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ROLE OF STATE REGULATION IN FORMATION OF MODERN ECONOMIC MODEL: CHANGING IMPERATIVE IN THE CONDITIONS OF CHAOS

РОЛЬ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ У ФОРМУВАННІ СУЧАСНОЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ МОДЕЛІ: ЗМІНА ІМПЕРАТИВА В УМОВАХ ХАОСУ

Author(s): Oleg Soskin / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 01-02/2013

Keywords: state regulation; economic model; system economic crisis; space of chaos; mainstreams; long cycles of Kondratiev model; rising and declining stages of long cycle; industrial-technological modes

In the article it is investigated how the model of state regulation in conditions of the world economy and national economies transition from determined vertical-hierarchical systems to controlled chaos systems in which three general mainstreams objectively and organically operate. Necessity to change a role of state regulation and its imperative in formation of modern economic development model is proved. The influence of N. Kondratiev’s long cycle (wave) descending stage on these processes is determined

The imperative of trust and cooperation in the open knowledge ecosystem creation process in Poland

Imperatyw zaufania i współpracy w procesie budowania otwartego ekosystemu wiedzy w Polsce

Author(s): Marcin Gryczka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2013

Keywords: open innovation; innovation

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to analyze some of the innovation drivers in Poland in comparison to the selected developed and developing countries, to present the general determinants and features of the “open innovation” concept, and finally to determine the most important incentives of the open knowledge ecosystem creation process in Poland. Methodology: The research approach and methodology are based on the assumption that in the contemporary world economy innovativeness and competitiveness depend not only on traditional modes of technology transfer (e.g. foreign direct investment, license or arm’s length agreements), but also on knowledge absorption capabilities. Findings: The transnational corporations have already perceived the knowledge creation potential of Internetbased digital communities, therefore they are strongly interested in the implementation of the “open innovation” concept in their business models. Based on completed survey results and a selected data comparative analysis one can conclude that the innovativeness of the Polish economy has not increased since the last two decades, and future development prospects in this area are rather gloomy. It seems that the cornerstone of the open knowledge environment building process is a systemic change concerning citizen-state relations. Originality: The value of the article stems from emphasizing the importance of trust and cooperation as the fundamental factors influencing growth of networked innovation capabilities of society. Moreover, without promoting the development of such social attitudes it is impossible to create a modern digital society, and to profit from ideas and knowledge circulating on the Web.

Reforming Czech Social Services: Influence of the Imple-mentation of National Quality Standards Active User Imperative on the Primary Process

Reforma sociálních služeb v ČR: Vliv implementace principu „aktivní uživatel“ na vztah sociální pracovník – uživatel služby

Author(s): Jana Havlíková,Olga Hubíková / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2011

Keywords: implementation of active user principle; social services; street-level bureaucrats; case studies; Czech Republic

Reforming Czech Social Services: Influence of the Implementation of National Quality Standards̀ Active User Imperative on the Primary Process. In the Czech Republic, a new act reforming social services has been adopted, that by means of the National Quality Standards (NQS) is radically changing the position of the social service users. In this paper, we discuss impact of the NQS̀̀̀̀̀̀̀̀̀ active user imperative on the primary process. We have extracted relevant data from three consecutive case studies of the shelter facilities and focused on those aspects of the intervention that should have been affected by the reform the most profoundly. We found out that adoption and especially real application of the active user principle by the street-level bureaucrats encounter several serious problems. The misunderstanding of or the resistance to the merits of this principle by the street-level bureaucrats often led to its crippled or partial implementation. Consequently, the quality of the social services has not improved or has even decreased. It followed from our research that street-level bureaucrats were either reluctant or helpless when confronted with the requirement to transform or at least significantly modify their everyday practices and approaches towards the clients. As the most resistant element we have revealed conceptions of the client, i.e. shared understanding of clients by street-level bureaucrats. Our findings suggest that street-level bureaucrats should have been involved much more actively and straightforwardly in the discussions over and the planning of the NQS implementation process in their facilities; otherwise they would feel alienated from it and would tend to either circumvent the new requirements or comply with them only selectively and without inner acceptance. Sociológia 2011, Vol. 43 (No. 3: 219-241)

Memory of the Holocaust as an Imperative: Places of Remembrance — Auschwitz and the Monument of the Heroes of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ...

Holocaustgedenken als innerer Imperativ: Zu Gedächtnisorten – Auschwitz und Warschauer Ghetto-Ehrendenkmal – im Nachkriegswerk (1949) Stephan Hermlins

Author(s): Małgorzata Dubrowska / Language(s): German / Issue: 05/2014

Keywords: Stephan Hermlin; GDR-Literature; Holocaust

In the literature of the GDR, where the problem of the II World War was a central topic, texts that were related to the annihilation of the European Jews were almost nonexistent. The reasons of this void were political matters: The political leaders of the GDR created so called “anti-fascist creator myth” of a new country and claimed themselves as “the heroes of the history”; additionally they declared aggressive anti-Israeli politics. The works of Stephan Hermlin, written in 1949, in the same year as the creation of the GDR, are a few of the examples that faced the Holocaust in the literature generated in the East Germany. The main starting points in the author’s writings were the places of the remembrance that he visited in 1949: Auschwitz and the Monument of the Heroes of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; in his writings the memory of the murdered victims becomes a value of a superior significance.

A GRAMMAR FOR THE CODE. OUTLINE OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE ITALIAN CRITICISM.

POUR UNE GRAMMAIRE A L’INDICATIF. PRESENTATION DE LA GRAMMAIRE CRITIQUE DE L’ITALIEN.

Author(s): Jacqueline Brunet / Language(s): French / Issue: 3/2009

Keywords: imperative; indicative; Italian; grammar rules.

This article has as main purpose the introduction of the book entitled Grammaire critique de l’italien – 16eme volume (Le verbe. 4. Modes et temps) that has been published recently. The first part of the article will name the theoretical and methodological principles that have guided the elaboration of the present book. The perspective that has been chosen is both critical and descriptive: critical - because it wishes to show that the formulation grammar “rules” as the ones that can be found in normative grammars is most of the time too rigid, if not arbitrary, and visibly contradictory from one grammar to another, and descriptive – because it analyses expressions encountered in contemporary productions such as literature, media, critics etc.). The analysis of these expressions has made possible the discovery of constants, preferences, and regularities. Thus, the solution was to confront norms and usage and to express a preference for a grammar of the indicative instead of a grammar of the imperative (“dites…, ne dites pas… “). Some indications can be formulated regarding students’ implication in the fulfilling of this task which has been done together with them during grammar courses: they have actively participated to collect examples and to analyse them and they have had enthusiastic initiatives very often such as addressing contemporary authors who explained matters of interest for the students.

Non-Compliance of the Decisions of the Shareholders’ General Meeting of the Company with the Imperative Provisions of the Law and Incorporation Docum

Bendrovės visuotinio akcininkų susirinkimo sprendimų prieštaravimas imperatyvioms įstatymų normoms ir steigimo dokumentams

Author(s): Margarita Banytė,Virginijus Bitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2013

Keywords: general meeting of shareholders; nullity of resolutions; disputing of resolutions; grounds for nullity; non-compliance with imperative norms; non-compliance with incorporation documents

The object of this research is the institute of invalidation of decisions of the shareholders’ general meeting of the company. Challenge of decisions of the general meeting because of their non-compliance with the imperative statutory norms and incorporation documents is perhaps the basis that is the most frequently relied on for the nullity of decisions of the shareholders’ general meeting. Thus, it is important to correctly interpret and apply these grounds for nullity. The said issues have not attained proper focus of the Lithuanian legal theorists and no detailed analysis has been carried out in Lithuania in this field. This article firstly provides a legal analysis of those grounds. The purpose of the research is to present a detailed analysis of interpretation and application in the Lithuanian case-law of the two grounds for invalidating decisions of the shareholders’ general meeting of the company: non-compliance with the imperative statutory norms and incorporation documents. Various scientific methods have been applied: linguistic, document (source content), logical, systematic, comparative, historical, critical analysis, etc. A study revealed that the decision of the shareholders’ general meeting of the company may be declared null and void, not only when its content is contrary to the imperative statutory norms, but also when the procedure for the adoption of the decision fails to meet the requirements of the said norms. In addition, the unlawfulness of the decision’s content may be determined on the basis of violation of procedural legal norms established in the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Companies. A decision of the shareholders’ general meeting might also be declared null and void, if it violates the procedure for convening and conducting the general meeting and decision-making, as established in the company’s incorporation documents. Among other things, unlawfulness of the decision of a general meeting may be determined by reason of its failure to comply with the goals of the company’s activity established in its incorporating documents. This contradiction is usually associated with obvious economic uselessness of the transaction concluded or to be concluded on the basis of a specific decision.

Conservative and Revolutionary Readings of the Categorical Imperative: The Logic of Desire and the Logic of Drive in Kant’s Practical Philosophy

Konzervativno i revolucionarno u kategoričkom imperativu: Logika želje i logika nagona u Kantovoj praktičkoj filozofiji

Author(s): Ivan Selimbegović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2011

Keywords: categorical imperative; law; exception; universalised crime; desire; drive; subject

This paper will confront two possible conceptions of Imamanuel Kant’s practical philosophy based on two differentpossible understandings of categorical imperative. The first conception sees the categorical imperative as prescribing a form for the maxime under which a subject is to act if his actions are to be taken as moral. This conception is shown to be conservative as it preserves the existing moral norms of a society.This way of functioning of categorical imperative is shown to be homologuous to the logic of desiare as described by the french psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and as incapable of providing a basis for ascribing responsibility to a subject for his acts. Another conception will be offered as an alternative: on that conception the categorical imeprative prescribes a manner of willing any maxime which is shown to be analoguous to the logic of the death drive. It’s ethical and revolutionary character are elucidated towards the end of the paper.

Non-Compliance of the Decisions of the Shareholders’ General Meeting of the Company with the Imperative Provisions of the Law and Incorporation Docume

Bendrovės visuotinio akcininkų susirinkimo sprendimų prieštaravimas imperatyvioms įstatymų normoms ir steigimo dokumentams

Author(s): Margarita Banytė,Virginijus Bitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2013

Keywords: general meeting of shareholders; nullity of resolutions; disputing of resolutions; grounds for nullity; onon-compliance with imperative norms; onon-compliance with incorporation documents

Lietuvos, kaip ir kitų Europos valstybių, teisės aktai numato bendrovės visuotinio akcininkų susirinkimo sprendimų teisėtumo užtikrinimo priemonę – tokių sprendimų pripažinimo negaliojančiais institutą. Civiliniame kodekse išvardijami teisiniai šio instituto taikymo pagrindai. Kita vertus, visuotinio akcininkų susirinkimo sprendimų pripažinimo negaliojančiais pagrindų sistemos skirtingose valstybėse skiriasi. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama pateikti bendrą įstatymo numatytų bendrovės visuotinio akcininkų susirinkimo sprendimų pripažinimo negaliojančiais pagrindų Lietuvos teisėje apžvalgą, minėtų pagrindų sistemą lyginant su užsienio valstybių teisiniu reglamentavimu.

Foreign Direct Investment As An Imperative For Improving The Competitiveness Of Serbian Economy In The Post-Crisis Period

Стране директне инвестиције као императив унапређења конкурентности српске привреде у посткризном периоду

Author(s): Marija Petrović-Ranđelović,Snežana Radukić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 02/2014

Keywords: foreign direct investment; level of competitiveness; global economic crisis; European Union; Republic of Serbia

The issue of competitiveness is becoming increasingly important in times of global crisis. The global financial and economic crisis has set a challenge for the governments of all countries to undertake activities aimed at improving international competitiveness. Bearing in mind that foreign direct investment served as a growth engine of Serbian economy and one of the key sources (in addition to foreign loans) of financing the deficit in the current account balance in the period before the crisis, the analysis of the dynamics of movement of the inflows of foreign direct investment requires special attention since, in the new post-crisis growth and development model, a significant role is given to foreign direct investment in speeding the pace of economic growth and improving the competitiveness of Serbian exports. The aim of this paper is to highlight the interdependence of foreign direct investment and the level of competitiveness in order to identify all of the key factors that incentivize foreign direct investment, thus enabling the realization of competitive advantages of Serbian economy.

Imperative, irony and smuggling of the pie in the sky. Somenotes on the poem Do Jeruszalaim by Jerzy Ficowski

Imperatyw, ironia i przemyt wierzbowych gruszek. Notatki o wierszu Do Jeruszalaim Jerzego Ficowskiego

Author(s): Paulina Czwordon-Lis / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 16/2009

Keywords: Jerzy Ficowski; Shoah; memory; poetry

The poem Do Jeruszalaim combines different original poetical solutions applied in the collection of poems Odczytanie popiołów and remembering the experience of Shoah. The language of the poem becomes a tool employed in a “smuggling” of unsaved Jews, being done “belatedly”, into the world of the living. Complicated, unspectacular by design, constructional operations are finely tuned with the semantics of the escape (flight) and are to lay a false trail, to rescue a human being in the intricacies of the poem, somewhere between the sheer physics of the escape and the possibilities offered by words. A particularly interesting place is given to the phraseological units used in the poems such as “a handful of pies in the sky” that simultaneously recall futility of the action but somehow suggest a “smuggling” the act of life-giving activity. The activities carried out in the language of the poem function in a ceaseless (and self-augmenting) strain between the two contradictions. They are: the imperative of memory, impractical (and unfeasible) act of saving human “after-being” and the protest against the abyssmal nothingness of Shoah on the one hand, and irony of the futility of these “vindications from non-existence” as being only verbal, on the other.

The Categorical Imperative as Cornerstone for Human Dignity and Form of Revelation of God in the Work of Immanuel Kant and Karol Wojtyla

Der Kategorische Imperativ als Grundstein der Menschenwürde und Form der Offenbarung Gottes ... bei Immanuel Kant und Karol Wojtyla

Author(s): Zbigniew Waleszczuk / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2013

Keywords: Karol Wojtyła; a person; freedom; God; duty; the categorical imperative; Immanuel Kant

The aim of this analysis is to show the categorical imperative as the cornerstone of human dignity and form of revelation of God in the work of Immanuel Kant and Karol Wojtyla. The suspicious and distant attitude of Christian philosophers, as well as the Catholic Church compared to Kant has a long history. To this day there are only a few researches that analyse from this point of view (Kantian influences) the philosophical thinking of Karol Wojtyla. Though Kant identified the question of God as the cardinal question of our abstract rationality, he believed in God and future life, even in his lifetime he was underestimated, misunderstood and treated with hostility. The experience of duty is”ratio conoscendi” of freedom in Kant and Wojtyla. For the two thinkers the question of freedom is the basic category of there philosophies. Through which authority moral law challenges the human being? Kant and Wojtyla, both philosophers comprehend the highest authority as divine power which formulated the moral law before man. The “holy lawmaker” – God – reveals himself in the human act.

Imperative to pray for the homeland and its rulers in the liturgical euchology of selected Eastern Churches

Imperatyw modlitwy za ojczyznę i rządzących w liturgicznej euchologii wybranych Kościołów wschodnich

Author(s): Mateusz Rafał Potoczny / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: homeland; patriotism; prayer for rulers; liturgy; Eastern Churches;

The liturgical prayer of the Church should include all the areas of human life. One cannot restrict it only to spiritual dimensions but it should also contain different social factors. The problematics of this paper deals with one of those factors: the prayer for homeland and for those who govern it. The analysis begins with the presentation of terminology and of its devaluation. After that some fragments of the liturgical prayer of two eastern traditions (Byzantine and East Syriac) have been presented. The texts show unambiguously that prayers for homeland, nation, rulers and army are a real imperative based on the apostolic teaching: we have to pray for those realities “that we may live peaceful and quiet lives” (cf. 1 Tim 2,1-3).

WRITING IMPERATIVE AND MYTHOLOGICAL AUTOFICTION IN MAUDE VEILLEUX’S PRAGUE AND MARIÈVE MARÉCHALE’S LA MINOTAURE

L’ÉCRITURE COMME IMPÉRATIF ET AUTOFICTION MYTHOLOGIQUE DANS PRAGUE DE MAUDE VEILLEUX ET LA MINOTAURE DE MARIÈVE MARÉCHALE

Author(s): Loic Bourdeau / Language(s): French / Issue: 26/2019

Keywords: autofiction; littérature québécoise; mythologie; écriture; queer

Cet article analyse deux romans d’autofiction québécois, Prague de Maude Veilleux et La Minotaure de Mariève Maréchale, afin de mettre en avant les questionnements sur l’organisation sociétale des identités (genre, sexualité, origines, etc.), mais surtout la mise en récit de l’impératif d’écrire. Dans les deux cas, la mythologie et les références intertextuelles soulignent une relation étroite entre écrire, vivre et mourir. Qu’il s’agisse du style durassien de Veilleux, de la figure mythologique de la sirène, du mythe du Minotaure de Maréchale, ou de la fragmentation, nous avons affaire à des stratégies narratives qui viennent façonner et élargir le réel.

Committee of the distinguished natives of Panagyurishte and Panagyurishte area: “The Marin Drinov monument – first and imperative task”

Комитетът „Бележити панагюрци и панагюрско“: „Паметникът на Марин Дринов – първа и повелителна задача“

Author(s): Irina Boteva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2019

Keywords: Panagyurishte; Marin Drinov; Committee of the Distinguished natives of Panagyurishte and Panagyurishte area; monuments;

In 1933, the natives of Panagyurishte living in Sofia established the Committee of the Distinguished natives of Panagyurishte and Panagyurishte area, whose purpose was to study and promote the past of the land of their birth. The activities with which they were going to accomplish their goals were: publishing biographies and works of prominent natives of Panagyurishte, erection of monuments in memory of personalities and events from Panagyurishte and the region, publishing a history of the Panagyurishte region. On the basis of the Committee minute-book, this Scientific Communication examines the activity of paying tribute and recognition to one of the significant figures not only of Panagyurishte but also of Bulgaria – Prof. Marin Drinov.

Teaching Translation as a Supporting Tool in Dutch Grammar Instruction as Seen on the Example of Imperative

Tłumaczenie dydaktyczne jako narzędzie wspomagające w nauczaniu gramatyki niderlandzkiej na przykładzie imperatywu

Author(s): Anna Majewska-Wójcik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2020

Keywords: didactic translation; imperative; Dutch

The aim of the article is to show the benefits of didactic translation as supporting the didactic process in introducing and revising imperative forms in Polish and Dutch, which are formally quite simple, but troublesome due to pragmatic and cultural differences. The didactic translation of commands is to make students aware of the incompatibility of the structure in L1 and L2, pay attention to the command and its functions in both languages, and recognize the politeness of the Dutch language, which "does not like" imperative and replaces these forms with softer structures, including conjunction, conditional mood or structure with the verb willen. Purposeful didactic translation develops students’ mediation skills, helps protect against breaking the politeness code in L2, and equips them with translation tools before specialized translation classes.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEANS FOR THE SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION OF ADDRESSEE IN RUSSIAN IMPERATIVE STATEMENTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ И ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ КАТЕГОРИЗАЦИИ АДРЕСАТА В ПОБУДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЯХ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Author(s): Natalya Кonstantinovna Guseva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: social deixis; Russian imperative statements; means of social categorization; language categories; imperative verb;

The issue of the social categorization of the addressee in imperative statements is a constituent question of the larger problem of communicative imperative strategies and tactics in different linguistic cultures. The subject of the research is the means of social deixis in Russian imperative statements. Imperative forms of Russian verbs can reveal relative or absolute social status of the addressee due to their strongly marked conative and phatic functions. This refers to informal and formal address pronouns – or so-called “T and V forms of address”. The capacity of a verb to indicate the social status of the addressee, the psychological or social distance between the speaker and the hearer makes it one of the grammaticalized means of social deixis. Impersonal verbal form can also be an instrument of the socialcategorization of the addressee because of its primary perlocutive effect and its traditional use in the situations that presuppose a strict hierarchy and therefore social and psychological distance between the addresser and the addressee.Apart from the said grammatical means, the Russian imperative statements may contain lexical means of social deixis.Both grammar and lexical means can be combined in the statements, and their use can be marked or unmarked. The article proposes a new organization of the social deixis category in the verbal imperative statements of the Russian language on the basis on the integrative communicative approach. This enables to use the research materials and results in the preparation of theoretical and practical courses on communicative grammar of Russian as a foreign language. The ethno-specificity of the issue determines the practical significance of the study: some linguistic categories show a greater connection between cultural values, social hierarchy in society, and their conceptualization in language than others,and the ability to use them correctly underlies the communicative competence of an individual.

Imperative nostalgia: Russian science fiction novels about moving to the 1970s USSR

Императивная ностальгия: российские фантастические романы о перемещении в СССР 1970-х годов

Author(s): Elena Kozmina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: nostalgia; late socialism; time-travel; science fiction; fantastic historical novel; myths about the USSR

Samuel Fulli-Lemaire, Private International Family Law Tested by the Imperative of Recognition of Situations

Samuel Fulli-Lemaire. Le droit international privé de la famille à lʼépreuve de lʼimpératif de reconnaissance des situations

Author(s): Călina Jugastru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: review; Family Law; Private International Law; Samuel Fulli-Lemaire;

Review of: Samuel Fulli-Lemaire, le droit international privé de la famille à lʼépreuve de lʼimpératif de reconnaissance des situations, tome 620, librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, collection: thèses, paris, 2022, 432 pag

The imperative of “Predania” in some iconographic representations of Saint John the Evangelist with his disciple, Prochorus

Imperativele Predaniei în câteva reprezentări iconografice ale Sfântului evanghelist Ioan cu ucenicul său, Prohor

Author(s): Laura Lazăr Zăvăleanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: predania; transmission; continuity; divine revelation; master-disciple relationship; teaching; Saint John the Evangelist; Prochorus; disciple of Saint John the Theologian;

The Judeo-Christian culture is par excellence a logocentric culture, derived from the Word of the Creator and from the founding narrative, which, being fundamental elements for shaping this culture, is however transmitted in writing. From the Tablets of the Law, where the Decalogue is written by the finger of God himself, to the Pentateuch dictated to Moses (the Torah), or the Gospels instilled into the four apostles under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, an entire sacred history unfolds under the sign of revelation and, implicitly, of the imperative to transmit the revealed truths, i.e. the “predanie”.Starting from this observation, our study aims to focus on, and analyse, some of the symbols that are recurrently exploited to suggest the idea of revelation received and transmitted instantaneously, starting from the representation of St. John the Evangelist dictating the Gospel (or The Book of the Revelation or the Apocalypse) to his disciple Prochorus.

Nullity of the public procurement contract. Termination as a result of the breach by the Contracting Authority of the mandatory rules of general interest

Nulitatea contractului de achiziție publică. Rezilierea, ca efect al încălcării de către Autoritatea Contractantă a normelor imperative de interes general

Author(s): Mihai Dogaru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 8/2022

Keywords: public procurement contract; nullity; termination; mandatory rules; Directive 2007/66/EC; public procurement legal report;

The analysis of the legal regime of the nullity of the civil legal act has as its starting point - in the overwhelming majority of cases - the principles of putting the parties back in the previous situation, to abolish the effects of the subsequent act, in the context in which the act, legally affected by nullity cannot produce legal effects. These rules tend to change in the public procurement legislation, in the situations where the violation of the imperative norms of the law is no longer likely to cancel the effects of the legal act. The decisions {verdicts} of the judges who decide the cases of the nullity of the public procurement contract can play a decisive role in regards to the modification – both of the effects of the contract and of the Will of the parties, which was the basis for the conclusion of the legal relationship.