Bessarabian cultural territorial complexes were based on sociopolitical circumstances of each period, the factors that led to the change of publisher and literary discourse alike. The third discourse is a speech of middle, a symbiosis of western andautochtonist directions of the discourse, which has the intentionto support integration into Romanian and European culturalspaces. Cultural/and literary magazines are independentstructures that promote this type of speech, opting forinteresting materials, for promoting European values through literary and cultural innovations. Along the tenth decade of the last century, the literary magazines from Bessarabia haveconfigured an individual profile, trying to answer to culturaland civilizational requirements of the European and Romanianspaces.
More...Almost simultaneously with becoming the archbishop of Ohrid (Bulgaria) in 1216/1217, as a protege of Theodore Angelos, Demetrios Chomatenos embarked on settling the political relations of the State of Epirus with the neighboring rulers, among whom the archzhupan, and from 1217 king of Serbia, Stephen, was on of the most prominent personalities. Chomatenos' acts bear witness to the intensive communication between the State of Epirus, some of which went through the Archbishopric of Ohrid, and Serbia, conveying some unique information about family ties between the two neighboring regions. Of particular importance are the quality and the fashion of Chomatenos' communication with Stephan Nemanjić and his younger brother Sava, that confirm their complete inclusion in to the Byzantine world of the first decades of the thirteenth century, revealing, at the same time, the strong political role of the archbishop of Ohrid. According to the analysis of Chomatenos' acts, it seems conceivable that Theodore Angelos attempted to pursue a more neutral policy toward Serbia and its ruler in the first years of his rule, until the final agreement with Stephan Nemanjić and the marriage of his daughter Anna with Stephan's heir in 1219/1220. The turnabout in policy toward an alliance with Stephan Nemanjić was not looked upon favorably by all bishops of Chomatenos' diocese (act 3), and Chomatenos might have personally shared the views of some opponents of Theodore Angelos' new policy, since his authority was challenged and strongly undermined with the recognition of the Serbian autocephalous church that Sava obtained from Nicaea in 1218/1219.
More...Keywords: Dimitrie Cantemir;Romanian terminology
Until Dimitrie Cantemir, Romanian terminology from different fields had been in an incipient state of establishment, having been influenced largely by terminology systems from old Slavic (with small exception, of course, shown mainly in the literary variant from Moldova, which had experienced a certain Latin interaction through the Polish language, while the Muntenia variant had been under the influence of Bulgarian and Serbian). As someone familiar with classical languages (Greek and Latin), Dimitrie Cantemir came to the conclusion that the main source for developing scientific terminology are Greek, Latin and Neo-Latin languages, with his works Istoria ieroglifică and Divanul being conclusive in this train of thought.
More...Keywords: knowledge; sacred; globalization; revelation; theology
Tackling the knowledge supposes the study of a phenomenon which has over passed civilizations and in the same time an actual phenomenon, with great perspectives of future development. Because knowledge is a phenomenon with a big complexity, based on the relation of humans with divinity, in this article we will approach knowledge from the perspective of the necessity of recovering the sacred and of the interconnection of human with the divine through the transcendental experience, as a reliable source for the future and development of knowledge. We will briefly analyze globalization, for updating the reference frame and for being able to emphasize the knowledge dynamics in a society which needs, more and more, integration in the harmonious and rational order of the Universe.
More...Keywords: Education; nutrition; obesity
Overweight in children is a current issue in Romania. The long term consequences are numerous and serious. Therefore, a nutritional assessment in school is required in order to identify weight problems for students and prevent overweight.We evaluated 16 students aged between 10 and 12 years old (5th grade). The study was made in two directions: anthropometric assessment (BMI percentile) and nutritional assessment (food frequency questionnaire). Then we developed nutrition lessons adapting the learning contents to the intellectual and age characteristics of pupils. Among 16 students evaluated, one student was underweight, 10 students were normal weight, 4 students are overweight and one student was obese. Nutrition evaluation revealed that most students eat fast food almost daily, they use the computer or TV at least an hour per day and they are not choosing healthy food. At the parent-teacher meeting were presented the findings. We explained that it is necessary to consult a nutritionist who could recommended a complete program for weight control. Overweight is the result of unbalanced diet and lack of exercise. To prevent childhood obesity it is necessary a collaboration between parents, teachers and nutritionists for nutrition education activities.
More...Keywords: Equity; inclusion; school climate
The perceptions of students and teachers on the quality of the student-teacher interaction are important aspects of the school climate. For a student, the school climate is an element of school culture which affects the feeling of security and acceptance and is, consequently, a determining factor of the ability to concentrate on the task of learning. The present study offers and investigation of the perception of educational actors on the equitable character of the school system and on the quality of the educational environment, referring to the exigencies of social and educational inclusion. The results obtained through an opinion survey of a lot of 652 pupils and 440 teachers from Suceava county have shown us that students perceive more than teachers the equitable character of the school system and that teachers perceive more favorably than the students the inclusive character of the educational environment.
More...Keywords: Romania;communism;fall of Communism;
After the fall of communism in December 1989, a feverish period of political and social changes ensued. A new political order took shape, instituted by and instituting a new social imaginary. In the process, old myths were brought back to life in order to give meaning and significance to the new reality, as well as to determine political and social cohesion and coherence.This chapter looks at the structures of the post-communist social imaginary in Romania through the lenses of the mythology constructed to make sense of the past and to provide significance to the present.
More...Keywords: migration; Romania; Exodus; indigenous theology; contextual theology
In this paper, the author brings into discussion the Romanian phenomenon of migration, often described as ‘the Romanian Exodus’ due to the impressive numbers of Romanians who emigrated to the West (especially to Western Europe). His aim is to bring a theological dimension to the sociological discussion. He argues for the need of ‘local’ or ‘contextualized’ Romanian theologies that could meet the current social events experienced by Romanian people. He believes that the Romanian Exodus could be a starting point in developing such theologies.
More...Keywords: autonomy of will; random contracts; constraints.
The essence of private Romanian law itself, the autonomy of the will was elevated to the standard of a principle, transposing abstract legal relations into the plan of social reality. The theory of autonomy of will, closely related to freedom of contract, knows, aş any other right or freedom, boundaries and fencing, not being absolute. These occur, however, due to its need to adapt to the new economic and social realities and manifests through the supremacy of law or a part, who imposes certain conditions, detrimental to contractual equality.
More...Keywords: company; administration; evolution; director
Our regulation in the field of companies has faced and undergone numerous changes both in terms of ideology but especially in terms of circumstances. Without making an exhaustive and complete historical presentation of the evolution of company regulations in Romania, we mention only the provisions of the Commercial Code and of Law no. 31/1990 as the contemporary benchmarks with regard to the relevant provisions of the regulations on (commercial) companies with legal personality but also in the matter of the administration of companies.These two pieces of legislation have successively undergone changes as a result of the need to adjust them to the current social reality and then as a result of need to align them with the standards imposed by the Community law in the matter of companies and that of the administration of companies.The Commercial Code, in its initial form, mentioned the position of administrator at art. 90 par. (8) when specifying the content of the instruments of incorporation or the statutes of anonymous companies and those of limited partnerships. This form of the article was preserved until 23.08.1940 when it was modified by the Commercial Code of Carol II - Decree-Law no. 2773/1940 for the implementation of the Carol II Commercial Code.This form of the Commercial Code, except for the provisions regarding the company and administration abrogated by the Law no. 31/1990, remained in force until the entry into force of the new Civil Code.
More...Keywords: legal culture; juridical thinking;legal theory
This paper briefly presents some aspects regarding the evolution of the concept of legal culture in Romanian legal thinking in the last century. Legal culture is a concept that has no precise definition, although it is of relevance to understanding the formation and evolution of legal phenomena. In the general theory of Romanian law, the concept of legal culture has an important role in analyzing the elements that contribute to the configuration of law, being influenced by the system of law and in turn influencing this system. The idea of legal culture entered the Romanian legal doctrine in the first decades of the century. XX, later being developed in several specialized works. At present, legal culture cannot exist in the Romanian legal system as a completely independent concept of European and international legal cultural, given the current tendencies of normalization of the legislation, especially at the level of the European Union.
More...Keywords: Alexandru Petrescu; magistrate; justice; political trial; corruption
Alexandru Petrescu was the president of the law courts that imposed the heaviest sentences for political offences in the 1950s. Petrescu’s inclination towards corruption and compromise, his versatility and the ability to get in contact with people at the highest political level, made him a reliable man during all the political regimes. Thus, he was selected for the highest offices. Until 1942 Petrescu imposed heavy political sentences on legionnaires and communists. Between 1942 and 1944 he was appointed Director General of the Directorate for Prisons by Ion Antonescu. Although he was accused of war crimes, after 1944 he became pawn in the communists’ attempt to annihilate the Romanian elite through judicial procedures.Finally, the general was appointed President of the Military Court of M.A.I. departments, the highest court of appeal for political trials. Petrescu’s political obedience did not prevent him from delivering favorable verdicts to some defendants in exchange for favors. For that reason he was called the “black market of justice”.
More...Keywords: image of Romanians; German literature; Ottoman Empire;
More...Keywords: history of imagology; Hungarian-Romanian relationship; ethnic stereotypes; ethnic image;
More...Keywords: József Venczel; 1921 Romanian agrarian reform in Transylvania;
Evoking the scientist József Venczel is a serious challenge because, as aresearcher, he did mostly not what he was called to do based on his knowledgeand skills but what he was allowed or required to do in certain situations. Socialresearcher, university professor, public writer, he was a defi ning personalityof Transylvanian Hungarian sociology between the two world wars. He wasconcerned with the problem of land, the villages in Transylvania, demography,and the methodology of sociology. Only one volume was published duringhis lifetime: Az erdélyi román földbirtokreform [The Romanian Land Reformin Transylvania], published in Cluj in 1942. After the First World War, theRomanian parliament adopted several land reform laws: the law of Bessarabiaon 13 March 1920, the law for the old Kingdom on 17 July 1921, and the lawon the newly acquired territories (Transylvania, Banat, Crişana, Maramureş)on 30 July 1921. The question arises: did the land reform of 1945 pursueprimarily economic policies or did it have minority political objectives? Thefact that the land reform of each part of the country was regulated by separatelaws can be explained not only by the fact that the natural conditions ineach region were different and that there were also differences regarding thedistribution of lands but also – perhaps fi rst of all – by the fact that the nationalpolitical objectives of these land laws were different. Venczel showed that theRomanian decision makers of that time followed primarily national politicaldesires and not an economic or social necessity. When they drafted the lawregarding Transylvania, they aimed for a social reconfi guration to the detrimentof everything Hungarian, the wealth of churches, schools, the public wealthof villages, various humanitarian foundations.
More...Keywords: Autocephaly; Romanian Orthodox Church; Nationalization; Statehood; Independence; Recognition;
Unlike modern states which are founded on the values of the French revolution (1789), Church has always been marked by tradition and absolute identification with national interests.Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople officially recognized Romanian Orthodox Church in 1885 when Ecumenical Patriarch issued act formalizing this decision. In reality, autocephaly of the Romanian Orthodox Church, spread to Transylvania as well, in the sense of independence existed in Middle Ages and as such was confirmed on several occasions by Romanian leaders (rulers, the last of which Dimitrie Cantemir, several years before establishing the Phanariot rule in Romanian lands).
More...Keywords: Central Europe; Romania; identity; culture;
Investigations by: Georg Aescht, Sorin Alexandrescu, Mircea Anghelescu, Florin Bănescu, Romulus Bucur, Ion Bulei, Augustin Buzura, Ruxandra Cesereanu, Radu Ciobanu, Jean Grosu, Ion Ianoși, Victor Ivanovici, Nicolae Manolescu, Annemarie Podlipny-Hehn, Gheorghe Schwartz, Ondrej Stefanko, Petre Stoica, Mihai Șora, Doina Uricariu, Eugen Uricaru, Richard Wagner.
More...Keywords: Regional security; strategies; international relations; globalization and isolationism;
The post-pandemic period of COVID-19, in addition to profoundly changing international relations (especially globalization), brought a new perspective on the relationship among the concepts of regionalization, regionalization of security, new strategies and doctrines (to support them in the conditions of changing the level of operation imposed by COVID-19) as well as the type of new military equipment that will be found in the multi-annual procurement plans. The nature of the threats acquires a new nuance with the appearance of this pandemic and soon puts in front of the politico-military decision-makers, new reference points that will bring to the level of these days the fundamental documents (strategies, planning directives, procurement programs) that will support budgetary planning for the coming decades, research and innovation (to develop new platforms, sensors, and weapons with a small number of combatants), and new aspects of diminishing international and regional cooperation in favor of unilateral action. From now on, the new dimensions of the defense budget will have to contain other elements adapted to the COVID-19 fight.
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