Keywords: goals; norms; rules; communication; military
In essence, the goal of effective communication lies in resolving the problem: sending a message to be understood quickly and accurately, respecting the meaning and significance given by the sender. Given the diversity of information carriers and recipients’ it is obvious that solving this dilemma is difficult.
More...Keywords: physical distribution; consumer; producer; international marketing
Worldwide, there are numerous definitions of physical distribution. The repeated attempts to define the physical distribution have been marked by the various managerial and systemic approaches. Distribution could be conceptually approached from a national or, if necessary,i from an international manner. International distribution is considered as an important component of international marketing activity, closely related to other elements, which influence it and which are conditioned by them. International distribution includes all activities and relations which are established between the partners on the different markets for making goods available to consumers or foreign users. Distribution is considered a fundamental component of the marketing process, providing the connection between manufacturer, distributor and consumer.
More...Keywords: stimuli; stress; anxiety; behavior; psychological assistance
Psychological assistance has had a history of being removed from the religious one, assimilated either to the priest, the doctor, or the psychiatrist. Still, it creates its own status and role in military psychology, relatively recently, the need to maintain a high moral potential of efficiency in direct proportion to the risk factors to which they are subject to Romanian soldiers and army as a whole, but as any science on top of the road is still enough questions that must be held accountable in order to solve the complex problems of the military environment specific at the individual, group or organization, on all levels of vocational training, from entry into the Organization for the maintenance of professional military, throughout his career, through professional advice and especially for participation in missions in the territory and beyond.
More...Keywords: solecyzm; palindrom; lingwistyka; komunikacja
The aim of the article is to search for fairly peculiar and sophisticated forms of solecisms bordering between literature and absurdity, where the Beginning is the End is the Beginning – in palindromic constructions. Palindromes as expressions of the linguistic image of the world and the virtually unlimited possibilities to create them lead to interesting descriptions and verification of conventionalised rules of the world perception and categorisation. The humorous aspect, rooted in both palindromes and solecisms, offers the double chance to escape from the orderly world with all its generally accepted regulations and the rigour of logical thinking and to set off on the journey into the land of creative and original language games, which awaken the dormant layers of imagination, force to undertake an intellectual effort, and lead to a different way of perceiving and organising the surrounding world. The most significant types of palindromes, the nature of solecisms and the most frequent types of solecistic deformations will be presented and discussed in the article.
More...Keywords: People`s Liberation Army; Strategy; Civil-Military Management
The People`s Liberation Army generated a series of emphasis artifices, over time, the majority being circumscribed to the military acquisition program, compliant to the latest tendencies in the Revolution in Military Affairs. The article departs its analysis (although not totally) from these aspects and from the attempts to realize an analytical determination, personal and scrupulous, of the People`s Liberation Army as a bureaucratic organism, regarding its strategic aspects, and, also, the spheres of interference between the civil and the military elements.
More...Keywords: military confrontation; technology; military phenomenon; physiognomy of the military operations
Future military confrontation has represented a concern of the military specialists, from the occurrence of war to the present. In this context, in an era of a high developed technology and of an extremely dynamic evolution of the society and implicitly of the military phenomenon, I have considered necessary a short approach to this issue starting with present military operation, possible future military confrontations and ending with the physiognomy of the future military operations.
More...Keywords: historical source; military tradition; intendance branch; military evolution; decisive role
The article is dedicated to the commemoration of 160 years since the introduction of intendence as a distinct armed force service in the Romanian Army.The article shows the sources that prove and document the appearance of intendance branch, as well as testimonies of those whose historical acts led to the foundation of this branch.
More...Keywords: Romanian army; first half of the 20th century; military clergy
Priests were present in the Romanian army for centuries. The first official regulation regarding the activity of priests in the Romanian army dates back to 1870, when the "Regulations for the Military Priests" were issued. After World War I the activity of military priests was grounded on modern criteria and the Military Bishopric was founded. The activity of the military clergy was regulated by the "Law regarding the Organization of Military Clergy" of 1921 and the "Law on the Organization of Military Clergy" of 1937. The laws not only stipulated the duties of the military clergy in the Romanian army, but also set a wide frame for ecumenical manifestation of all creeds. Archive's documents point to the fact that active cooperation existed between the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Cults, in order to assign the military priests to units, garrisons or armies, and to fulfill the equirements for religious service of all cults existing in Romania. The activity of military priests seems to be in benefit for all creeds both in times of peace and particularly in crisis situations. In spite of this, the Inspectorate of Military Clergy was dissolved in 1948. Since 1994, action has been taked to restore the institution of military priests in the Romanian army.
More...Keywords: biblioteci specializate;biblioteci militare;colecții biblioteci militare;literatură militară;completarea colecțiilor;informații clasificate
Bibliotecile militare fac parte din categoria bibliotecilor specializate a sistemului național de biblioteci, având un rol cultural strategic în sistemul informațional și educativ militar. Funcționând în baza unor instrucțiuni specifice, ele aplică prevederile Legii bibliotecilor și celorlalte acte normative cât și normele specifice mediului militar privind protecția informațiilor clasificate.Particularități ale activității bibliotecilor militare sunt, în principal, în legătură cu organizarea și cadrul activității lor, accesul la colecții, gestionarea și prelucrarea literaturii militare – o categorie de documente cu evidență individuală specifică și proceduri restrictive de consultare.Ansamblul operațiilor materiale și intelectuale aplicate patrimoniului deținut de bibliotecile militare facilitează accesul utilizatorilor la colecții, în scop de informare, cercetare, educație și recreere.
More...Keywords: The Romanian Revolution from December 1989; Brașov; Army; Securitate; repression;
Although the Romanian revolution from December 1989 is one of the main subjects approached in the post-communist Romanian historiography, there are few studies that analyze the conduct of the revolution in certain town, others than Timișoara and Bucharest. The aim of this article is to fill this void by reenacting and analyzing the ongoing of the Romanian revolution in Brașov in the basis of unpublished archive sources: the documents created by the Military Persecutor’s Office as a result of the hearings of participants at the events from December 1989 in Brașov. The study highlights the measures taken by the authorities against the revolutionists, which contradicts the official version that the Securitate wasn’t involved in the repression of eventual protests, and also of courageous actions of the people from Brașov against the local communist authorities and in favor of the revolutionists from Timișoara.
More...Keywords: Romanian Principalities; Russian occupation; 1848 Revolution; armed insurrection;
Historiography has traditionally described the revolutions of 1848 in the Romanian Lands especially as reflecting the programmes shaped by Transylvanian, Wallachian and Moldavian revolutionaries. The military component of the Romanians’ revolutions was thus neglected. In Moldavia, the first Romanian revolution started on 27 March 1848 was followed by exemplary arrests enforced by local repression troops. As Moldavia also suffered Russia’s first invasion (June 1848) and longest occupation (July 1848 – October 1850), inner opposition was apparently impossible, so historiography focused on the outstanding Moldavian emigration. Our study brings unknown testimonies from the Military-Historical Archive in Moscow that prove the Romanian armed resistance on Moldavian soil. Russian military documents reveal the organization of the Polish South Legion, while Austrian consular reports present the planned Romanian armed insurrection in Moldavia (June–September 1848). The Tsarist sources denounced: the fight for independence and national unity of the Moldavians; their armed efforts aimed at removing the Russians; arms trafficking in Moldavia; armed forces of mountain inhabitants and hunters concentrated in the Curvature Carpathians; the training camp in Grozeşti (Oituz); the guerrilla fighters in the Ploşniţa mountain beating off the Cossacks. In April–September 1848, highpoint of the Romanian-Polish military collaboration was the South Legion of the Polish Republic, sustained by Romanian logistics and manpower, with operational basis in Grozeşti and military deployment in southern Moldavia and north-eastern Wallachia. By autumn 1848, the armed resistance of the Romanians and Poles was scattered and destroyed by the Tsarist troops of the 5th army corps, led by general Alexander Nikolaevich Lüders. Minutely described by the Russian campaign diary, the military occupation of the Romanian Principalities lasted until autumn 1850.
More...Keywords: Roman Army; civilians; slaves; lixae; calones;
Although the Roman army is often described as a rigid structure, following strict discipline and organization, the literary sources mention different sorts of civilians, who interfere with the military life, especially lixae and calones, oftentimes mentioned together. Regarding the first group (lixae), this study strives to understand their function in relation to the army. Generally, lixae were an etherogeneous group, gathering all sorts of people, but chiefly merchants following the army in search for profit. The epigraphic evidence presents lixae as being attached to different Roman units and therefore it is necessary to determine their status in relation to the soldiers and whether they could be placed among army’s status in relation to the soldiers and whether they could be placed among army’s ranks. Another issue is represented by their social status, as both the primary sources and the related scholarship presents them as free men or servants. Regarding the second group, calones, their status is undoubtedly of servile nature. Mentioned especially in relation to the baggage train, their function seems a little more complex and varied, as they freed the soldier of many of his daily duties. Excepting their logistical function, analyzing the testimonies regarding calones will also reveal a military role: in exceptional cases, they were used by the Roman commanders as the last reserve of the army or as maneuver troops. The size of the group is also marked by incertitude, but the most convenient figure seems to be a ratio of one calo for every four soldiers.
More...Keywords: Alexandru Guran;Austrian Army;Romanian General;
More...Keywords: First World War; Romanian army;
During the 188 years of its existence (the first mod ern Romanian Army regiments were established in 1828 by Pavel Kiselev), the Romanian Army had a series of wars – 1877–1878, 1912–1913, 1916–1919, 1941–1945 – Romanian soldiers distin guished by bravery and great sacrifices of blood, the feats being presented thoroughly in numerous studies, war memories, vari ous literary works. On the other hand – less by military historians and more by the civilian ones – it has been revealed that in all cases, although expected to war and military confrontation, the Romanian army was precarious in its preparation, equipment and fighting, Romanian soldiers were recovering during hostili ties and equipping by the courtesy of allies or on behalf of the enemy. Another feature, also highlighted extensively, is that among the NCOs and officers the most supreme sacrifices were offered by reservists and less by career officers, in most cases they have shunned by implicit and explicit presence on the battlefield, acting more behind it and at long distance of battles. For these reasons many writers (former retired officers) and civilian histo rians have criticized the behavior of the officer corps and staffs who often treated with indifference and superficiality the situa tions imposed by the preparation for battle or war. Here we do not intend to resume what has already been said, but to do an X ray on military concepts of the Romanian Army man agement and officer corps during wartime, especially in the First World War, with some conclusions about the current state of the Romanian Army, which is in a tense political military interna tional situation.
More...Keywords: Romanian Army during the Communist Regime; Higher Political Directorate of the Army; Nicolae Ceaușescu; political propaganda among soldiers; Red Army in Romania; Soviet advisers;
The former minister of national defence during the communist regime, Ion Coman, recalls the beginning of his activity in the army and Nicolae Ceaușescu's role in soldiers' political education in the years 1950-1960. Tense moments of Romanian-Soviet relations are evoked, details about the activity of Soviet advisers and measures that led to the "de-russification" of the Romanian Army are also presented.
More...Keywords: occupational safety and health; accident at work; occupational diseases; occupational hazards; authorized institutions;
Occupational safety and health is one of the most important areas of interest in contemporary society, a concept that has undergone an impressive evolution at national level, especially as accidents at work and occupational diseases are increasingly present in modern society, generating real human and economic problems. Creating more jobs, improving the conditions in which employees work, but, especially, maintaining their health are the main objectives of social policy today. A safe and healthy work environment is an essential element of the quality of work. In this article we aimed to highlight some common aspects of occupational safety and health and the national legal framework in the civilian and military environment, but also the specifics due to the military organization. As the level of education of the population increases, so do the requirements related to ensuring the quality of work, life, safety and health at work. In this respect, one can see the impressive progress that occupational protection has made, starting from the interest of preventing and minimizing work-related accidents and reaching the development of national strategies in the field of occupational safety and health.
More...Keywords: resource planning; human resources management; modernization of military education;
The overwhelming evolution of technology in recent decades, whether in the electronic or technical field, as well as the global security challenges have intensified the development of defense systems and implicitly the necessary resources. In this sense, a very important argument, of the significant progress, of the human resources management within the Romanian Military is the successful support of the military actions together with the members of the coalition. This article will highlight the role, objectives and particularities of human resources management in the Romanian Military, but also the need for continuous modernization of this field, in the context of staged integration into NATO and changes in the security environment.
More...Keywords: reverse logistics; waste disposal; transport costs; recycling; recovery;
Reverse logistics includes all activities related to logistics and use for recycling, substitution or reuse of materials, final disposal. The main purpose of reverse logistics is: waste collection and separation, transportation, storage and remanufacturing or reuse. Reverse logistics is closely related to the waste left over from production and returned products. Another problem with reverse logistics is costs. At the end of the scientific communication related to reverse logistics we present „Electrical and Electronic Waste Collection System in Finland”.
More...Keywords: Religious assistance; Romanian army; the turn of the millennium;
Dans cet article l'auteur souligné Ia necessite d'adaptation d'un projet législatif qui conduire â le rétablissement, après 1989, du clergé militaire. La future Joi doit être inspirer des Lois du clergé militaire de 1870 et 1924, la dernière mettant â la disposition tant la reconnaissance de toute Ies confessions d'Ia Grande Roumanie, que le cadru de manifestation dans toute Ies unités militaires.
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