![Pauline Israelogy and its Liturgical Reception in the Eastern Church](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2014_28195.jpg)
Keywords: caravan; Joseph; Putifar; dreams; interpretation; Egypt; pharaoh; vizier; cows; ears of wheat;
The present study aims to shed more light on an Old Testament biblical moment that we do not consider sufficiently intensely treated in local biblical theological disciplines: the rise of Patriarch Joseph in Egypt, from slave status to vizier status, or, in other words, to the second position in the Egyptian empire, after that of Pharaoh. In our research we used interreligious sources, in addition to the specifically Christian ones (Holy Scripture and patristic writings) using the Muslim Qur’anic account of Joseph’s life in Egypt, but also the Jewish historian Josephus Flavius. It will thus be noted that the biography of Joseph in Egypt, at least until the time he becomes vizier, is approached differently in the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim writings mentioned above, between which there are obviously both similarities, as well as differences, both aspects that are incompatible and aspects that can be harmonized in an exemplary manner in order to fill some gaps regarding the rise of Joseph in the empire of the pharaohs. At the same time, in conducting this research, we used strictly profane sources related to ancient Egypt, sources that, through their level of objectivity, gave us very useful and very interesting details, details that clarify many aspects of the scriptural report from the Book of Genesis on how Patriarch Joseph ascended to Egypt from a simple slave to the second man in the empire. We sought in the research to be as objective as possible in terms of extrascriptural sources, so we can bring some clarifications of a religious, historical, political, social and moral nature that we consider necessary in achieving an exegesis or a strictly historical approach to this scriptural episode from the Old Testament.
More...Keywords: biritual necropolis;free Dacians;Moldoveni (Porcești) Dealul Gabăra;cauldron-pendant;basket-pendant;beads;urn;cremation;anthropological analysis;
Archaeological research conducted between 1957-1959 at Moldoveni (former Porcești), Neamț county, the point Dealul Gabăra, allowed the discovery of a biritual necropolis from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD. 98 graves were investigated, of which 63 incinerations and 35 burials. After more than 50 years (in 2012), in a cremation grave (numbered M.36) in the urn some more items were found (beads and a gilded-silver cauldron pendant), apart from those known since 1958 (miniature vessel with offering, beads, basket pendants). The anthropological analysis of the remains indicated a juvenile/young woman, about 18-20 years old, cremated unevenly, incompletely, in a “green” state. The young woman was laid on the pyre very quickly after her death, lying on her back, with the head turned to one side. The combustion took place at moderate to high temperatures (400-700°C), in an oxygenated atmosphere, probably on oxygen-fed fire. The inventory suggests that the young woman had a special status in the community.
More...This historiographical survey, focusing on the Ostpolitik of the Vatican after the Second World War and particularly its interaction with the policy of the United States towards Central and Eastern Europe, first summarises the changes and dynamics of the American policy between 1945 and 1958, then discusses various assessments of the Vatican’s actions, arranged around three key concepts that are fundamental to an understanding of Pius XII’s Ostpolitik. First of all, it examines questions associated with the concept of intransigence, that is how much the Vatican’s Ostpolitik was guided by the pope’s anti-communist principles and how these were manifested in practice. Second, it considers the historiographical treatment of problems centred around the concept of pragmatism, the extent to which Pius XII was able to conform to the Vatican’s tradition of entering diplomatic dialogue with its opponents to serve the interests of the faithful. Thirdly, it examines the assessment of Pius XII’s impartiality: what was more characteristic of Pius’s papacy – an attempt, in the Vatican tradition, to stand above the opposition of the two Cold War blocs or a commitment to the US and the Western world? The investigation of these three themes attempts to derive the main lessons from the historiographical debates and to determine the areas that the newly-opened Vatican sources might qualify, alter or add to our knowledge of Pius XII’s Ostpolitik.
More...Keywords: Académie Roumaine; folklore; Arthur Gorovei; Ioan Bianu; Cimiliturile românilor / Les devinettes des Roumains; Descântecele românilor / Les incantations des Roumains
Lʼauteur présente 25 documents concernant les relations du folkloriste et écrivain Arthur Gorovei (1864-1951) avec lʼAcadémie Roumaine; quoique ces documents couvrent plus de trois décennies (1897–1930), ils constituent seulement une partie (un tiers, peut-être) dʼune correspondance plus vaste. Fondateur de „Şezătoarea”, la première revue roumaine de folklore (1892), et auteur dʼun volume (Cimiliturile românilor / Les devinettes des Roumains) édité sous les auspices de lʼAcadémie Roumaine (1898), Arthur Gorovei fut désigné en 1908 pour devenir membre correspondant de lʼAcadémie, sur la proposition de Ioan Bianu. Des „circonstances spéciales” empêchèrent lʼélection; elle réussit sept ans plus tard, en mai 1915, lorsque le folkloriste de Fălticeni fut élu à lʼunanimité des voix (un quart de siècle plus tard, en mai 1940, dans dʼautres „circonstances spéciales”, il deviendra membre honoraire de lʼAcadémie Roumaine). Les premières six lettres se rapportent à la publication du volume Cimiliturile românilor. Les trois qui suivent concernent la contribution de Gorovei, comme avocat, pour aplaner un litige que lʼAcadémie avait eu pour une de ses propriétés du département de Suceava (détail inconnu, semble-t-il, dans lʼensemble de ces relations). Lʼannonce de lʼélection de 1915 (no. 13) achève un premier lot de ces documents. Le second, qui semble moins intéressant, contient des documents concernant des achats ou des emprunts de livres, des donations ou des rapports sur certains travaux proposés à être imprimés par lʼAcadémie. Ce lot (et le paquet tout entier) sʼachève avec la lettre du 19 décembre 1930, qui annonçait à Gorovei lʼaccord de lʼAcadémie dʼimprimer son livre intitulé Descântecele românilor / Les incantations des Roumains. Paru en 1931, ce volume sera le dernier (XL) de la collection Din viaţa poporului român / De la vie du peuple roumain, fondée en 1908 par Ioan Bianu. Lorsque lʼAcadémie Roumaine fut supprimée, en juin 1948, pour faire place à lʼAcadémie de la République Populaire Roumaine, Arthur Gorovei perdit la qualité gagnée huit années auparavant; dʼune manière bien symbolique, il la regagna, quatre décennies après sa mort, par une soi-disant „remise en droits”.
More...Keywords: icons; iconostasis; westernization; Russian influence; itinerant painters;
Grégoire Zugravul (‘le Peintre’), connu toute sa vie comme Papathodor, Popovici et Frujinescu, a été l’un des peintres les plus importants de la Valachie à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et l’initiateur du courant d’occidentalisation dans l’art local. Constantin Săndulescu-Verna a découvert dans un carnet de croquis ayant appartenuau peintre que Grégoire est né près de Bucarest, dans le village de Frunzănești, au sein de la famille du prêtrepeintre Tudor, et qu’il a fait son apprentissage en 1766, à la l’âge de 16 ans, auprès d’un certain maître Jean / kirIancu. Ensemble, les deux hommes ont voyagé pendant dix ans sur le territoire de l’Empire des Habsbourg etont signé ensemble l’iconostase du monastère de Lepavina en Croatie, ainsi que celui de l’église de la Nativité de Saint-Jean-Baptiste à Székesfehérvár, en Hongrie. De retour en 1777, Grégoire a commencé une carrière prolifiqueen tant que peintre d’icônes; mais il a également peint les fresques de l’Église de l’Icône (Biserica Icoanei) àBucarest, des enluminures de manuscrits et des peintures à l’huile, y compris la vaste composition historique représentant Nicolas Mavrogheni distribuant des récompenses aux soldats qui avaient participé aux combatscontre les Autrichiens (1789), aujourd’hui dans les collections du Musée National d’Art de Roumanie, à Bucarest. Jusqu’à présent, cependant, l’identité de Maître Jean et la portée européenne de la carrière de Grégoire n’étaient pas connues en Roumanie. On considérait à tort que Jean devait être un peintre local, identifié soit au maître de l’école de peinture de l’évêché de Râmnic, soit à Ivan ‘le Russe’ (Rusul), maître de l’école de peinture du monastère de Căldărușani. Plus récemment, C. Săndulescu-Verna et M. Sabados ont supposé qu’il pouvait être d’origine balkanique, mais sans réussir à repérer son identité précise : peut-être un peintre grec ou macédo-valaque. La présente étude relie pour la première fois les recherches roumaines sur ce sujet à celles menées en Serbie(Aleksandra Kučeković), Bulgarie (Emmanuel Moutafov) et Bosnie-Herzégovine (Ljiljana Ševo). Les documents permettent d’identifier ‘kir Iancu’ avec Jovan Četirević Grabovan, aroumain d’Albanie, auteur de fresques dusanctuaire et de la nef de la cathédrale épiscopale de Roman (Moldavie). La carrière de ce dernier est jalonnéepar les étapes d’un parcours remarquable pour cette époque. Ses voyages relient littéralement l’Occident à l’Europe de l’Est, de la Croatie en Russie à travers Buda et Bucarest, et dessinent une perspective entièrementnouvelle sur les relations qui animaient le milieu culturel des peintres valaques du XVIIIe siècle. Comme Jovan, son élève Grégoire a joué également le rôle d’un ‘véhicule’ exemplaire des transferts culturels entre Occident et Orient, maillon d’un grand réseau commercial et politique développé à l’intersection des trois grands Empires: ottoman, russe et autrichien. Il a influencé de manière décisive l’évolution de l’atelier de peinture du monastèrede Cernica et s’est imposé comme une figure clé de la scène artistique locale ; il a été l’un des premiers peintresà moderniser l’art local. Par-delà les éclaircissements qu’elle apporte sur l’apprentissage de Grégoire Popovici,cette étude permet aussi d’attribuer les icônes de l’iconostase de l’Église Manea Brutaru de Bucarest au peintreJovan Četirević Grabovan, et d’identifier dix nouvelles oeuvres du peintre Grégoire, y compris les fresques del’Église de l’Icône à Bucarest. Elle transcrit sept inscriptions inédites des icônes de cette église et identifie le ssources artistiques du cahier de modèles du peintre et des icônes de l’iconostase de la chapelle dédiée à Saint Lazare au monastère de Cernica dans un exemplaire de la Bible Ectypa ayant appartenu au même Maître Jean.
More...Keywords: books; bequests; gender; generations; reading cultures; social roles; stereotypes;
Focused on the transmission of books from one generation to another, this study explores the connection between gender and book ownership by attempting to discover whether the ‘reading lists’ inadvertently compiled by testators for their offspring were informed by gender stereotypes and by specific perceptions of masculinity and femininity. By carefully considering the nature and content of these bequests, this study will try to identify the stereotypes attached to men and women’s relation to books and, ultimately, to knowledge and consequently explore the place of books in their lives within the boundaries set by their gender in terms of social roles, access to education and involvement in the public sphere. By analysing the dynamics of bequests involving books, this study aims to explore the complex motives that impacted on testators’ decisions, including concern for tradition and heritage. By looking at men and women as both donors and recipients of books, this article would like to identify emergent and possibly gendered reading cultures. Finally, by closely examining the intricacies of bequests recorded in probate inventories, this essay aims to highlight interaction within the family, vertically between generations and horizontally within them.
More...Keywords: Gheorghe Şincai; personality; work; 18th century; 19th century;
Historien et philologue, homme de l’école et vulgarisateur de connaissances scientifiques, le savant illuministe Gheorghe Şincai (1754-1816) a été une personnalité proéminente de l’Ècole Transylvaine et celui qui fraya le chemin de la science et culture roumaines, avec une remarquable contribution dans la fondation de l’idéologie nationale roumaine moderne. Gheorghe Şincai se fit remarquer au début comme instituteur et fondateur de plus de 300 écoles, auteur et traducteur de livres de classe, parmi les premiers que comprend la littérature pédagogique roumaine. Une des plus représentatives œuvres, restée d’ailleurs en manuscrit, de l’illuministe roumain, fut Învăţătură firească spre surparea superstiţiei norodului. La notoriété de Gheorghe Şincai est étroitement liée à son ouvrage Elementa linguae dacoromanae sive valachicae où il affirme la latinité de la langue roumaine, ainsi que la romanité et la continuité du peuple roumain. De l’entière oeuvre de Gheorghe Şincai, la postérité reconnaît, en premier lieu et surtout, la monumentale construction historiographique du nom de Hronica românilor şi a mai multor neamuri. Tout de même il fut collaborateur à l’élaboration du mémoire Supplex Libellus Valachorum (1791) qui présentait les raisons pour soutenir les droits politiques du peuple roumain dans celle période d’oppression. Dans le plan religieux Gheorghe Şincai se nourrissait d’ideés anticléricales et défendait les traditions de l’église roumaine orientale. Son plaidoyer sur l’harmonisation de la langue roumaine parlée avec la graphie latine a mis les fondements pour l’officialisation de l’alphabet latin au temps de Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1860). Ainsi, l’érudit transylvain est récepté par la postérité comme un précurseur de l’unité nationale. La transposition de son œuvre historiographique, linguistique et religieuse dans le plan politique allait être une conséquance naturelle et logique.
More...Keywords: Dobrudja; exceptional laws; integration;
The present paper goal is to analyse the motivations behind the exceptional regime in Dobrudja, after the Berlin Treaty (1878) and integration to Romania. After a two year transitory governance, Romanian legislators adopted so-called Dobrudja Constitution, a law which established the rules by which the new province was to be governed. This law included many exceptions from the normal social and administrative life from the rest of Romania, including those regarding political rights. Almost 30 years, until 1909, people from Dobrudja cannot exert those rights and the local governance was assured by governmental decisions, the prefect being an almost absolute authority. This long time of discrimination was justified by the very different - social, judiciary, religious, cultural, ethnic – character of the province, after four and a half centuries of inclusion in the Ottoman Empire. Romanian authorities decided, in view of this reality, that a complete integration cannot be made until the people of the province become aware of their new situation, rights and obligations. It was the best solution at that time, which assured a smooth integration, without social or ethnic conflicts. Despite of some voices from the political opposition, the law from 1880 was generally accepted and the public opinion from Romania agreed that an immediate and total integration was not the best decision. Romanian decidents found the ways through which integration of Dobrudja become permanent, even if exceptional measures was needed.
More...Keywords: dementia-friendly architecture; memory anchor; spatial versatility; quality;
The current trend of population ageing leads to a significant increase in age-related conditions, including in the number of people with neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), with Alzheimer’s disease being one of the best known causes of NCDs. In this context, dementia-friendly architecture(DFA)/for people with NCDs is being discussed. The current COVID-19 pandemic brings new challenges in caring for people with NCDs, in maintaining an optimal quality of life and reasonable well-being, challenges to which architecture can respond through specific architectural tools.
More...Keywords: media; popularization of science; misinformation; pandemic; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2;
In this article, the author reviews some of the most important sites in Romania and Hungary, which, in addition to publishing news, necessary for citizens for daily guidance in their life, regularly show us the latest achievements in the field of science. This type of information was usually not directly applicable to the daily actions of the public of these medias, but represented – at best – a kind of “infotainment”. But that changed in 2020, when the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic hit the world, and scientific information suddenly became vital. Studies cited by us show that neither in Romania, nor in Hungary was the public prepared for the understanding, processing of this type of scientific information, and many conspiracy theories were created, hosted by several websites, social media pages etc. In our article, we review some of the most important forums for popularizing science, but we also mention some misinformation sites.
More...Keywords: Nicolae Iorga; The Great Union; Nationalist Democratic Party; World War I; national policy;
The period between 1916 and 1918 was the most important stage of Iorga’s political activity. The struggle for the achievement of the Romanian national unity was his main objective.
More...Keywords: greek movement; national emancipation; 18th century; 19th century;
This is how the the Greek-Dacian Literary Society, the Philomousis Etairia, the Philki Etairia came to support the organization of the Greek movement of liberation. The cultural progress caused by the tireless undertakings of the intelligentsia paved the way for the expansion of further action at a political level.
More...Keywords: Romania; contemporary history; Ion Ionel Constantin Brătianu;
Personalitate de prim rang a istoriei româneşti, Ion I.C. Brătianu şi-a legat destinul vieţii sale de istoria naţională, faţă de care mărturisea cu pragmatismul recunoscut: “noi credem că izbânda politică a României este rezultatul firesc al însăşi situaţiunii sale, creată prin ani lungi de muncă, prin şforţări, prin sacrificii a mai multor generaţiuni”. Cel care va conduce destinele naţiunii sale timp de două decenii, din care efectiv timp de 12 ani, a fost adorat de colaboratori, atacat şi contestat de adversary, dar şi-a urmat cu perseverenţă şi încredere destinul politic.
More...Keywords: Romanian strategic planning; Germany; Operation Barbarossa; Bessarabia; Bukovina; Tripartite Pact;
This study presents the organization and functioning of the strategic planning process during between September 1940, when power was seized by General Ion Antonescu, who became the leader of the Romanian state, temporarily associating himself with the Legionary Movement, and June 22, 1941, when Romania joined Germany in “Operation Barbarossa” with the goal of liberating Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, both annexed by the Soviet Union the year before. Romania’s most important strategic objective was to defend its eastern borders, specifically the region between River Prut and Eastern Carpathians, the Danube mouths and the Romanian littoral at the Black Sea. In spite of the guarantees offered by Germany and Italy on August 30, 1940, the Soviet Union maintained an aggressive conduct. This fact triggered the deployment to this region of the most important forces, the erection of important fortification, such as the Focșani-Nămoloasa-Brăila fortified line, and the elaboration of projects aiming to repel a potential aggressive action. After the arrival of the German Military Mission and Romania becoming a member of the Tripartite Pact, the plans of the General Staff were adjusted in accordance with German needs, represented by the two major operations, “Marita” and “Barbarossa”. If, in what the former was concerned, Romania only had a modest role, in the latter Bucharest had a major interest, Ion Antonescu believing that the reclamation of the two provinces could only be achieved with German help. As a consequence, the General Staff, which was the structure tasked with strategic planning, followed the directives of the German High Command, taking steps to prepare the Romanian forces for action.
More...Keywords: Ivanovici; The waves of the Danube; waltz; marching band; Romanian;
Iosif Ivanovici a fost – în mod surprinzător astăzi! – cel mai cunoscut compozitor român de la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XX-lea din viața muzicală internațională, fiind de asemenea un important reprezentant al muzicii militare din țara noastră. Informațiile legate de viața și activitatea lui Iosif Ivanovici chiar și astăzi rămân neclare, din cauza accesului dificil la documentele din arhivele militare ori a indiferenței cu care a fost tratat acest muzician prolific de către muzicologi și interpreți români, în ultimul secol. Un alt factor important ce a dus la ignorarea sau subestimarea activității susținute de Iosif Ivanovici a fost interdicția în perioada comunistă a oricăror manifestări și investigații privind creații culturale legate de membrii sau dedicate Familiei Regale a României. O parte consistentă din lucrările compozitorului poartă această destinație. Compoziția sa reprezentativă, valsul Valurile Dunării este și astăzi foarte cunoscută în lume, fiind citată în zeci de filme ori adaptată și prelucrată în sute de variante de muzicieni de pe întregul mapamond. Acest fapt ne demonstrează că Iosif Ivanovici este mult mai cunoscut și apreciat în afara României. Datorită accesului pe care îl avem astăzi la mai multe surse documentare, am descoperit sute de lucrări create de acest compozitor, cu ajutorul cărora putem reconstitui nu numai creativitatea sa muzicală, ci și tabloul subtil, multicolor, plin de viață al epocii în care a trăit, epoca de constituire a statului modern românesc. Cercetând diferite arhive naționale am scos la iveală informații clare, care atestă adevărata valoare a muzicianului și care aduc completări binevenite în cunoașterea vieții și activității lui Iosif Ivanovici, „Regele valsului românesc”.
More...Keywords: Romanian options; "alliances"; 17th century;
Le XVII siècle représente pour Ies options roumaines en plan externe, en comparaison avec Ia période précédente, une continuité marquee, toutefois, d'uns aspects individualisent. L'orientation externe vers le monde chrétien, pour à combattre la domination ottomane, a été un effort d'Ia diplomatique roumain.
More...Keywords: Sutor; Roman fort; vicus militaris; civilian and military baths; roads; civilian buildings; pottery workshop; terracottas; lamps; coins; the Roman province of Dacia;
The study presents the results of the archaeological research performed at Sutor between 2001 – 2021. The first relevant information concerning the site come from the second half of the 19th century, when K. Torma first mentioned and described the archaeological situation. Since then, up until the ‘60s when several votive monuments were recovered from the area of the presumed civilian settlement, the site remained silent. Systematic archaeolgogical campaigns began only in 2001 and have continued ever since, with few interruptions caused mainly by financial difficulties. Although the precinct of the Roman fort was thenched in order to establish with accuracy the perimeter of the military encampment, it was only in 2012 that its internal structure was revealed by means of large-scale magnetic surveys. With this occasion, a smaller burnt earth and timber fort was also documented in the north-western corner of the larger stone Roman fort. In 2021 the archaeological research was bolstered by the road works in connection with the ‘Transylvania Highway Project’, when large scale rescue excavations were programmed on site. Numerous elements and features belonging to the infrastructure of both the military fort and civilian habitation were revealed leading to a better understanding of this previously little known Roman site from Dacia Porolissensis.
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