Turkish sources, as is well-known, have primary importance for the.study. of thehistory of the Balkan peoples from the end of the XVth to the middle of the XIXth century. They are almost the only source of information ori internal organisation and the life of the Yugoslav peoples under the Turkish rule. So far, the existing Turksh, sources have been little used, to throw light on the past of south-western Bosnia and the parts of Dalmatia, Lika and Krbava -the area of the former Sanjak of Klis, i. e. much less than has been the case with other regions of Bosnia. Sources for the Sanjak of Klis are very substantial; these are mostly the so-called defters, both detailed and general, from the XVIth and the beginning of the XVIIth century.
More...Keywords: The Ottoman State; Balkans; timar system; Derdest registers; Vılçıtrın
Derdest registers form one of the notebook series which bear important information about the Ottoman timar system (manorialism). In these notebooks, types of dirlik (fief), places that made up dirlik income, and their incomes, names of the owners of dirlik, their professions/characteristic, the number of the share they held, dates of charter, and even photographic appearances (pictures) according to the conditions of the period were placed. This group of notebook contains precious information concerning the regions, especially Balkan geography, in which the timar system was practiced. In this article, the importance and source value of Derdest registers in the sample of Vılçıtrın notebook, numbered 489, has been evaluated. Thus, this study aims to reveal the importance of a source group which has scarcely been analyzed and in a way to contribute to the Ottoman period Balkan studies.
More...Keywords: Bosna i Hercegovina; mostarski okrug; obrazovanje; opismenjavanje; školstvo; školski sistem
The issue of the position of school institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina during Austro-Hungarian rule has grasped attention mainly of earlier historians. Lately, there has been a need for scientific papers which would treat the aforementioned problems from a new aspect. Having in mind current scientific achievements and relevant archive material, this paper is an attempt to analyze the educational-pedagogical work in school institutions as well as to sumarize all relations in the school system of Bosnia and Herzegovina during Austro-Hungarian rule.
More...Keywords: English; Bulgarian; language contact; -ing suffixation; blending
The article examines the influence of English on Bulgarian in the area of word-formation. The first part deals with the possible borrowing of the English suffix -ing, the reinterpretation of the pattern, and the degree to which the process has advanced. A brief comparison with Russian is also made. The second part focuses on some aspects of blending, which in its prototypical forms is a novelty for the Bulgarian language. Special attention is paid to haplological blends and a wider interpretation of the concept of overlap is offered, which allows for discontinuous overlap. The role of lexical borrowing and of translation is also touched upon. While -ing borrowing concerns a specific suffix, the case of blending represents the adoption of an entire means of word-formation. The processes discussed are part of the tendency of internationalization and globalization and are not limited to Bulgarian.
More...Keywords: Hum; the Diocese of Ston; the Hum eparchy, western and eastern rites; Catholicism and Orthodoxy
The area of the Hum land was by the end of the 12th century in the jurisdiction of the Ston Catholic bishop. Beside Latin, Slavic, being dominant in this region, was also used in liturgy. As the diocese was situated at the crossroads of the East and the West, there was a "mixture" of the Western and Eastern rites. At the end of the 12th century, when the Hum land came under the rule of Prince Miroslav Nemanjic, the bishop of Ston was exiled. With the establishment of the Serbian Orthodox Archbishopric in 1219 these areas came under the influence of the Eastern Church. Its founder Rastko (Sava) Nemanjic appointed an episcope in Ston who recognized his jurisdiction and established the Hum episcopate. On the ground, things did not change due to the closeness of languages and church rites. There were no clashes over the church rites. The Bishop of Hum in Ston and Rat, and the Benedictines of the monastery of St. Mary on Mljet coexisted in this area. Due to unstable political situation the Bishop of Hum in the mid-13th century moved the seat of the eparchy to the monastery of St. Peter in Lim. In the mid 80s the appointment of the bishops of Ston was renewed. The Catholic Church recognized the diversity of languages and rites so that Catholic bishop and eastern "Raska" monks and priests, who celebrated the service in the Slavic language and, probably, eastern rites, could coexist again. When Ston and Rat fell under the rule of Dubrovnik, a major change occurred. Dubrovnik wanted to see the residents of Ston and Rat more tied to the Republic and blocked the Ston-Korcula bishop's jurisdiction in Ston and Rat bringing the priests and friars (foreigners?) from Bosnian vicariate, who introduced "Roman" rites and Latin in liturgy. It caused a conflict between Dubrovnik and the Ston-Korcula's bishops, which was resolved by the Holy See. Dubrovnik, in order to win this dispute, took all the credit for Catholicism. They even labeled the residents of Ston and Rat as "schismatics" representing thus to the Holy See the credit of Dubrovnik in their conversion. The same was done by the Franciscans after they were deprived of their congregation in Ston and Rat. Unlike Dubrovnik and the Franciscans, the bishops of Ston and Korcula did not see them as schismatic. Believers in Ston and Rat because of the turbulent political situation and the lack of care of their shepherds were certainly religiously neglected so that such negligence could be characterized as "schismatic" and later as "heretic".
More...Keywords: healing chain; Orthodox Christians; Deunovians; religious imageries; Bulgaria; ekstrasensi;
This article offers an anthropological analysis of a conflict over the use of a set of healing chains’ and other focal objects kept in the Orthodox Christian monastery of Saints Kosmas and Damian in Kuklen, Bulgaria. In a nutshell, the conflict captures the leading religious imageries propagated by the custodians of the monastery on the one hand, and the spiritual leaders of a new religious movement,so-called Deunovians, on the other. The analysis helps situate some of the signifcant changes currently affecting the religious culture of Orthodox Christians in Bulgaria within a broader social and cultural context.
More...Keywords: History; seventeenth century; Brankovići brothers/Brajkovići; Sarajevo; Jerusalem; the Garden of Gethsemane; Madrasah al-Salahiyya;
This paper presents a document dating from 1092/1681: the document confirms the sale and endowment of figs and olives seedlings as well as the other properties on land of Madrasa al-Ṣalāḥiyya in Jerusalem, which was implemented by the means of the so-called al-ḥikr. The brothers from Sarajevo, Pavle, Jakov and Antun, have purchased the this particular property and bequeathed it to the Franciscan monks who live in the monastery al-’Amūd (Monastery of the Holy Saviour) in Jerusalem and to the poor Christians that required alms from the brothers. The curious issue in this case is the prevailing opinion of scholars that the space that is the subject of the sale in this document is space Gethsemane garden, one of the most important Christian holy sites.
More...Keywords: Family of Resulbegović; Montenegro;
Sva pitanja vezana za ovu i slične teme polaze od osnovnog i logičnog: Gdje su počeci? Svaka ozbiljna analiza će prvo poći od razrješavanja etimologije prezimena i pri tome uočiti dva ključna pojma u korijenu samog prezimena: resul i beg. U popisu muslimanskih imena nalazimo na podatke da je Resule, muško ime koje se relativno rijetko javlja i da mu je korijen arapska riječ r_sul1 , što znači vjesnik, glasnik, poslanik, izaslanik. Abdulah Škaljić navodi da je pojam resul skraćenica od arapske riječi resǚlãh što znači božji poslanik, pejkamber „Allah jedan, Resul jedan“.
More...Keywords: Peć; Prizeren; Đakovica; City; analysis; Cultural-historic values;
Working on historical areas in Peć, Prizren, Đakovice, is a very complex urban, architectural, cultural and historical task. It is theintegral part of the city areas where life continues in undiminished pulses, and therefore any access to the revitalization and protection of the old city area, which would not start from the vital problems of modern city as a whole, would be a failure. Numerous components of this urban core are in a seriously bad condition, and that it will largely require a detailed reconstruction, of course, with the maximum effort for keeping its historical authenticity, with modern functions which will logically fit in the macro and micro structure.
More...Keywords: St. Sava; Studenica; Theodore Studite; Greek manuscripts of Middle-Byzantine period; Serbian-Slavonic manuscripts; Chilandar manuscript; Abercius’ manuscript
Around 1207-8 St. Sava wrote the preface to the Typikon of the Studenica Monastery (Studenica Typikon). It comprises the hagiography of the monastery’s founder The Life of St. Simeon (Vita Simeonis), whose closing lessons make up the opening lines of the Typikon. Until now scholars have been unable to trace the origin of these lessons; however, we have found that they were largely replicated from the oration of the Venerable Theodore the Studite (written before 826). The paper offers a comparative analysis of the ending of The Life of St. Simeon (IX H 8 [Š 10]) and Studite’s sentences that were used by St. Sava as his model (Hilandar 387), as well as other copies of this segment in Serbo-Slavonic and Greek manuscripts of the middle Byzantine period.
More...One of the typical and relatively stable features of the everyday life of the Bulgarianimmigrants in the historical and cultural region of Bessarabia are the patronal festivalsand customs held within the frameworks of the village, neighbourhood or familyand referred to as zbor/sabor (збор/събор), hram (храм), kurban (курбан), tsarkva(църква), panagir (панагирь), cherkuvane (черкуване), moleben (молебен) etc. Asfor the designation збор (a fair), it is clear that it precedes the Russian designationхрам (a patron saint’s day) which penetrates the region under study later on andwhich is widely used at present. What stirs up bigger interest is the fact that exceptfor village church festivals this term (as well as some of the other above-mentioned) was also used for intervillage festivals held at the landmark of the territories of two,three or more villages – the so-called fairs at the landmark also known as moleben orcherkuvane for rain and good health.As far as the patron saint’s day is a universal Christian phenomenon and stilla general practice in the villages of the region studied here, it could be assumedthat the gathering itself, the making of zbor (or moleben) at the landmark (at theborder between a group of villages), which is neglected today almost everywhere,is a form typical only of the immigrants (Bulgarians and Gagauzians) in Bessarabia.This practice attracts the attention with respect to its nature and development as partof the all-Bulgarian system of patronal village festivals as well as with relation tothe influences, changes and specifics through which it inevitably goes under theconditions of the many-tounged and polycultural environment of Bessarabia and theRussian Orthodox Christianity.The fieldwork materials collected so far do not allow a coprehensive and thickdescription of the phenomena intriguing us as well as a more elaborate analysis.That’s why the article only poses the problem or rather interpretes it in connectionwith some concepts of the kin and family-territorial patronal festivals and customswhich were formulated a long time ago in the Bulgarian science but which are stillrelevant.
More...Istorija Zemuna i njegove okoline, u vremenu od pada pod osmansku vlast 1521. godine do kraja XVI veka, odnosno do Deugog rata (1593-1606), do sada nije bila predmet iscrpnijeg istrživanja. Izuzetak čini tursko osvajanje grada koje je, u okviru proučavanja istorije Beograda, dobro obrađeno u domaćoj literaturi.1 Jedan kraći rad o Zemunu u XVI i XVII veku verskim i trgovačkim objektima i broju, konfesionalnom sastavu i zanimawu stanovnika, objavila je Olga Zirojević. Njen članak, urađn na osnovu osmanskih katastarskih popisa i savremenih putopisa, kao i odgovarajuće literature, poslužio nam je kao polazna tačka za dalja istraživanja zemunske nahije. Temelj za bavljenje pomenutom temom postavio je Hazim [abanovi}, koji je objavio prve, najstarije popise Zemuna i okolnih sela, iz 1546. i 1566/7. godine.7 Brus Mekgouan je nešto kasnije objavio celokupan popis Sremskog sanxaka iz 1566/7. godine, odnosno popis Zemuna i zemunske nahije.8 Ostali sačuvani popisi ove oblasti, koja je posle 1521. godine došla pod upravu smederevskog sanxakbega9 , a od 1541-1543. godine se nalazila u sastavu novoosnovanog Sremskog sanxaka10, za sada još uvek nisu objavljeni. Potiču iz 1578/911, perioda posle 1588.12 i 1614. godine.
More...Keywords: Pope Francis; Patriarch Irinej; Blessed Aloysius Stepinac, Archbishop; poglavnik (leader) Ante Pavelic; Independent State of Croatia; Croatian Bishops' Conference;
Serbian Patriarch Irinej Gavrilovic addressed Pope Francison April 30, 2014, asking him to reject the canonization of the martyr Blessed Aloysius Stepinac, the Archbishop of Zagreb (a coadjutor from 1934, an ordinary from 1937 to 1960, sede impedita from 1946 - in jail until 1952 and in detention until his death). The Patriarch's cause against canonization:Archbishop Stepinac was "mostly silent" about everything that was happening in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). And, silence is consent. Such a church representative cannot be a Christian model. The author of this paper, based on the evidence published before the Patriarch's letter, has shown that Archbishop Stepinac, during the period of four years of NDH from April 10, 1941 to May 8, 1945, i.e. for 48 months, intervened more than 360 times in personal meetings with Croatian authorities in Zagreb either by mail to some Croatian ministers, or through public sermons, persuasions and lectures. In particular,the author has focused on the contacts between archbishop Stepinac and Ante Pavelic, the head of NDH. He summarized and chronologically presented 21 letters of Stepinac to Pavelic and 11 meetings of Stepinac with Pavelic, with brief comments attached. Pavelic neither returned a single visit nor personally responded to Stepinac's letters. Nevertheless, the Archbishop was persistent and resolute and intervened whenever he considered it necessary to do so, no matter how political authorities felt about his letters, inquiries and requests. Therefore, Archbishop Stepinac was not silent, he was speaking, writing, and mediating as much as he could, regardless of the results of his interventions. At least, it cannot be said that Archbishop Stepinac was "mostly silent" about all that was happening at the time of NDH. When Pavelic saw that everything went wrong and had to flee from Croatia, he invited Archbishop Stepinac and offered him to take control over Croatia. Stepinac rejected the offered political power remaining at his archbishop's position.
More...Aman (mercy, quarter) could be granted to individuals or groups in a variety of occasions and under different conditions. A distinct type of amanname guaranteed mercy and protection to the non-Muslim inhabitants of newlyconquered territories. During the War of the Holy League, between 1693 and 1696, a few monasteries in the region of Srem repeatedly pleaded with the Ottoman authorities for aman. Documents known as amannames are central to understanding the legal status of non-Muslims in the Ottoman territory that had been temporarily held by the enemy during a war. In legal terms, there was no distinction between such territories, and their inhabitants, and those newly-conquered. Aman covered only those portions of the population who had accepted to "submit to Muslims" (ehl-i I . slama mütaba#at), i.e. had accepted the status of zimm2 - s (zimmet k.abul e. düb) thereby officially becoming "subjects", i.e. "re aya" (ra#iyyet k.abul e. düb) of the Ottoman state. Therefore the meaning and use of all terms relevant to understanding the legal status of such populations has been analyzed in the context of the Shari'ah. In order to clarify the ways in which the term aman was used by the Ottomans and to remove some possible uncertainties, the text has pointed to a few of its specific meanings such as the "letter of protection" or a sense almost synonymous to that of a peace treaty. Attention has also been drawn to the little studied use of the term re#~y~ to denote a population's citizenship or allegiance to a state.
More...Keywords: Güzelyurt; Çömlek; Testi; Çini; el sanatları;
Güzelyurt (Gelveri) İlçesi, İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Aksaray İli’ne bağlı şirin ve turistik bir ilçedir. En eski adı (Roma ve Bizans Döneminde) “Karballa” idi. Selçuklular zamanında “Gelveri” olarak değiştirilen ilçenin adı 1965 yılında şimdiki ismi olan Güzelyurt’a çevrilmiş ve 1989 yılında Aksaray’ın il oluşu ile birlikte ilçe olmuştur. Yöre ile ilgili akla ilk gelen Güzelyurt’un has toprağıyla yapılan testi ve çömlekleridir. Çömlek ve testi yapımı sanatında köklü bir geçmişe sahip olan Güzelyurt çanak çömleği kendine özgü motifleriyle ayrı bir tarz oluşturan ürünlerdir. İnsanlığın çömleği nasıl keşfettiğini tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, genellikle kabul gören varsayım, toprağın ateşte kızarıp sertlik kazandığını tesadüfen bulduğu yönündedir. Çömlekçiliğin gelişmesi, göçebe kavimlerin yerleşik hayata geçmesiyle olmuştur. Anadolu’da ilk yapılan çömlekler Neolitik döneme yani yaklaşık MÖ. 7000’li yıllara tarihlenmektedir. İlk yapılan çömlekler sargı-dolama usulü ile elde şekillendiriliyor ve pişirim ise genellikle açık ateşte yapılıyordu. MÖ. 3000 yılında da çömlekçi çarkı bulunmasıyla çark üzerinde şekillendirmeler de başlamış oldu. Çini sözcüğü Türkçe’de genellikle yapıların içinde ve dışında duvar kaplaması olarak kullanılan pişmiş topraktan kare ve çokgen gibi çeşitli biçimlerde yapılan yüzeyi renkli yada desenli olan küçük boyutta levhacıklara verilen addır. Aksaray Güzelyurt ilçesinde çömlekçilik sanatının tarihi çok eski olup bu sanatın yanında son yıllarda Çini sanatı da gelişme göstermektedir. Çini neredeyse insanlık tarihi kadar eski olan seramik sanatının alt koludur ve tamamen ilkel yöntemlerle imal edilir. Tarihi gelişimi içerisinde çok çeşitli tekniklerle çini imal edilmiş olup bugün en yaygın kullanılan sır altı tekniğidir. Desen olarak genellikle bitkisel motiflerin işlendiği Çini sanatı son dönemlerde gözde el sanatlarımızdan olmuştur. Yapılan alan araştırması ile yörede çömlek-testi ve çini sanatının günümüzdeki durumu, kullanılan malzeme, desen ve kompozisyon özellikleri hakkında bilgi edinilmiş ve edinilen bilgilerin paylaşımı amaç edinilmiştir.
More...Keywords: Chicago Exposition; Tersane-i Amire; Ottoman Navy;
International expositions having been started in Europe in the middle of the nineteenth century have shifted to the continent of America from the end of this century. All countries, including Ottoman Empire, have been invited to the expositions held in Chicago for the 400th anniversary of discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Ottoman Empire defined as the sick man of the Europe has spread on effort to be able to be a member of the developing world by presenting a modern Ottoman look in Chicago Exposition. Turkish participators having shown the Ottoman culture and products in Chicago with their mosque, fountain, and hippodrome have been rewarded with forty five medals by Chicago Exposition Commission. Ottoman administrators have exhibited the technological development of the country with the products manufactured in Tersane-i Amire and Telegraph Surveillance Factory in the Chicago Exposition. The fleet which have been locked in the Golden Horn after ascending of Sultan Abdülhamid have been awarded with five medals. These rewards having contrasted with the existing condition of the navy are the result of the success of Tersane-i Amire in fine processing. Despite its success in the fair, the navy having left to corrode and of which culture have been destroyed was not to be able to fulfil the duties given for defending the homeland in the following period and Ottoman Empire was to pay a heavy price for the negligence. In preparation of the subject, Ottoman Archive documents of the Prime Ministry are benefited from as well as Naval Museum Archive documents.
More...Keywords: Moldavia; early modern Iași; walled town; fortified precinct; the Princely Court; aqueduct
The purpose of this paper is carry out a short overview of the elements (documentary, narrative and cartographic) that mention "the walls of Iași", starting from the German stamps at the end of the 17th century and to the verbatim expression "at the wall" appearing in 17th and 18th century property deeds and other type of documents in Iasi, dating back to the same period. These historical data is corroborated to the cartographical and pictorial sources that include information on the ”walls” that might be found within the city of Iași.
More...Keywords: Legend; Balıklıgöl; Egeria; King Abgar;
Anatolia’s rich historical geography led to the emergence of verbal cultural inheritance sustained by different civilizations, communities and faiths. While some of the legends are attributed to the different regions reflecting similar characteristics by successors who adds motifs peculiar to them without distorting the main theme, some of them are created as irrelevant to each other by the communities with various faiths. For the folklorists, the narrator’s and the audience’s perception of reality which is independent from the historical and scientific facts is the main element to separate the legends from the myths. There is no doubt that non-existence of pagan ancient people who would accept all the things real produced by imagination and explain the creation of universe, human-being, plants or animals by relating it with a cause left the perception of reality to the narratives of the successors who have the audiences with different thinking and faith. The personalities and events change although this perception of reality is permanent for the communities of closer period of time when compared to the prehistory. In this paper, Balıklıgöl in the province of Şanlıurfa which can be a sample for the legends of which plots revolve around different persons and events in the same place is introduced. There are accounts related to the city of Şanlıurfa (Edessa) in Egeria’s diary written in letters who went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Lands in the 4th century A.D. from Gaul. The most interesting one among these accounts is the legend about the emergence of Balıklıgöl which revolves around King Abgar.
More...Keywords: Bosniak oral literature; 18th century; Identity; Milman Parry;
Od prvih vijesti i tragova o njezinu postojanju pa nadalje, bošnjačka usmena književnost jasno se raspoznaje u smislu njezina vlastitog književnohistorijskog statusa i identiteta.
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