Seitdem sich Kardinal Primas Stefan Wyszynski und der Erste Sekretär der Polnischen Vereinigten Arbeiterpartei, Edward Gierek, im Oktober vergangenen Jahres zu einem Gespräch getroffen haben, in dem Einigkeit darüber erzielt wurde, daß beide Seiten unter gewissen Voraussetzungen dort zusammenwirken wollten, l'VO es um das Wohl des polnischen Volkes geht, wird von dem Beginn eines Dialogs zwischen Staat und Kirche in Polen gesprochen. Dieser Eindruck verstärkte sich, als beide, Wyszynski und Gierek, kurz darauf in Rom waren und - getrennt - vom Papst empfangen wurden. Die Kirche hat ihre Mitarbeit, von der sich der Staat vor allem wirtschaftlichen Nutzen erhofft - da der Kardinal auch gegen "Bummelantentum" am Arbeitsplatz zu Felde zog -, von einigen Bedingungen abhängig gemacht. Sie will die ihr aufgezwungene Isolierung durchbrechen, sie verlangt größere Wirkungsmöglichkeiten und drängt deshalb vor allem auf Anerkennung als Institution öffentlich-rechtlichen Charakters. Das brachte Kardinal Wyszynski in seiner Predigt in der Warschauer Kathedrale am 8. Januar 1978, die zum ersten Mal seit vielen Jahren in vollem Wortlaut und unzensiert in einer Wochenschrift, wenn auch einer katholischen, veröffentlicht werden durfte, deutlich zum Ausdruck (s. erstes Dokument). Gerade das glaubt aber der Staat ihr nicht gewähren zu können; sein Interesse an einer Fortführung und Intensivierung des Dialogs ist aber dennoch groß. Chefredakteur Rakowski spricht das in seinem hier in Auszügen wiedergegebenen Artikel seiner Wochenschrift „Polityka" (s. zweites Dokument) unumwunden aus. (S. hierzu auch die Analyse von Karl Hartmann über die Beziehungen zwischen Kirche und Staat in Polen auf den Seiten 883 ff. dieses Heftes.)
More...Since the occupation of Czechoslovakia, the question of establishing a new international directive organ has been more and more broadly discussed within the communist movement. While the CPSU proceeds cautiously with this matter, the SED has made itself the spokesman of those who accept the vanguard role of the CPSU and do not reject new forms of a communist world centre. These tendencies are opposed by influential communist parties, either in power like those of Rumania or North Corea, or not in power like the communist parties of Italy, Spain, France, Japan, and Australia. The communist parties of Spain and Japan blamed the CPSU, in connection with its request for a communist summit conference, for claiming leadership and, beyond that, wishing to establish a directive organ similar to Cominform.
More...In I950, local self government was abolished by the administrative reform, in 1973 it was reintroduced, though with considerable limitations. The leading functionaries are not elected but appointed, they are state officials. According to tradition, it is the party's local first secretaries who are made chairmen of the corresponding local administrations; this leads to the interlacing of state and party apparatus. The state is the gainer, while the party must adjust itself to the new situation. Contrary to the Marxist doctrine of the withering away of the state, commentators accompany the reform by insisting on the need for a strong state.
More...Keywords: Ludwig Winder; Prag; Franz Ferdinand;
In dem vorliegenden Artikel soll vorrangig nicht die Frage beantwortet werden, welche Informationen Winder für die Darstellung von Franz Ferdinands Persönlichkeit und Leben ausgewählt hat, sondern auf welcher Art und Weise die Informationen in dem Text des Romans 'Der Thronfolger' dargestellt werden.
More...extracts from Osteruopa, issues 1925/26, p. 693; 1926/27, pp. 143-153 and pp. 445-447
More...(K. Zarodov: Leninskaja strategija i taktika revoljucionnoj bor'by. K 70-letiju raboty V. I. Lenina "Dve taktiki social-demokratii v dernokratičeskoj revoljucii" [Die Leninsche Strategie und Taktik des revolutionären Kampfes. Zum 70. Jahrestag der Arbeit V. I. Lenins "Zwei Taktiken der Sozialdemokratie in der demokratischen Revolution"], in: Pravda, 6. 8. 1975, S. 2-3)
More...Keywords: Märchen; vergleichende Analyse; Symbole; Motive; Themen
Thema meiner folgenden Arbeit ist die vergleichende Analyse von Themen und Motiven, die ähnlich oder identisch bei Brüdern Grimms und I.G.Sbieras Sammlungen sind. Wenn die rumänischen Märchen behandelt werden sind, sieht man deutlich, dass es um keinen Übernehmen von dem Deutschen geht, obwohl den geographischen Gegend, dafür sprechen würde, sondern um etwas typisch rumänisch. Man findet alles rumänisches Brauchtum, oder religiösen Glauben sowie typisch rumänische Anlage und Nebenbedeutung von Symbolen.
More...Keywords: hegemony; hegemon; dominant position; Germany; Europe; German reunification, eurozone crisis
There is an ongoing debate about Germany’s role in Europe in global academic and intellectual circles. the debate on the role of Germany in Europe gained momentum with its reunification in 1990, only to become current after the onset of the financial and economic crisis of 2008, and we further expect it to develop after the potential withdrawal of the UK from the European Union. In this debate, one can find various determinants of Germany’s role, from being a civilian force, a central force, an insecure force, all the way to being a reluctant hegemon. Due to Europe’s sensitive past and the sentiment German hegemony evokes in Europe, the paper will specifically address this issue. In the paper, we will initially address the concept of hegemony and then analyse whether Germany has these characteristics today. Subsequently, the question of hegemony will be considered in the contemporary context, both in international relations and with regard to the acceptance such concept has in the post-World War II liberal democratic system of Germany. Finally, an assessment will be made of whether Germany occupies the place of a hegemonic power in Europe and whether it falls within Germany’s priorities for the future.
More...Keywords: German-Polish-encounters; real topography; literary topography; meeting places;
The article analyzes an untitled story about the “Polish Walter”, which was part of the Wielkopolska Chronicle (Kronika wielkopolska) from the second half of the 13th century. Until now the research focused mainly on the sources of the story, i.e. on the origin of the material (including relations between the “Polish” and Latin Waltharius and/or the German Waltharius-versions), while the content and form were almost unnoticed by Polish and German researchers. The article aims to address both the sources and the content of the story and to analyze the German-Slavic background of the story and focus on places, where the two cultures meet. These German-Slavic encounters are subjected to literary analysis in the context of the biography of the author, of the sources, and of the literary topographies.
More...Keywords: tyranny; orientation to God; political criticism; non-violence; freedom;
In the process of secularisation that began in the 18th century in Europe, man tried to emancipate himself from religious authority and aspired to the knowledge of the intramundane reality without religious influence. However, an obstacle to secularisation remains the political factor, which persists with despotic and cruel regimes exercising violent and oppressive authority over man. The renewed return to religion observed today all over the world is due to this repressive situation where Man, in the absence of democratic transparency or political protection, is left to his own devices and has only God to return to. The present article is inspired by this observation in the dramatic text „William Tell” by the German classic Friedrich Schiller. In this text, which is set in a despotic context, there is not a single page, where God is not revealed. Drawing on the German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach’s profound and convincing treatment of the psychological dimension of religion, this article explains the Swiss Man’ penchant and infatuation for God in Schiller’s play under the tyrannical Austrian Habsburg regime. To better demonstrate the place of God in the life of oppressed Man, Schiller considers two contexts in his historical play: the historical context of the 14th century where the Habsburgs attempt to subjugate the Swiss people and Schiller’s present context of the 18thcentury where tyranny reaches its peak in the context of the French Revolution. In „William Tell”, which is Schiller’s reaction against the throes of the French Revolution, which still resembles the political throes of the Habsburgs in Switzerland in the 14th century, the Weimar classic, Schiller tries to show in the political dimension how the return to God in the context of political violence can lead to non-violence and social peace.
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