Keywords: Great War; city of Iaşi; refugees; resistence; King Ferdinand; Queen Mary;
Between December 1916 and November 1918, all the Romanian state authorities, threatened to disappear, have worked in the city of Iași. Caused by the military defeats on the north and south fronts, the refuge in Moldova has meant, before all, a massive dislocation of population and a great effort to support not only the military front, but also ”the home front”, one that involved to guarantee the minimal conditions for the survival of the residents, of the refugees and of wounded by war. The historical literature published till now seems to concentrate much more over to the refuge of the army and of the state authorities, leaving in obscurity the situation of the ordinary citizens. On the other side, the history of ordinary people is written in the diaries of politicians, journalists or diplomats. My study addresses, from this point of view, the key role that city of Iași had in the context of Great War, between 1916 and 1918.
More...Keywords: lectura distante; narrativa española en el año 2019; big data; literatura y algoritmo; estadística literaria; distant reading; Spanish narrative; literature and algorithm;
Resumen: El modelo teórico de Franco Moretti fundamentado en la distant reading no es solo útil para reflexionar acerca del papel desempeñado por el crítico en la era de los algoritmos y el futuro de la investigación filológica con el auge del posthumanismo, sino además para gestionar la información recabada y realizar un análisis acelerado y sintético del fenómeno literario por medio de la abstracción de datos de alto volumen (big data). Así pues, sobre la base de los planteamientos de Moretti, se propone en este trabajo una lectura distante del panorama de edición de la narrativa española en el año 2019 a través de las gráficas elaboradas ex profeso con los datos obtenidos durante la pesquisa, a fin de ofrecer una visión general de su estado actual en términos de volumen de edición, programación anual de las publicaciones y distribución de los autores según el lugar y año de nacimiento, así como su género. Abstract: Franco Moretti’s theoretical model based on the distant reading not only is useful to think about the role played by the critic in the age of the algorithms and the future of the philological research with the rise of the Post-humanism, but also to manage the collected information and carry out an accelerated and synthetic analysis about the literary phenomenon by means of the massive data sets abstraction (big data). Consequently, in the light of Moretti’s approach, in this work we address a distant reading of the Spanish narrative’s edition panorama in the year 2019. Through the graphs generated ex professo from the data gathered during the inquiry, this article aims to bring out a general vision upon the current situation of the Spanish narrative in terms of the number of literary works edited in 2019, the yearly publishing plan and the authors distribution according to the place and the year of birth, as well as their gender.
More...Keywords: foreign policy; Romania; Yugoslavia; Banat; Sever Bocu;
The diplomatic reports of the period 1931-1932, reflected in the pages of the West newspaper, consisted of a few defining actions of the various cabinets that perished in the management of Romania, focused on maintaining the status quo in the area and on perpetuating good relations with its neighbors, notably Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, partners in the Small Understanding: conferences of the Small Entente, including informal meetings of foreign ministers and representatives of the press; the Romanian-German diplomatic conflict, determined by the lack of tactics of the Iorga cabinet; frequent meetings, between the sovereigns of Romania and Yugoslavia, determined by the kinship relations; counteracting attempts to bring Italo-Czechoslovak and Italo-Yugoslav closer together, with the (unannounced, of course) aim of weakening the Little Understanding and undermining French influence in this part of the continent; promoting the interests of the Romanian minority in Yugoslavia, based on bilateral Romanian-Yugoslav relations; the open opposition of the Little Understanding to the possible return of the Habsburg to the throne of Hungary or even an independent Austria, without any connection with Germany; the concerns of the states of Little Antanta towards the expansionist German plans in the east of the continent, which were, initially, aimed at Austria; the concern raised, within the Small Antanta, of the strengthening of the alliance between the two countries, which were quite marginalized after the First World War (Germany and the Soviet Union); the approval of the French plan Herriot-Boncour on the issue of disarmament, which included all the essential elements of international security, as well as the rejection of the idea of revising the peace treaties, by the states of the Little Antanta; monitoring the German-Hungarian and Hungarian-French diplomatic ties; the efforts made by the Yugoslav and Romanian diplomacy to bring Bulgaria closer to the Little Understanding and, eventually, its co-operation in the new alliance being formed, the Balkan Antanta, etc. In conclusion, the West daily – considered by many banatians as a guiding light, a moral model for presenting reality – captures the complex relationships within the Little Understanding, with ups and downs, quite objectively, shattering myths or counterfeit images of some leaders and promoting banatism, as an integral part of romanianism.
More...Keywords: Bartolomeu Anania; preacher; homiletics; theologian; sermon; Orthodox Church; style; life; Holy Scripture; social;
The present study aims to answer the question: “What is the contemporary relevance of Metropolitan Bartolomeu’s sermons?” Taking into account, for example, a concrete reality: despite the passage of time and the fact that we still do not have the complete homiletical works published, his words of wisdom are followed with great frequency, especially on youtube, but also by other means offered by modern techniques, and many young people are happy to discover him. Why and what are the advantages of this exceptional pastoral-homiletical impact?In order to respond with increased objectivity, I considered necessary a corroboration of opinions and arguments seen from two angles: of the homiletical principles and methods, specific to the Orthodox pulpit, and at the same time, of the other efforts in the public and private life of the hierarch. This explains the double authorship of the study, one being an homiletics professor and the other author being one of the closest disciples and collaborators.
More...Keywords: neolithic; eneolithic; classic dacian period; radiocarbon analyzes; Turdaş-Luncă;preventive research;Transylvania; Romania;
Preventive archaeological research from 2011 led to sensational discoveries. Between these, samples were collected for the extraction of radiocarbon data. We analyze them in these lines. !ey belong to the epochs: early Neolithicand Eneolithic (Turdaş culture), developed Eneolithic (Petreşti culture) and the classical dacian period (1 st centuryBC – 2 nd century AD). We have, at this moment, the first stratigraphic column corroborated with absolutechronological data of the site that gives the name of the Turdaş culture.We analized 40 samples that were collected from closed archaeological features (deep dwellings, pillar pits, ritualpits). The radiocarbon data obtained (from coal remains and animal bones) corroborated with stratigraphic observations led to the absolute and relative chronology of the from Luncă point, but also to an absolute chronology of the Turdaş culture, a cultural phenomenon distinct from the Vinća culture. It influences it to a small extent(phase Ia (fig. 33–40; table VI; graph 11–12) and b (fig. 24–32; table VI; graph 9–10); phase I/II (fig. 19–23; table V; graph 7–8); phase II (fig. 11–18; table IV; graph 5–6); phase II/III (fig. 8–10; table III) and phase III (fig. 5–7;table III; graph 3–4). The next culture – Petreşti – is illustrated by the samples from fig. 3–4; table II; graph 2, and the classical Dacian period through those from fig. 1–2; table I; graph 1). In graph 13 we have a general illustration of the evolution of radiocarbon data for Turdaş and Petreşti culture. All these firm data will bring a little peace in the souls of those seeking successes not achieved through work, but through speculation.
More...Keywords: Agricultural People's Front;Romanian Communist Party; Social-Democrat Party; election campaign; Timis-Torontal County;
La fin de la „grève royale” (janvier 1946), grâce à la remaniation du gouvernement dr. Pierre Groza, par l’inclusionde deux représentants du rang secondaire des partis traditionnels (Parti National Paysan-Maniu et Parti National Libéral-Bratiano), à la suite des contraintes des trois Grands Pouvoirs vainqueurs dans la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, a été succédée par la reconnaissance du gouvernement pro-communiste par la Grande Brétagneet les États-Unis, à condition de respecter les droits fondamentals de l’homme et d’organiser des élections libres, le plus vite possible. La première moitié de l’année 1946 a été marquée par des événements politiques importants, visibles, aussi, au niveau du département de Timiş-Torontal: la transformation de l’Union des Patriotes (organisation de masse du Parti Communiste) dans le Parti National-Populaire, destiné à inclure les intellectuels; le Congrès extraordinaire du Parti Social-Démocrate, qui a consacré la victoire de l’„aile” pro-communiste (Radaceano-Voitec); les démissions, les destitutions, les sanctions disciplinaires et les exclusions parmi les membresdes deux partis ouvriers (Parti Social-Démocrate et Parti Communiste Roumain); la continuation de l’action de déportation des allemands dans l’Union Soviétique, décidée par la Commission Alliée de Contrôle, motif de querelle entre le Parti Communiste Roumain et le Parti Social-Démocrate; l’implication du Front Unique Ouvrier et du Front National Démocratique dans l’apaisement des conflits de travail et des questions sociales, en général; lasurveillance de l’activité des anciens légionnaires; l’organisation d’une nouvelle alliance politique, le Bloc des Partis Démocratiques, aussi dominée par le Parti Communiste, de la même manière avec l’alliance précédente (le Front National Démocratique); le déclenchement de la campagne électorale, qui sera dominée par de nombreux abus, illégalités et désordres, le but final de celle-ci en étant l’élimination de l’opposition réelle (représentée par le Parti National Paysan-Maniu, le Parti National Libéral-Bratiano et le Parti Social-Démocrate Indépendant, dirigé par l’ancien président social-démocrate, l’avocat Constantin-Titel Petresco) et la légitimation, par le vote populaire, dela coalition gouvernementale, contrôlée, presque toute entière, par le Parti Communiste Roumain. En conclusion, dans la première moitié de l’année 1946, la vie politique du département de Timiş-Torontal s’avérerassez agité, en se préparant la confrontation finale entre le Pouvoir et l’Opposition, ayant des conceptions antagoniques concernant l’évolution de la société roumaine.
More...Keywords: National Bank of Romania; right deviation; financial and banking system; purge; bank clerk;
One of the objectives of communist leaders in their fight for power was the transformation of banks, particularly banks of issue, into instruments of control over the entire economy. In Romania, the restructuring of the banking system culminated in the reconfiguration of the objectives, functions, and structure of the National Bank of Romania. The reconfiguration of the issuing institution could not have been complete without eliminating those bank clerks who were seen as hostile to the changes in the organisation of the financial and banking system.
More...Keywords: Orchestra Super; Filarmonica din Iași; George Enescu; concepție dirijorală;
Ion Baciu este reținut de istoria muzicii românești ca organizator de instituție muzicală, formator de orchestră și interpret de mare profunzime al creației lui George Enescu. Realizările sale cu caracter de excepție au fost înființarea și educarea noului ansamblu simfonic al Filarmonicii din Iași, egal celor câteva colective performante ale țării, ajunse la nivel de calitate europeană, impunerea unor superioare standarde conceptual-estetice în descifrarea particularităților muzicii lui Enescu. Cronicile elogioase ale celor mai importanți critici muzicali, înregistrările audio-video, evocările celor care l-au cunoscut îndeaproape rămân documente prețioase, de necontestat, în privința valorii unui artist ce merită readus în conștiința publică. Micro-studiul reprodus în continuare schițează câteva trasee definitorii ale personalității lui Ion Baciu pe baza unor eșantioane de arhivă, de la mărturii bibliografice – o parte, necercetate până azi – la imprimări de patrimoniu, din nefericire ignorate. În anul împlinirii a nouă decenii de la nașterea sa, a patru decenii de la istorica versiune a operei Oedip, la comemorarea celor 120 de ani de la nașterea lui George Enescu, se cuvin evidențiate meritele profesorului de Conservator, directorului filarmonicii și dirijorului care a contribuit esențial la înscrierea Iașului în rândul centrelor muzicale importante ale țării.
More...Keywords: engineers;Polytechnic School of Bucharest; polytechnic students
The study aims to trace the numerical evolution of the engineering profession until 1939 focusing on the social and economic dimensions. In this sense, my approach relies on the theory of professionalization, the basic premise being that the profession is a constructed social identity and a social mobility elevator created by the state. According to this theory, the development of a specific educational training system is an essential prerequisite in this process. The study also discusses the main traits of polytechnic education in Romania, with a special focus on the Polytechnic School in Bucharest. Finally, the study analyzes the situation of the engineers’ body in Romania during 1938, using data extracted from the Asociația Generală an Inginerilor from România[The General Association of Engineers in Romania] (AGIR) yearbook, with the aim of highlighting the contribution of polytechnic schools in Romania to the numerical development of the engineering profession. The preliminary conclusion of this study is that engineers prepared the ground for the development of a new approach to economics, society, and politics that contributed to the increasing role played by the state in the late 1930s.
More...Keywords: José Ángel Mañas; Lucía Etxebarria; Marta Dzido; Dorota Masłowska; capitalism
Although the transition to capitalism in Poland was undoubtedly more radical than in Spain, the two literatures seem to have supplied a series of texts that consider the capitalist economic system from a relatively similar critical perspective. The objective of the present article is to determine how capitalism was codified in narrative works published after the transition to democracy in both countries. The analysis encompasses novels in which capitalism constitutes one of the central themes and is the object of criticism both explicitly and implicitly. The research covers four works: Małż (2005) by Marta Dzido, Snow White and Russian Red (2002) by Dorota Masłowska, Historias del Kronen (1994) by José Ángel Mañas and Lo verdadero es un momento de lo falso (2010) by Lucía Etxebarria. The text reflects on the possibility of establishing a comparison framework in terms of correlation between the capitalism theme and the use of specific literary techniques applied to represent it.
More...Keywords: castle; court; royal hobbies; royal hunting; painting; winter sports; five o’clock tea;
The second period, between 1919 and 1927, is the positive stage of the residence at Pelișor Castle. Now the residence takes over the functions of Peleș Castle. Now the royal family leads a typical existence of high aristocracy like manner, in which each member of the family develops his own passions, without the notion of family being put in danger. The King goes to hunting and deals with botany and sports, while the Queen paints, rides, enjoy cinema and theatre. Royal daughters have artistic tendencies, which they strive to develop, while the Princes practice sport and go hunting.
More...Keywords: monsters; multitude; celebration; life in common; Gabriela Cabezón Cámara
This article aims to inquire into the celebration of the monster in contemporary Argentine literature, particularly in two texts written by Gabriela Cabezón Cámara: La Virgen Cabeza (2009) and Yanara (2018-2019). We are particularly interested in these writings because we find in them a form of monstrosity as a way of life in common. Monstrosity refers to precarious, ordinary subjects who embody a potential for struggle and resistance. These monsters inhabit urban areas that are also precarious, which can be considered as a space of capture, but which also allow for the generation of forms of self-organization. Life in common refers to the muddy, self-governance, and celebration. The muddy appears as a materiality associated with the low and the popular, and at the same time as a binding element that enables the union of bodies and ways of generating social, cultural and affective ties. The celebration is presented as a transgression of the established limits, through sexual pleasure, food, festivity, resistance, and struggle. The feast of monsters is the expansion of life in common and the possibility of creating an alternative community.
More...Keywords: First World War (Romania);Romanian Jews;Romanian War of Independence;Royal Household;
Maurice (Mauriciu) Brociner was a longtime official of the Royal Household of Romania, serving under king Carol I and king Ferdinand I for 36 years. The presence at the Royal Court of a Jewish-descended Romanian veteran of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 (known for Romanians as the War for Independence), a few years after the Constitution was revised in 1879, allowing Jews to obtain Romanian citizenship, illustrated the efforts led by the Royal Family to integrate minorities into the Romanian society. During the First World War, given a position of importance at the Palace, to keep things in check while the Royal Family left for Jassy, Brociner was forced into retirement for alleged wrongdoings during the wartime German occupation of Bucharest, living for almost three decades from his veteran and Royal House-given pensions. Through historical archives and memoirs, we will provide details on Brociner’s longtime service at the Royal Household, with the purpose of understanding an attempt made by the Romanian royalty as part of a larger effort to keep anti-Jewish sentiment in check. Since Jews were the largest minority of Romania before the Great Union of 1918, the matter of their treatment became a matter of European concern, which the king knew should be dealt with accordingly.
More...Keywords: employment status;intergroup relations;skill-level;stigma;temporary agency workers
Research on temporary agency work emphasizes that temporary agency workers (TAWs), particularly those in low-skilled jobs associated with precariousness and low social prestige, are likely to be exposed to poor treatment, as well as stigmatization. On the contrary, stigmatization of TAWs in high-skilled jobs has not been treated in much detail in previous studies. Literature provides an incomplete picture of stigmatization within the broader field of temporary employment regarding the focus on low-skilled jobs. Hence, the present qualitative study is based on data from interviews of a heterogeneous sample of TAWs employed in low- and high-skilled jobs in Germany. By using and modifying Boyce and colleagues’ (2007) model of stigmatization, the study shows that stigmatizing treatment towards TAWs occurs across all skill levels, although the intensity and form of those experiences, as well as coping strategies, differ. Thereby, this study contributes to a more differentiated and skill level-specific understanding of how TAWs perceive and cope with stigmatization linked to their employment status. It also provides an important opportunity to advance Boyce and colleagues’ (2007) complex model of TAW stigmatization with empirical underpinnings.
More...Keywords: Stephen the Great; textbooks; editorial competition; nation; native textbooks;history manuals;
Strengthening national values is essential for the Republic of Moldova as a sovereign and independent state. The marking of such national values will allow for stability in these desires. An important factor for the political and social life of this country is the image of Stephen the Great. The image of the Moldavian prince became known by tradition, folklore, literature, by means of mass media, but the most important were the history textbooks, efficient mechanisms in popularizing and strengthening the personality of Stephen the Great. The author aims to follow the reflection of this exceptional personality in the textbooks used in the Republic of Moldova during the years 1990–2013. A special topic is the scarcity of Moldovan textbooks and the presence of Romanian textbooks on the territory of the Republic of Moldova at the beginning of its independence.
More...Keywords: Koson; der Fussbecker; die Ringmontur; der Anhänger; Ambud;
Der vorliegender Beitrag behandelt sieben Fälle in denen antiken authentische Geldemissionen von Typ Koson zur Herstellung von Schmuck wiederverwendet wurden.Die Verwendung von antiken griechischen und römischen Münzen für die Anfertigung von Schmuck ist sehr verbreitet aber was die Koson Münzen anbetrifft so sind bis jetzt nur ein paar Fälle bekannt, wo man mit Sicherheit über die Wiederverwendung der Münzen als Bestandteil anderer Güter sprechen kann. Es handelt sich um zwei Ringe, die sich in der Sammlung des Museums der dakischen und römischen Zivilisation in Deva befinden (Taf. I-II), eine Ringmontur aus der Sammlung des Museums für Geschichte und Archäologie des Kreises Prahova (Taf. III/1), zwei perforierte Münzen, die wahrscheinlich als Verwendung von Anhänger für Ketten dienten (Taf. III/2) und zwei Anhänger die letztes Jahr versteigert wurden (Taf. IV). Ich kann zu diesem Zeitpunkt nicht andeuten, ob die zwei Anhänger aus echten antiken Münzen hergestellt wurden, weil es keine metallographischen Analysen gibt, daß das offenbaren könnte, aber im Falle eines der beiden Anhänger (Taf. IV/2) gibt es eine Echtheitsbescheinigung.Mit Sicherheit sind es diese keine Einzelfälle in denen Koson Münzen wiederverwendet wurden aber bisher konnte ich nur diese identifizieren. Es ist nicht ausgeschlossen, daß sich solche Objekte auch in anderen Privatsammlungen befinden über die ich bis jetzt keine Kenntnis habe.Ebenfalls im Betracht gezogen wird auch ein Fußbecher, daß sich in der Sammlung des Kunstmuseums aus Budapest befindet (Taf. V) datiert in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts, auf dessen Oberfläche zwei Nachahmungen der Koson Münze zugeklebt sind. Da diese Fallstudie von C. Preda für die Erörterung der Datierung der Koson Münzen in der Renaissance Zeit verwendet wurden habe ich diese Annahme kritisch behandelt und gezeigt, daß das Vorkommen von frühzeitigen Nachahmungen solcher Münzen bereits bestätigt wurde. Das bedeutet aber noch lange nicht, daß alle Koson Münzen, die wir bereits haben in derselben Zeit hergestellt worden sind.Wenn es sich um die Datierung von Schmuck handelt ist die Situation überhaupt nicht einfach, weil man auf viele Aspekte achten muss (Arbeitstechnik, Abnutzungsstufe). Wie im Falle der Koson Münzen mit einfachem Loch, die wahrscheinlich als Kette verwendet wurden, können wir auf keine Informationen hinweisen, weil die Münze seit der Antike und bis in der Gegenwart jederzeit durchlöchert werden konnte. Allerdings, im Fall der zwei Ringen (Taf. I-II) und der Montur (Taf. III/1) steht die Situation ganz anders.Zuallererst muss gesagt werden, daß im Beschreibungszettel, das auf der Webseite des Nationalinstituts für Kulturerbe (dem Kulturministerium untergeordnet) verfügbar ist, die zwei Ringe für die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts datiert wurden. Ich weiß nicht welche Kriterien es waren, die zu dieser Meinung geführt haben aber in der Presse des Jahres 1890 habe ich eine Anzeige identifiziert in der über den Verkauf von Schmuckstücke die Rede war das von einem Goldschmied aus Hermannstadt hergestellt wurde und das auch antike Münzen enthielt. Die Münzen waren aber keine Kosons sondern sie stammen aus der römischen Zeit, aus der Zeit des Königs Gordian I., wobei sie fast in der Zeit als die Anzeige veröffentlicht wurde entdeckt worden sind.Und weil es wahrscheinlich damals eine Gewohnheit war solche Funde an Goldschmieden zu verkaufen und auf Grund des Goldrausch`s das anfangs des 19. Jahrhunderts in Sarmizegetusa Regia existierte wurde die Datierung der zwei Ringe des Museum aus Deva für die zweite Hälfte des selben Jahrhunderts vorgeschlagen. Oder vielleicht wurden sie damals vom Museum aufgenommen.Nach der Auswertung anderer Ringe, habe ich festgestellt, daß die antiken, griechischen, römischen und auch barbarischen Münzen als Bestandteil von Schmuck bereits im Altertum verwendet wurden. Deshalb ist es schwer festzustellen wann die Ringe aus der Sammlung aus Deva angefertigt worden sind. Zudem muss ich noch erwähnen, daß ein ähnlicher Ring Typ wie der von Taf. I, sowohl in der römischen Zeit, im Mittelalter als auch in der Frühzeit angefertigt werden konnte. Ebenso der Ring von Taf. II hat Analogien im Mittelalter und in der Renaissance.Allerdings bin ich der Meinung, daß diese Ringe in einer Zeit der Wiederentdeckung der antiken Zivilisation angefertigt worden sind und deshalb habe ich ihre Datierung für die erste Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts vorgeschlagen. Im Falle der Ringmontur aus der Sammlung des Museums in Prahova bemerkt man die gleiche Vorgangsweise bei der Polierung der Münzen auch bei einem Ring, der sich im Museum in Deva befindet. So gehe ich davon aus, daß sie in der gleichen Zeit angefertigt wurden und möglicherweise auch von derselben Werkstatt.
More...Keywords: Transylvania; Orthodoxy; Greek-Catholic Church; Russian Empire; propaganda
In 1768, in the context of religious tensions in Transylvania, after the “revolution” of Sofronie de la Cioara, an Orthodox priest from Banat, named Mihail Popovici, copied a very interesting text, which contains historical and theological information. This text reflects very well the role of Russian propaganda which, at the beginning of a new war with the Turks (1768–1774), used Orthodoxy as a means of convincing those living in Transylvania that it was the protector of those who did not renounce this denomination and refused the Union with the Church of Rome. Priest Popovici made a trip to Russia in 1770, where he himself recounted the “troubles” his compatriots and co-religionists were going through. In the same manuscript in which his account of his journey is found, there is also this polemical letter addressed to the inhabitants of Transylvania. Some short fragments, considered the most important, were published by N. Iorga in 1901. The text has an obvious polemical touch and I considered it worth a complete edition, because it not only captures the problem of the genesis of a new “otherness” in the Romanian and Christian space, but, in addition to its historical value, highlights the way in which an anti-Greek-Catholic theological discourse was formed after the union of a large part of the Transylvanian Orthodox Romanians with the Church of Rome. Also, the text has, for that period, its meanings, not only theological, but also historical, ideological and political, especially in the context in which it was composed and preserved. The arguments present in this passage are of a relative theological finesse, based on a good knowledge of the Holy Bible text, which shows us that it had a source of inspiration produced in a rather refined Church environment, where the subtleties of this field were well known. Therefore, a full and in-depth look at this manuscript reveals, in addition to the attitudes of sympathy or hostility shown towards some, respectively against others, the way in which the “anti-unionist” discourse took shape, especially in the second half of the 18th century, a period in which ties with neighbouring Orthodox spaces were “strangled” by the control of the Austrian imperial authorities. The text also reflects Russia's role, propaganda and involvement in supporting Transylvanian Orthodox during tense religious events. What is certain is that the text brings together a good connoisseur of the realities related to the tensions between the Orthodox and Greek-Catholic denominations in Transylvania, in the middle of the 18th century
More...Keywords: war; 21st century war; asymmetric war; hybrid war; psychological war;
The extremely sophisticated, destructive and difficult to understand 21st century wars of most people can produce a great deal of human suffering and a rapid deterioration of the environment, with dramatic consequences for all mankind. The reaction of the strategic leaders of a country, of the opinion formers, of the population and not, finally, of its armed forces to such aggressions - is based both on political-strategic, economic, financial and social reasons, as well as on psychological commands. The neglected psychological component, most of the time, can dramatically change the fate of a war and lead to the most unexpected results.
More...Keywords: working –class; interwar; socialism; left-wing publications;
Even before the interwar period, Romania experienced critical demographic changes that led to the emergence of overcrowded urban centers, economic shortcomings and numerous dissatisfaction from the working class. Given these conditions, increasingly precarious, against the backdrop of the socialist ideas penetration, with timid steps, begins the consolidation of organizations that declare themselves defenders of workers and peasants against the bourgoise abuses . The aim of this research is to make an x-ray of how left (social democratic) journalism, before the First World War, as well as in the interwar period tries to impose itself on the social scene, its favorite topics, methods of attracting adherences to the socialist vision and other concerns of it.
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