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Keywords: theology;philosophy;philosophy and metaphilosophy;religious values;dogmatic aeon;epistemological discourse;
Zadarnic căutăm să sporim vârsta reală a misterului poetic, care în ciudaunor îndepărtaţi strămoşi pierduţi între lumea antichităţii eline şi formula luimodernă, abia se împlineşte în Lucian Blaga, în “corola de minuni a lumii”. Înconsecinţă zadarnic încercăm să legitimăm geneza termenului de kritokos în sensulde judecător al tainei paradoxului şi ambiguităţii încă de la mijlocul secolului al IVleaî. Hr., din verbul platonic krinein, cu sensul de a vedea cu claritate şi a distinge.“Din moment ce ai văzut o dată adevărata esenţă a tainei, cum îţi vor mai părea pelângă ea şi aurul şi îmbrăcămintea, şi tinerii frumoşi şi copilandrii!” 1. Zadarnic estemisterul pentru care filosoful îşi cheltuieşte întreaga viaţă, dacă nu toţi oameniitrebuie cu necesitate să-l dorească, dacă partea divină din firea lor nu poate fi pedeplin trezită. “Când ajunge la bine, nimeni nu se mulţumeşte să-i posede doaraparenţa, ci toţi oamenii îi caută realitatea” 2. Căutarea intelectuală a binelui,filosofia, reprezintă modalitatea specific umană a universalei năzuinţe către existenţaesenţială şi incoruptibilă. Cum însă omul este conglomerat de trup şi suflet, tinzândşi către unul şi către celălalt, semnificaţia strădaniei sale, în ceea ce priveşte starea satainică de a fi în lume, este ambiguă. Din acest început îşi face ivirea calea filosofică.Fiindcă filosoful, care-şi simte într-adevăr chemarea, face totul ca să revelezeobiectul dorinţelor sale, după ce-l zăreşte răsărindu-i în faţă 3. Filosofia reprezintăsmulgerea sufletului din lăcaşul lui corporal şi ca atare poate fi descrisă ca onemurire în viaţă. Pe de altă parte ea este înflorirea vieţii însăşi, o sublimare a aceleiputeri divine, lipsită de ambiguitate, care umple inima îndrăgostiţilor cu dorinţăfierbinte şi entuziasm, insuflă curaj invincibil oştirii sacre a tinerilor şi palpită îndiscursul poetului, mişcându-i pe ascultătorii lui până la lacrimi. Filosofia, aceastăultimă invenţie a spiritului omenesc, cea mai tânără dintre arte, este astfel revelatădrept cel mai bătrân şi cel mai nobil dintre zei 4. “Prin înţelepciune a întemeiatDomnul cerurile şi pământul – Domnul m-a făcut cea dintâi dintre lucrările Lui,înaintea celor mai vechi lucrări ale Lui. Eu am fost aşezată din vecinicie, înainte deorice început, înainte de a fi pământul. Am fost născută când încă nu erau adâncuri,nici izvoare încărcate cu apă, nici cea dintâi fărâmă din pulberea lumii. Când aîntocmit Domnul cerurile eu eram de faţă şi când a pus temeliile pământului eu erammeşterul Lui, la lucru lângă El, şi în toate zilele eram desfătarea Lui, jucând perotocolul pământului Său, şi găsindu-mi plăcerea în fii oamenilor”
More...Keywords: CSD Report; Center for the Study of Democracy; CSD; Extortion; racketeering; EU: vulnerability; factor
Extortion racketeering has been long pointed out as the defining activity of organised crime. Although in recent years this crime has not been among the top listed organised crime threats in the strategic EU policy documents, it still remains ever present in European countries. The seriousness of the phenomenon has been recognised at the EU level and the crime has been listed in a number of EU legal acts in the field of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The report Extortion racketeering in the EU: vulnerability factors analyses extortion racketeering forms and practices in six EU member states. The analysis disentangles the risk and the vulnerability factors for enterprises in two business sectors – agriculture and hospitality – as well as in the Chinese communities. Drawing on the results of the analysis, the report suggests new policies for tackling extortion racketeering in the EU. This report has been produced with the joint efforts of the Center for the Study of Democracy, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses y de la Seguridad – Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Transcrime – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano and Vitosha Research and with the support of Guardia Civil in Spain.
More...Keywords: public policy;administration;political system;interdisciplinarity
One of the most developing areas of political science in the 20th century is public policy. The accuracy of this claim lies in the fact that the findings of policy studies break the classic boundaries of political science, because it focuses its attention on social processes (programs, conceptions, strategies) which shape the future of the society. Moreover, public policy is common interest. This comes from the fact that the process of decision-making – similarly to every option which focuses on the future of mankind – is not a value-blind process; people need to take part in those processes which shape their future. Times are changing. The classic definition of public policy is valid – activities and non-activities which are conducted by governmental institutions in order to implement the objectives crystallized on the road to power of the participants –, however, beyond the classical model of political mandating through elections, there is a need for public participation as well: the formulation of signals, criticisms, expectations. Therefore, public policy can be understood as conscious action which is used by a group of actors in problem solving. This situation is challenging not only for those who are participating in it – target groups, policymakers, agenda setters –, but for political science as a whole as well. As a policy analyst once formulated it quite effectively, policy analysis is the practice of theory and the theory of practice (György Gajduschek). The objective of this book is to go through the most important topics of public policy and to organize them in concrete chapters. The administrative and public policy processes are analyzed from political perspective, thus we focus on the development and implementation of programs, the processes of decision-making and evaluation, which are linked to the function of the political system as a whole. In other words, our objective is to follow the process of how governments think and develop their action and program, to analyze their implementation and to unfold the related causalities and consequences. We plan to give a theoretical knowledge-base to the practical configuration and realization of public policies. Although this knowledge is specific, its importance rises from the interdisciplinarity of its tools. The book, its structure, approached topics and discussion-type (depth and theoretical tools), follows the structure of the academic course. From pedagogical point of view the inserted textboxes – concept descriptions, definitions and comments – are equally important, they present important insights on the discussed matter. The glossary – concept definition index – shares the same purpose as well.
More...Keywords: the right-wing groups in the ghetto; press of the Warsaw Ghetto; Ringelblum Archive; Holocaust; history of Jews; World War II
This volume consists of press materials issued probably from 1941 (or 1940) until 1943 by the right-wing circles: Agudat Israel, Betar (revisionists), General Zionists, and the so-called assimilators associated with the group Żagiew. In general their authors distanced themselves from leftist views but each community focused on the problems most important to them. For Agudat Israel, these were religious issues; for Betar – those related to the life and ideology of Vladimir Jabotinsky; for General Zionists – future life in Palestine and the current problems of education and upbringing; for Żagiew – the on-going struggle against the occupier and the post-war life in the restored Poland.
More...Keywords: Russia; foreign policy; empire; messianism; mission
A sense of mission, present in foreign policy is not a Russian "pathology", but a common occurrence in international activity of states. Mission themes which appear in contemporary politics are not connected to religious tradition, but they are a key factor in forming identity, shaping status ambitions and building the sense of state security. The in-depth analysis of contemporary Russian messianism brings a fresh, new look at identity, history and foreign policy of today’s Russia.
More...Keywords: Przeworsk culture;pre-Roman period;Greater Poland;Barbaricum;ferrous metallurgy;warriors' graves;migration of peoples;armaments
In the present volume the reader will find 25 original and mostly innovative statements, all adhering to the highest scientific standards. They share a common theme, which is the changes and transformations of the Przeworsk culture community and its relations with other Central European populations and cultures, commonly known as the Barbaricum. When recommending our joint, pioneering effort, we hope that the content will not only pique our readers’ interest, but will also engender further reflection and study as well as encourage active involvement in deliberations naturally expected in the field of science.
More...Keywords: delexicalisation; empty lexicon; collocation; colligation; collocational resonance; idiom principle; lexical priming theory; ideology; religion; same-sex marriage; homosexuality; corpus linguistics; critical discourse analysis;
Based on my PhD thesis defended in 2014 at Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Romania, "Words, Meanings and Discourses. Religious Ideologial Assumptions in Same-Sex Marriage Parliamentary Debates" aims to capture a balanced perspective on the hierarchical structure of language and, most importantly, to identify and highlight some of the multifarious and subtle processes along which meaning is created. Embacing the hypothesis that meaning is an act of creation, an event rather than an immovable, inherent property of words (Hanks 2000, Sinclair 2004), I have investigated the parliamentary discourses constructed on the Marriage (Same-Sex Couples) Bill enactment in the UK, in 2013. Unlike other relevant linguistic studies that exclusively approach the topic of homosexuality by accounting for the ways in which homosexual identity is discursively structured, the present survey addresses this sensitive matter at several levels. Having as a main purpose to identify and account for the religious ideological assumptions that underlie and are more or less overtly articulated in such discourses, my empirical research relies on a less typical analytical framework, one that combines corpus linguistics (CL) investigation tools with critical discourse analysis (CDA) methods. Hence, while exploring such discourses, I have come to seize subtle social attitudes and behaviours which, are able to point towards a fierce renegotiation of power position between, on the one hand, religion and all the traditional values it stands for and, on the other hand, the new, ever more visible, and vocal identity marker recognized as homosexuality.
More...Keywords: youth education; daily newspapers; Neue Banater Zeitung; Szabad Szó; Timişoara; socio-political relations;
This book is a comparative analysis of the articles appeared in the daily newspapers Neue Banater Zeitung (published in German) and Szabad Szó (written in Hungarian) edited in Timişoara between 1968 and 1990. The main question of the research is: How and in what ways are children and youth addressed by these newspapers? Looking for a response, the book firstly outlines the socio-political relations in Romania during the period under review, mentioning the most important historical and cultural events of the German and Hungarian minorities. Another chapter presents the Neue Banater Zeitung, highlighting the personality of Editor-in-Chief Nikolaus Berwanger and key columns such as Pipatsch and Kulturbote. This is followed by the presentation of Szabad Szó and then the children’s, youth’s, and student’s pages and columns for correspondence of both newspapers. A separate chapter deals with the language of these columns, the “Newspeek” / “wooden language” as a tool of manipulation as well as the educational principles and the school model reflected in these newspapers of the communist Romania. The book also contains analysis of newspaper articles and interviews with journalists from the era: János Graur, Horst Samson, Ödön Józsa, Marius Koity, and Mária Pongrácz P.
More...In publishing this work, I only wanted to add a stone to the edifice of linguistic knowledge of the Gypsy people, an edifice begun by predecessors, some of which date back several centuries. The linguistic material in this book refers to the "Oursari" and "Ciurari" Gypsies of Wallachia, with the exception of a few words taken from the "Vatrashi" vocabulary. // En publiant le présent travail, je n’ai voulu qu’apporter une pierre à l’édifice de la connaissance linguistique du peuple tsigane, édifice commencé par des prédécesseurs, dont quelques-uns remontent à plusieurs siècles en arrière. Le matériel linguistique de ce livre se réfère aux Tsiganes « Oursari » et « Ciurari » de Valachie, à l’exception de quelques mots tirés du vocabulaire des « Vatrashi ».
More...Keywords: reading; re(reading); translation; book presentations;
This volume brings together the articles that the author has systematically published over the ten years existence of "Axioma" Journal (2000-2010).In addition to the articles addressing classical themes from the Romanian and French perimeter (Flaubert's correspondence and work, Victor Hugo's creation, Rebreanu's or Maupassant's short stories, etc.), the book also proposes approaches to some very current topics (conversations between Octavian Paler and Daniel Cristea-Enache, the secret of the investigation regarding the last expedition of Saint-Exupéry), sometimes the topics were completely new, such as the work of the French writer Lucette Desvignes (short stories, poems commented / translated by Diana Rînciog, or the presentation of fundamental exegeses , such as that of Silvia Pandelescu).
More...Keywords: mise-en-abyme; self-fictionalization; transference; author; character; postmodernism; irony; parody
This book aims to establish a connection between the American postmodern author John Barth and autobiographic fiction, via the literary technique borrowed from heraldry, la mise-en-abyme. More precisely, the author has looked for answers to the questions the American writer himself was asking as early as the 1980s, both in his essays, and in his fiction, questions revolving around the issue of the necessity of writing novels persistently featuring himself as a character.
More...Keywords: Rome; Roman Empire; pagan; Late Antiquity; Roman aristocracy; Altar of Victory Dispute; Christianity; polytheism; religion;
“The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus” examines the religious life of one of the last pagan senators of Rome, dates c. 340-402, who lived in a tumultuous time during the Late Antique period of the Roman Empire, dying just a few years before the Western Empire began to break up. Symmachus could not have imagined the political reality developing so soon after his death, so he is important as a late example of the old Roman Western aristocracy, as well as one of the last pagans of Rome. He was regarded as the foremost orator of his time and was a prolific letter-writer who had correspondents in high places and throughout the Empire. He also filled the posts of Urban Prefect of Rome and Consul - and was the opponent of Bishop Ambrose of Milan during the so-called 384 CE “Altar of Victory Dispute,” which was one episode of many leading to the “ triumph” of Christianity over traditional Roman polytheism. Symmachus’ cache of 900 private letters and his official despatches while Urban Prefect have provided the raw material for this book.
More...Andrei Sakharov — What we all have in common. The human rights movement in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe. Their goals, their importance, their difficulties. // And the truth will set us free. An interview by the BBC with Alexander Solzhenitsyn // Wolfgang Leonhard — Eurocommunism: an important process of change // Kurt Marko — Pile of broken pieces of "Euro" Communism? // Viktor Nekrasow — On this side of the wall // »We all need to be rooted«. An interview with Isaac Bashevis Singer // Anna Wierzbicka — On the work of I. B. Singer // Michail Kasatschkow — Is the Soviet Union threatened with a war in the East? // Natalja Gorbanewskaja — poems // GULag archipelago today. A letter from Sosnovka. With a foreword by Andrej Sacharow // Elena Andronowa — Four days in the Egorevskaya. On and about the trial of Professor Orlow // Michail Kukobaka — Stolen Homeland // The Moscow Helsinki Group to the Polish Committee for Social Self-Defense (KSS-KOR) // Three letters from An-sky
More...Edited and initiated by Nicolae Iorga // Bucharest, 1938, published by »Monitorul Oficial« and »Imprimerile statului« during Calinescu’s mandate as Prime Minister. // Armand Călinescu (4 June 1893 – 21 September 1939) was a Romanian economist and politician, who served as 39th Prime Minister from March 1939 until his assassination six months later. He was a staunch opponent of the fascist Iron Guard and may have been the real power behind the throne during the dictatorship of King Carol II. He survived several assassination attempts but was finally killed by members of the Iron Guard with German assistance. (source: WIKIPEDIA)
More...Keywords: tax cancellation; insolvency arrangement; debt relief; extra-statutory concessions; discretion
This book presents the institution of tax cancellation in the legal systems of Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic, and England in the broader context of tax and insolvency law. It focuses on three particular forms of tax cancellation: administrative tax cancellation, debt relief, and insolvency arrangement. The author uses comparative legal analysis, which allows him to go beyond the usual research paradigms and provides a new perspective for a better understanding of the institution of tax cancellation. Despite significant differences between the analysed legal systems, the issues discussed are universal.
More...Keywords: EU Action Plan for Moldova; Civic or Parish culture; identity politics; intimidation of journalists; Budgetary crisis;
The peculiarity of 2007 was the fact that it was the last year of the implementation of the EU Action Plan by the Republic of Moldova facing a severe drought. In 2006, the authorities of the Republic of Moldova had put forth the efforts to convince the European officials and the western partners of the possibilities of the country to implement the stipulations of the Action Plan RM-EU, the efforts have been materialized by the creating and sending reports regarding the implementation of the RM-EU AP. In 2007, the Moldovan authorities are facing the situation when they have to prove to the citizens and to themselves that the implementation of the Action Plan RM-EU did not represent just efforts but also clear results in bringing Moldova closer to EU. Or the implementation of this very document represented a capacity and availability test of the Republic of Moldova to approach the European Union. // This smart product offers comparative and analytical elements for the adoption of some superior techniques of evaluation of some decisions that involve important costs for our society. Meanwhile, the intention of the authors of this study is to encourage critical thinking and comparative approach regarding drafting of efficient and effective public policies as well as qualitative growth of the level of public debates on these issues of interest.
More...Keywords: Ryszard Kapuściński; literary reportage; history of Iran; Islamic revolution
The publication titled Comments on "Shahinshah" refers to the formula which is the compo-sitional axis of the reportage itself. In addition to the extensive collection of documents of the work's genesis, the book also contains numerous visual material and elements of editorial analysis of the text. The work proposes a standardized transcription of Iranian names, surnames and proper names, which – together with the factual material – were assessed by an Iranian expert from the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Jagiellonian University (Mateusz M. Kłagisz, phd). The collected materials may turn out to be compelling for non-professional readers, a stimulus for further research on reportage and an argument in discussions about the credibility of reportage, especially today when the term "Kapuściński lied" has become almost proverbial.
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