front was born within Serbian Supreme Command as the part of a broader perspective of sending Russian troops to act on Western Front. Serbian argumentation also played crucial role in helping the French presume the Russians to make positive decision regarding the Thessalonica issue. Serbian records also show that the stay of Russian troops on Macedonian front was essential from Serbian perspective. That was the reason why Serbs tried to stop their return to Russia after the arrival of Serbian volunteer division from Russia to Macedonian front. However, the level of disorganization of Russian troops caused by the measures of Russian revolutionary government and the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty influenced the turnover of the position of the Serbian Supreme Command regarding the issue, although there was a great need among the Serbs for the combatants. Serbian Supreme Command decided not to allow the Russian Officers and Soldiers to join its units, because of fear of potentially bad influence on the moral and obedience of Serbian troops on Macedonian front. Serbian experience regarding the Russians gained from the direct contact and joint combat actions on Macedonian front shows that, although they shared the same civilization values, Serbian and Russian soldiers were very different regarding their military skills, obedience and view of life, mostly due to different experiences of social, institutional and political developments in both countries.
More...Keywords: Summit-diplomacy; Josip Broz Tito; Yugoslavia; foreign policy;
The paper explores the dynamics of Yugoslav summit diplomacy from the end of WWII to the Belgrade conference of non-aligned countries in 1961. Particular attention is devoted to the role of Josip Broz Tito in the development of this segment of Yugoslav foreign policy.
More...Keywords: Kingdom of SHS; France; Serbs; Croatian question;
The Croat question in the newly created Yugoslav state reapeared on the basis of the old unrealised ideas and concepts of the strengthened Croat statehood which was to take as independent a position as possible in the Habsburg Monarchy. During the first wartime years members of the old political elite who grew up with such ideas, made connections with Radić’s Croat Peasants’ Party, which built up its profile, together with its leader, during the First World War. With its nature and events this war taught Radić that every turn was possible, that all ideas in most unlikely combinations were possible, that even the defeated ones could survive and realise some of their projects and plans. The new political grouping, basically exclusively nationalist and anti-Yugoslav, acquired a new revisionist, bolshevik or similar garb, thanks to its connections outside the country. The policy of the Croat-Serbian coalition was not continued after the war. France supported that policy ever since it countered by its project of “Greater Yugoslavia” all other plans for reorganization of the Habsburg Monarchy which were aimed at being an avant-garde of Germany in its penetration of the Southeast, as well as the project of “Greater Hungary” without the Monarchy, supported by Italy. The French project saw Belgrade and Serbia as the centre of Yugoslav unification, and it saw the aggressive attack on the Serbs in the Monarchy (abolition of their rights and existence) in the run-up to the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908/9 as the point at which the predominant part of the Yugoslav population of the Monarchy was turned from loyal subject into its adversaries. The last shows of loyalty toward the old Monarchy occurred during the war 1914–1918 and they had a Croat variety. The French stuck to their basic attitudes about Yugoslavism as a state and national idea which would enable a reasonable policy of harmony between the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes during the founding of that state and during its existence, albeit the reality was much bleaker than had been projected. Such Yugoslav state was in keeping with French interests. It should have been capable enough to fulfill the expectations both of its own and of its wartime ally, to prevent the descent of Germanism to the Adriatic coast and to prevent Italy from joining the Germanic world with a long frontier, in order to be the means of spreading democracy, French culture and French influence in general in that part of the Slavic world. With its appearance and contents, the Croat question was not attuned to this.
More...Keywords: Yugoslavia; Italy; Josip Broz Tito; Aldo Moro; border;
The visit of Josip Broz Tito in March 1971 was the first official visit of a Yugoslav chief of state to that country. It was originally set for December 1970 but it was postponed by several months. The reasons for the delay were political differences between the two countries revolving around the questions of not definitively determined borders, situation of minorities, citizenship and property that remained open after the Memorandum on Agreement had been signed and about which the two states conducted futile secret talks during the 1960s. During the several months long intensive preparations Yugoslav officials strove to include these bilateral moot questions into the agenda of the visit Slovenia particularly insisted on it, being primarily interested in regulating the status of the Slovene minority in Italy. On the other hand, the Italian political circles strove to avoid discussing these topics and to lend the visit a protocol character. Differing views on the contents of the talks and the character of the visit spurred the official Belgrade to postpon the visit After this decision both countries tried to overcome the misunderstanding and to realize the visit. The most important step in that direction was the meeting of the two foreign ministers, Aldo Moro and Mirko Tepavac in Venice in February 1971. The importance of this meeting lay in the fact that the unsolved bilateral matters were treated in an official form for the first time and on the level of ministers at that Only after this meeting the visit could be realized. During the visit the talks ran on three levels. Tito devoted most of the time to talks about international matters. The unresolved bilateral questions were the topic of talks between Tepavac and Moro, whereas economic topics were discussed between the member of the federal government Tomo Granfil and the minister of foreign trade Mario Zagari. Summing up the results of the visit both parties assessed it as a big success because a favourable political atmosphere was created for resolving the remaining open questions.
More...Keywords: Asia; China; India; Japan; Pax Americana; Pax Americana Secunda; Pax Serica; CEEC; UNCLOS
Tensions have erupted then lingered along the Western Pacific rim, widened across East Asia, expanded into South Asia. They range from the most threatening, the erratic and belligerent behavior of North Korea, to the mystifying posture of China across the East and South China Seas, to the transparent build-up of “flat top” warships by India and Japan, to a myriad of other indicators of conflict. Each of these problems is solvable, some more easily than others. Each requires cooperation among the nations along the Western Pacific, notably China, frequently absent. Each must involve the United States of America. These tensions, each individually and all collectively, may be viewed pessimistically as obstacles; they are better viewed optimistically as one grand opportunity. Emerging is an opportunity for the United States and China to join forces with their allies as partners leading the way toward global peace, a reinvigoration of what was known as the “Peace of 1945” or “Pax Americana” that can become at once a “Pax Serica” [“China Peace”] as well as what could become known as the “Pax Americana Secunda” [“Second American Peace”]. Allies in the region will have to join forces, they have little choice. This paper will address some internal Strengths and Weaknesses alongside some external Opportunities and Threats that befall each of the participants and all of them collectively. It will focus primarily on the opportunities that will burgeon if China and the United States can work together, as they began to do, seriatim, from the middle of 2017 before each country imposed tariffs on the other as a strategy.
More...Keywords: national cultural heritage; cultural goods; recovery of possession; public domain; Wisdom of the Earth;
The research and consolidation of cultural heritage legal institutions have only known scarce attention and timid evolution in the past decades in Romania. In turn, the Romanian society in general seems to share the lack of concern. A true national conscience, which embraces the profound values of cultural heritage, seems to be still information after the trials of the past regime. Such a conscience cannot be taken for granted; it must be developed, it must be explained with patience and understood in its essence, it must be nurtured with a drive to know the past and the present and to build a common future. In this context, the present study is intended as a useful and attractive instrument for the review of relevant legal institutions, such as the right of ownership over movable cultural goods, the public domain and the recovery of possession of movable cultural goods. Employing the critical analysis of relevant case law, apt to stir curiosity, this study also brings to the forefront our often times inadequate comprehension of cultural heritage legal institutions.
More...Keywords: Lebanon; Beirut; Post-medieval period; Ottoman period; pottery; ceramic; grafitta tarda; majolica; Didymoteicho; Çanakkale
Whereas historical, political and cultural studies reach the postmedieval period in Lebanon, interests for archaeological artifacts remains neglected.The archaeological excavations undertaken in 1996 and 1997 in Beirut, sites Bey 070, Bey 071 and Bey 111, led to the discovery of tableware ceramics (in the surface layers) dated to the 16th —19th centuries.In this paper, we examine tableware ceramics of various origins: Didymoteicho and Çanakkale (Thrace), Kütahya and Iznik (Analolia), Pisa and Montelupo (Tuscany), Albisola in Liguria, Varages in Provence, European porcelain, as well as local and/or regional ceramics.
More...Keywords: alternative tourism;rural tourism;sustainable rural tourism;development of rural areas;benefits of rural tourism;
Tourism plays an important role in the developing country’s economy and is considered oneof the main industries for the growth of the country’s economy. Mass tourism is a thing of the past fortourism countries that want to develop their tourism in a good way and ensure sustainability in thefuture, and therefore alternative forms of tourism represent an essential orientation for the furtherdevelopment of tourism. Unique tourism products (among which the rural tourism product is especiallydistinguished) have become highly valued by tourists who want to escape the uniformity offered by globalizationand the modern way of life in urban city centers. In a large number of countries, considerableattention is paid to rural tourism, which records a constant growth rate of tourist demand and makes itan important component of the development not only of tourism, but also of rural areas as a whole. Thepaper presents the historical development of rural tourism in Serbia, as well as the material base andtourist transport of rural tourism in Serbia. The aim of the paper is to examine the degree of developmentof rural tourism in Serbia and to determine its economic contribution to the economic and socialdevelopment of the country, as well as to determine the limiting factors that prevent a more dynamicdevelopment of this economic activity in the country.
More...Keywords: Ideology; Theological foundations; Radicalism; France;
The forms of radicalism among the Muslim populations in France are multiple and varied. To overplay the religious variable would prevent us from seeing the great plasticity of the phenomena of radicalisation. Political violence can take its source from religious justifications, or religious references can impede radicalisation, or Islam is absent altogether, even though the radicalism is practised by Muslims. Beyond this, it is necessary to recognise that all these different forms of radicalism are the product of experiences of injustice and exclusion, which can be directly linked to realities on the ground or to the political trauma of young persons having known delinquency and homelessness, personal failure, long-term unemployment and so on. Yet, the link between Muslim populations and radicalism cannot be reduced to an economic equation in which poverty is the common denominator. It seems more likely to be the inadequacies of social and political regulation that is a problem, along with the lack of recognition, contempt and “the great wall” – in the words of Khaled Kelkal22 (one of the perpetrators of the terrorist attacks in 1995) – separating the estates where most of France’s Muslims live and the rest of the towns.
More...Keywords: Polish cinema; national cinema dominants; critical reception
Polish – meaning what exactly? Polish cinema through the eyes of British audiences (based on selected films made between 2008 and 2018). The article aims to show how contemporary Polish cinema has been received in “Sight&Sound” magazine post 2004, after Poland joined the EU. The author attempts to answer the following questions: has the British audience changed their perception of Polish cinema? Have the traits associated with the Polish Film School – the horrible experience of war, love of freedom, Polish romanticism focused on the individual, the truth (of the social kind, and free from constraining patterns), distinctive form, allusiveness and attachment to national symbols – been transformed in any way, and whether this has been reflected in articles published in “Sight&Sound”. The conclusion seems clear: there is little difference in how British audiences perceive contemporary Polish cinema, as they still heavily associate it with the subject matter and the directors of the Polish Film School (Wajda, Kawalerowicz).
More...Keywords: references; France; Sweden; Turkey; Germany; migrations; immigration; culture; religion; language; communities; minorities; integration; labor relations; identity; Alevi; media; cinematography;
More...Keywords: physiological aging;the maximum physiological parameters hearts of men
During the transition from youth to old age the maximum physiological parameters of men’s hearts are reduced. Based on the global experimental data refereeing to the cross- sectional studies and longitudinal changes in maximum physiological parameters of the heart in the aging process, using mathematical analysis and mathematical modeling and computer simulation, the authors have developed an innovative, comprehensive and reliable method for determining the rate), stroke volume (SV), difference arterio- venous oxygen saturation (AVDmax) and oxygen upmaxtake (Vo). 2ma XThe developed methods allow presentation of every maximum physiological parameter of the heart for the large and average endurance of men: a graphical presentation (with the use of a graph), an analytical presentation (using a mathematical equation) and in the tabular form. Such development of the maximum of physiological parameters allows determination of all the maximum heart parameters of men at any age and of any physical condition in a cross- section of all the parameters of maximum heart: COmax, maximum heart rate, SVmax, AVDmax and Vo2max.
More...Keywords: physiological aging;the maximum physiological parameters of women’s hearts
During the transition from youth to old age the maximum physiological parameters of women’s hearts are reduced. Based on the global experimental data refereeing to the cross-sectional studies and longitudinal changes in maximum physiological parameters of the heart in the aging process, using mathematical analysis and mathematical modeling and computer simulation, the authors have developed an innovative, comprehensive and reliable method for determining the maximum of physiological parameters of heart: cardiac output (CO) heart rate (maximum heart rate), stroke volume (SVmax), difference arterio-venous oxygen saturation (AVDmax) and oxygen uptake (Vomax). 2ma XThe developed methods allow presentation of every maximum physiological parameter of the heart for the large and average endurance of women: a graphical presentation (with the use of a graph), an analytical presentation (using a mathematical equation) and in the tabular form. Such development of the maximum of physiological parameters allows determination of all the maximum heart parameters of women at any age and of any physical condition in a cross-section of all the parameters of maximum heart: COmax, maximum heart rate, SVmax, AVDmax and Vo2max.
More...Keywords: Economic Coopearation;European Union;Japan
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